جعفر جوان

Implementing subsidies targeting policy in Iran is one of the measures aimed at reducing poverty, reducing the class gap between different deciles of society and especially improving economic indicators in rural areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of subsidizing targeting on poverty and instability of rural households. This research is a fundamental exploratory and descriptive-analytical research. The required data were collected through both field and document methods. In this study, first, the research indices in two 6-year periods, before subsidizing targeting (2005-2010) and 6-year period after subsidizing targeting (2011-2016), were studied in all villages of the country and the average of each The index was compared before and after the targeting of subsidies and then the results of this section were compared with those of field research in the sample studied. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 22 villages of Neyshabur villages were selected by systematic random sampling using Cochran formula. The results of the study showed that the implementation of targeted subsidies has, in the first place, raised inflation rates and in some years even surpassed rural inflation over urban inflation. It has also led to changes in the composition of household expenditures, changes in the composition of household food expenditures and non-food household expenditures. But the implementation of the plan, because of the high rate of household benefit from the project, ultimately increased household income and also created a new source of income for rural households. But the implementation of the plan, because of the high rate of household benefit from the project, ultimately increased household income and also created a new source of income for rural households.

Purpose-The implementation of targeted subsidies policy in Iran is among the actions that, have been taken with the aim of reduction of poverty, reducing social class differences between different deciles of society and specially upgrading rural indicators in rural areas. The present study has been conducted with the purpose of evaluating the impacts of targeted subsidies on expansion of inequality in rural areas.Design/methodology/approach -This fundamental-exploratory research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected through both field and documentary methods. In this study, first, the research indicators were investigated during two six-year courses before targeted subsidies (2005-2010) and after targeted subsidies (2011-2016) at the level of all villages in the country and the average of each indicator was compared between the two periods before and after targeted subsidies and then the obtained results of this part were compared with the results of field research in the study sample. In this study, 22 villages of Neishabour county were selected as a sample by systematic random method using Cochran's formula.Finding- Findings of this study show that cash subsidies accounted for 7.56% of a household income portfolio in the case study in 2019. But the Gini coefficient in the period after targeted subsidies was higher than the period before the targeted subsidies, while the ratio of 10% 0f the wealthiest to 10% of the poorest population in the rural areas of the sample in 2018 was equal to 20.67. Also, despite the original goal of targeted subsidy plan, the lower deciles are far more pressured by rising energy prices, and household food expenditures are spent on food groups. However, the average caloric intake of each person in the tenth decile is seven times that of the first decile. Also, in 70% of the households of the first decile, there were no employed people. In general, the villages of the country have faced a worsening situation in seven indicators, both in the macro dimension and in a case study, but an improvement has been observed in case of one indicator.

