بهزاد ولی زاده

Tetracycline represents the most prevalent antibiotic group in production and utilization and is extensively employed for the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. The primary objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of electro-activated persulfate (EC/PS/HR) for eliminating tetracycline from aqueous solutions.

This study was conducted in a batch mode utilizing an electro-activated persulfate (EC/PS/HR) system. All experiments were carried out under constant temperature conditions. Response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with a central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the variables associated with the electro-activated persulfate and hydrogen peroxide process, including pH, current density, and the persulfate/hydrogen peroxide molar ratio, with the aim of tetracycline removal. Data analysis in this study was performed using Data Designer 8.0.6 software.

The results of this study revealed the use of a quadratic model to predict the impact of independent variables on the efficiency of tetracycline removal in the process. The exceedingly low (p <0.0001) and the high correlation coefficient (R2) of the obtained model signify a robust correlation between experimental and predicted data. The optimal conditions for achieving maximum efficiency in the degradation of tetracycline through electro-activated persulfate were determined to be a pH of 5.6, a persulfate/hydrogen peroxide molar ratio of 1.1, and a current density of 31 mA. Under these conditions, tetracycline degradation reached approximately 95.2%.

Based on the findings of this investigation, it can be deduced that the advanced oxidation process relying on electro-activated persulfate (EC/PS/HR) is capable of eliminating contaminants in aqueous environments, influenced by various factors such as hydrogen peroxide dosage, catalyst concentration (persulfate), and pH. The study highlights the capability of the electro-activated persulfate (EC/PS/HR) hybrid process to decompose recalcitrant pollutants like tetracycline from aqueous environments. Overall, the electro-activated persulfate process demonstrates promise for the degradation of tetracycline in aqueous solutions.

This review study aims to shade light on the effects of carrying out interventions and policies in order to reduce the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their behavioral risk factors (i.e., unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and smoking) and strategies and approaches to reduce their attributed burden.

In this research, the documents and reports available in the Ministry of Health, developed action plans, recommendations of national and international organizations, evidence gathered from monitoring and evaluations and the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" were investigated with respect to  each of the three main risk factors of NCDs, including unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, and smoking (harmful consumption of alcohol has been reviewed in another article). Each risk factor has been discussed separately in the sections describing the current situation, policies and implemented interventions, findings, and future plans.

The implemented interventions and policies to achieve the goals stated in the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" in the field of unhealthy nutrition, resulted in revising the food standards. Interventions in the field of physical activity have caused a 1.5% reduction in the relative prevalence of sedentary behavior in the society. Our research also revealed that interventions in the field of tobacco consumption have led a total decrease of 7.44% among Iranian people over 18 years of age, but a decrease in the use of hookah is not recorded, and its consumption has increased by 28% in 2021 compared to 2011.

According to the findings, the goals stated in the aforementioned document have not been fully achieved, so new interventions and policies should be used by those involved.

We are witnessing in recent years that the increasing rate of divorce creates a multitude of difficulties for families and communities. Divorce is a threat to mental health and compared to men, women experience more negative effects in stressful situations and the rate of depression among women is twice of that in men. The present study compares mental health of ordinary women and those who are divorcing.
The study was a cross- sectional one and its subjects included 100 divorcing women and 100 ordinary ones. The first group was selected from among women who had requested for divorce and were referred to Ardabil legal Medicine center. The Control group included married women residing in Ardabil with similar socio cultural conditions with no complaints regarding their marital life and no complaints to courts. Data collection was carried out though DASS-21 and Beck scale for suicidal thoughts. And the results were analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Findings: The results revealed a higher average of scores in both tests among the divorcing group than among control group, which was statistically significant (p These findings indicate a higher rate of psychological problems in divorcing women (compared to control group), along with a high rate of depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts. Hence, it seems that this group of women need supportive measures and consultation to decrease their anxiety and tension in order to prevent depression and suicide attempts among them, which requires support of families and social welfare organizations.

Violence against women has very bad persistent effects on victims، therefore recognizing of risk factors is very important. This study was carried out to compare emotional and social intelligence of normal and victims of violence women. The present study was based on a causal-comparative of cross-sectional. Statistical society of this research included victims of violence women in Ardabil city that had gone to forensic medicine and judiciary and police force of state during 2013. Among these women، 30 that were willing to cooperate، were considered as the sample. Also 30 individuals were selected by sampling method of ordinary women in Ardabil. Tools for data collection were considered Tromso Social Intelligence Scale to assess social intelligence، and petrides and Furnhams Emotional Intelligence Scale for measuring emotional intelligence of samples. To analysis of data، descriptive statistics (Average، Standard deviation) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance test (manova) were used. The results showed that there was a significant difference among women who were victims of domestic violence، in terms of emotional intelligence، but no differences were observed in terms of social intelligence. This study shows that high emotional intelligence not only prevents and social violence، but also their high position، cause right behaviors in time of violent. Therefore، it seems that training and strengthening of emotional and social intelligence can have a preventively effects on rate of violence against women.