The present research aims to explain how and why the application of the genealogy approach has been developed to analyze the evolution of the role of cities over time. Various approaches have been suggested by economic and urban geographic theorists to analyze the "the role of city" developments. From Foucault's genealogy perspective, city and its role are influenced by the power and power relations in space and the space is created by the interaction of knowledge and power. Genealogy of the role of city aims to answer the following questions: what are the current dominant roles of city, regardless of the initial formation of city and its geographical and political background? How did these roles develop over time and what discourses have been made of? And finally, what is the power and capacity of city to diversify the new roles? The dominant role of city has developed in various historical time periods, and in the middle of historical discontinuities, as a result of spatial links between micro and macro components of power and knowledge in urban space. The interconnected network of knowledge-power in city, influenced by the political philosophies governing the historical periods, creates different discourse zones over time that have different social and physical effects on urban space, and affects the process of urban development, physical changes, human and environmental resources.Cities have unique cultural and architectural features, quality, comprehensive social and power resources, as well as many opportunities for economic development. They are the centers of knowledge and the resources of growth and innovation. However, they also host a population that suffers from problems and inequalities and social deprivation (a particular social group), high housing prices and environmental problems .The urban space is a social outcome, the result of an historical process, an unequal accumulation of time. The space is also a presupposition and a milieu of social production. From this perspective urban spatiality – cities – represent the crystallization of earlier patterns and also the possibilities towards future events that were brought up previously. The spatial configuration and the territory, are the key to read the past, learn the present and to envisage the future. The interest of geographers in relations between knowledge, power, and space has a long tradition but it was reinvigorated by critical engagements with Foucault and GramsciCenters can function as truth spots, and sites of knowledge generation, information control, and power execution. where there is no evidence, field techniques such as interviews and historical memory of individuals are also used. Methods of data analysis in this type of research are;• Historical analysis: the study of the history of the development of discourses about the role of city, the historical discontinuities in the formulation of macro and micro discourses formed in discourse zones• Genealogical analysis: the past and present roles of the city, through the study of discourse zones, historical discontinuities, and the analysis of the effects of the dominant discourses on urban space and power-knowledge relations forming the role of city are analyzed• Content analysis: the analysis of national, regional and local (city) development documents as well as related scientific research.The genealogy of cities and their role and function is a very good way to explore the spatial reflection of social relations and discover their historical (time) roots. It has higher ability to search, discover, and describe considering the conditions and in comparison with other methodologies such as hermeneutics and relativism. Since historical descent analysis of city and its role requires contemplation and selection of an approach that can identify the historical descent shaping the role of city and its evolution over time by avoiding mere historicism and taking into account all the factors creating the complex spatial relations based on power and knowledge, it can be selected as a turning point of the research on the recognition of past, present and future role and function of cities.The genealogy of the role of city attempts to understand and analyze the power relations and forms of knowledge in the city, in order to understand how the city and its role has been shaped throughout the history. The genealogy of the role of city seeks to identify the historical descent of the subject which is itself the cornerstone of the birth of modern human being that has converted human into subject and object at the junction of power and knowledgeThe description and analysis of how the current dominant roles of city have been developed can be conducted by the use of power -dependent tools and products of knowledge. The study of macro-evidence of development at national, regional and local levels, historical documents, scientific research projects, plans, policies, and development strategies of geographic areas (city) provide an opportunity for identifying power / knowledge discourses in city. Then, the genealogist can suggest supplementary roles for city by identifying infrastructural potentials and characteristics of city (natural, cultural, physical, political, etc.) with the aim of improving the quality of life for the residential and mobile population (tourists), and economic, social and cultural dynamism and diversification of urban functions, in line with city sustainability. The diversification of the role of city aims at enhancing the cultural and economic status of city at the national, regional and international levels and to promote the urban quality of life. The problem many cities currently face is that they are becoming immersed in the structures of power based on particular ideologies, leading ultimately to the complexity of the defined social and political space, and the single product economy, which gradually and definitely creates unsustainable and uncertain economic conditions for the cities; this uncertainty has a significant impact on the strategic responses of the elements of power (the owners of financial and economic resources) and, consequently, the social space of the cities will be affected.

The villages have maintained a long and complex relationship with the cities through the production and transfer of power to cities which, in turn, have used and exerted power over villages. Understanding this relationship requires an examination of the effect of the forces that generate and consume power. Therefore, Foucault's qualitative method was used in this study. Accordingly, the power relations between producers and consumers were divided into quadruple periods: before the Safavid Era, Safavid Era-Constitutional Revolution, Constitutional Revolution-Islamic Revolution, Islamic Revolution and afterward. According to the findings, in the early stages, village-city relations were in the form of tax transfer and supply of soldiers, but over time, with the intervention of various internal factors - the emergence of oil, land reforms- and foreign-international trade, power transmission was transformed and, with the establishment of the government and capitalist relations in the villages and the introduction of luxury goods, the villages were deprived of their power. Therefore, cities as the power bases have always been a factor in weakening the power of the villages since the time of their emergence. In this regard, they have used many techniques that were more obvious in nature at the beginning, but today they in the form of services provided to rural areas. To change the power relations between cities and villages and to create a rational balance of power, one can: adjust the power differences between cities and villages and make power accessible to all; ensure proper distribution of power among stakeholders; create a proper structure for the institutionalization of the power process between cities and villages and redistribution of power.

City-region qua a system of concepts has a theoretical, empirical and epistemological significance. On the strength of such a capacity, this system is applied to better understand the structures of production of space in different scales (global, international, national, regional and urban).

Using Henri Lefebvre’s conception of Urban Fabric, this paper tries to bring about a different reading of the concept of city-region. Not only the concept of city-region per se but also the whole system of this concept (region, neo-regionalism and city-region) is read in light of Lefebvre’s Urban Fabric. On the one side of this reading are subjects and their lived experiences, and on the other are institutions, governmental and administrative bodies. This reading emphasizes the importance of the subject in producing the scale, the gravity of the concept of scale itself and the importance of governance under the condition of neoliberal production of space. In the age of globalization and capitalist production of the city under neoliberal production of space, how does the city have its life and institutional content? The concept of Urban Fabric combines these two elements, and at the same time transcends them. This concept is the mediation between the two extreme limits of city region, i.e. the rural (hinterland) and its urban core. This concept also functions as a kind of perspective or standpoint, which qua the mirror of the relation between urban society and land manifests the mode of production of urban land within the urban institutional structure through its dissolution, which leads to the expression of Urban Fabric.

During the recent neoliberal production of space, there happens to emerge forms of city-region through the implosion-explosion of the urban core. Consequently, up to the urban hinterland, the thrown pieces of Urban Fabric are extended here and there. This reading of city-region tries to explain fractures and disintegration of the city and its extension to its surrounding during late capitalism, investigating it from institutional, structural and subjective dimensions. Urban Fabric demonstrates the social condition of the production of urban tissues under globalized circumstances. As a kind of embodiment of subjectivity in post-industrial age, Urban Fabric draws the condition of urban expansion, which as such, displays the state’s position as an entrepreneur and an enterprise. This would lead to the emergence of the condition of production of housing and commodification of space in order to prepare regions to compete with other international city regions. The conceptual hierarchy in this analysis begins with the everyday, spatial practices, which finally reaches its form. In other words, forms, the lived and the rational, are traceable in Lefebvrian Urban Fabric.

Today, Urban Fabric can be proposed for subjects such as uneven development, territorial differentiation and center-periphery polarity. In the age of globalization, whatever that was considered urban or in a way deemed as its features, such as definitive industrial and financial rationality, extends outside the city as if the region becomes a the Urban Fabric of the city. In each stage of urban implosion-explosion, the scale of effect and the extension of Urban Fabric becomes different, since the speed and quality of urbanization is different. If today, there are variety of the concept of city-region, it is because of the different effect it exerts upon social space.

City is one of the elements of geographic space that has been evolved over time and influenced by various natural and human factors. Urban space is part of a larger geographic space. In religious cities, urban development is largely intrinsic, and this determines its role. Mashhad is a religious city and the reason for its existence is the tomb of Imam Reza. Over time, this identity has made the function and role of the city. Spatial diversity of Mashhad is also shaped based on its identity and function. The dominance of Islamic ideology and the need to preserve and promote the position of this ideological thinking by planners, decision-makers, and urban rulers have been proposed for the development of Mashhad. The status of Mashhad as one of the main metropolises of the Iranian urban system has led to the formation and development of this city and its evolution. Identifying the forces that influence the change of geographic space and their social content is essential to discovering and analyzing the discourses that constitute these changes.The present research aimed at identifying the evolution of the role of pilgrimage and tourism in Mashhad, the points of discontinuity and the discourses that have made these developments over time, with a genealogical approach. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to analyze the role of pilgrimage-tourism of Mashhad and its more detailed

Identification of historical breakpoints affecting the creation and strengthening of tourism-pilgrimage role in Mashhad Identification of the discourses that make the pilgrimage-tourism role of Mashhad, and finally, the effects of dominant discourse on the urban space of Mashhad.