Bachground & Suicide is an important public health problem representing one of the first ten leading cause of death in the world. The purpose of this study is to describe demographic characteristics and methods have been used by suicide victims and to estimate suicide mortality rates that occurred in Ardabil during 1998-2007. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data on deaths by suicide that occurred in Ardabil from 1997 to 2006 were obtained from the legal medicine center. Reports contained sociodemographic information, characteristics of death and the method used. We calculated mortality rate and rate ratio inorder to compare age, sex and area specific rates. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software The period from 1997 to 2006 a total of 185 suicide death occurred in Ardabil. The mean age was 29.6 ± 15 years old. 73.5% of victims were male and 73% of them were from urban area. The suicide mortality rate was 4.2 per 100000. For the recorded years, the rates of suicide mortality had a decreasing trend. The rate ratio of male suicide to femal was 2.6 and rural to urban was 1.3. Hanging, poisoning and burning were the most common methods used among victims respectively. The study shows that suicide rates in Ardabil are lower compared with national rates with a decreasing trend and in contrast to most studies the suicide mortality rates in rural area of Ardabil are higher than urban area.

The identity of dead is an essential part of post-mortem examination. Estimation of age is one of the important factors that helps identification. The identification of unknown human remnants begins with the creation of an anthropological profile, which includes sex, biological age, stature and individualizing features. The aim of this study was investigation the closure time of synchondrosis to corroborate as an indicator of biological age especially in Iranian females. This is a descriptive cross sectional study. Closure time among Iranian 8 to 26 years old females cadavers with direct inspection during autopsy was evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software. During 2006-7, 50 cases studied.Closed position was found in 10% of cases, while 90% of cases had opened were situation. Semi closed situation wasn’t seen in any cases. Mean age of open and closed were 8.8 (+/-1.30), 19.66 (+/-3.7), respectively. The range of age in open situation was (8-11) years old. All of cases with complete fusion (closed) were 13 years or above. Our results showed that closure of spheno occipital suture can be used as a good indicator for age estimation in females. Females with estimated age of 8-26 years with complete fusion (closed) and no fusion, should be in age of (7.5-14.1) and (13.24-26) years old respectively (with 95% (onfidence interval). Other parameters like radiography, epiphysis situation and dentis must be evaluated to improve the accuracy.

In this study, by using two pH controller, NaOH and Ca(OH)2, the effectiveness of the tannin-contained extracts (acorn extract of Quercus branti) in removing chromium from tannery wastewater was examined. Therefore a native species of oak tree in Kohkiloye & Boyerahmad province, namely Quercus branti that its fruits contain more tannin than other existing oak species in Iran was selected. After drying, crushing acorns into a powder and extracting, the average percent of tannin in the extracted acorns was 10.5%.Then, in order to study impact of tannin extract with and without pH controller (Ca (OH)2 & NaOH) on reducing Chromium concentration, two Samples, from chromium standard solution(Cr III=25mg/l, Cr VI=25mg/l, equal to total Cr concentration of 50 mg/l & pH=3.5) as well as tannery wastewater (Concentrated wastewater containing Cr=3200mg/l, pH=3.98 & diluted wastewater containing Cr=160mg/l, pH=4.38) have been collected and tested. Laboratory tests were conducted in bench scale and room temperature (20-25 ºc), the summery of results mentioned below:By adding a concentration of 70 mg/l tannin extract to chromium standard solution, the concentration of chromium reduced to 20% which this removal percentage was increased to 58% by increasing tannin concentration to 100 mg/l together with 70mg/l Ca(OH)2 to the Cr standard solution (pH=4.11).In the other hand adding a concentration of 10 to 100 mg/l tannin extract to the Cr standard solution, in which the residual Cr concentration was decreased to 18.52 by adding Ca(OH)2 and NaOH, pH decreased from 6.99 to 6.76 and Cr removal efficiency was fallen from 63 to 55%.However adding a concentration of 50 to 1000 mg/l tannin extract to alkaline tannery wastewater, which its pH was increased by Ca(OH)2 and NaOH from 4.38 to 9.28 and remaining Cr concentration was decreased from 160 to 7mg/l, pH level decreased to 7.95 and Cr removal efficiency reduced from 95.62 to 80%.Therefore, it was concluded that in alkaline limit (in average from 7 to 10) which pH has a crucial role in removing chromium, it seems there is a relationship between increase in tannin extract concentration and decrease in pH level that will be culminated to release more chromium from precipitation phase into the solution phase.