 The theoretical framework of the research is based on the explanation of the concept of genealogy, its discourse and its components, the concept of the role of the city and the concept of the role of tourism and pilgrimage of the city. Analytical genealogy is a historical reflection of the past. It discourages the illusions of ideologies, practices, and all types of cultural, social and political institutions. The great rationalization of genealogy analysis is a critical historical presentation that reveals the breakdown between past and present. This historical break with the occurrence of the present (as an event) creates a field for critique. The transformation and presentation of cities from one state to another and the change in the role and function of it within the discourses can be analyzed and studied according to Foucault's theory. In the meaning of discourse there are two important concepts: "exclusion" and "judgment".The turning point of Foucault's debates on power and knowledge relations lies in the concept of "exclusion". Ruling processes, the result of the dominance of dominant discourse, are shaped and defined by the power relations. A multitude of judgments form a discursive formulation. Discourse arrangements and discourse relationships in a community are Episteme. It seems that in order to determine the role of the city, in addition to economic indicators, political, social and ideological factors and their power in the social environment should be considered. Genealogy does not consider discourse change from one period to another based solely on self-discourse logic. This approach emphasizes the role of metadiscourse. In this transformation, "power" is considered as the main theme of the metadiscourse that affects their discourses and their transformations of this city.

"Genealogy" is a theoretical approach or framework for studying a phenomenon. The unique feature of this theoretical framework is the historical view of the phenomenon. There is no validity and reliability in the "genealogy" method, as in quantitative and survey research. The study method was developed in three consecutive stages. Identifying the important historical breakthrough points on creating and strengthening the role of tourism-pilgrimage in Mashhad; Identifying the authoritative discourses on the role of tourism-pilgrimage in Mashhad; Analyzing of the effects of dominant discourses on the urban space of Mashhad.The required data of the research was gathered by documentary method. To analyze the discourses and its effects on the changes in the role of tourism-pilgrimage in Mashhad, the documents of urban development and tourism were used.

The genealogy of the role of tourism-pilgrimage of Mashhad is based on the identification of historical discontinuities, discourses and the analysis of the effects of discourses in different historical periods. The impacts of the pilgrimage-tourism discourse on the city and the strengthening of this role are evident in planning and managing tourism and pilgrimage infrastructure in Mashhad. It also affects the type of tourists entering Mashhad. These effects are visible in the economic, social, cultural, and physical dimensions. The role and function of tourism in cities, in addition to its effects on the structure and texture of the city, will also provide the infrastructure needed for this role in land use planning and land allocation and financial resources. The domination of pilgrimage-tourism discourse has been shown on the role of Mashhad in reviewing the organizational and executive structure of tourism and pilgrimage, and the orientations of regional and local development plans and documents.

The genealogical analysis of the role of Mashhad shows that pilgrimage has been the starting point for the emergence and development of Mashhad. So far, it has continued, but political-social developments and the advent of modern-day and postmodernist capitalist-based thinking have pushed the city into a tourist’s physical, social, and economic environment. The interconnected structures of knowledge and power, in an active and informed partnership, have led urban development to combine the role of pilgrimage with tourism. Since genealogy has a critical approach to the issues, the research methodology can respond to the theoretical conflicts of planners and actors in the field of pilgrimage and tourism management in Iran and Mashhad.

The present study, with a futuristic approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the future status of sustainable tourism in Yazd province and examines the extent and manner of these factors on each other. This research was applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of a combination of documentary and survey methods, and in terms of its nature, based on new methods of futuristic, analytical and exploratory science, which has been carried out using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. . The statistical population of the study was 18 tourism experts of Yazd province. First, 29 components were composed of overwritten documents and theoretical sources, selection and matrix of cross-effects of components, and the analysis was done through the Mick-Mac software . Based on the results of the model, tourism in Yazd province is an un sustainable system and "the balanced distribution of facilities and amenities, and the social capacity of the local community in attracting tourists to act as an indispensable factor." None of the components of tourism development in Yazd province can be defined as a target factor. This indicates that the issue of tourism development in Yazd province is multilateral in terms of management and tourism elites of Yazd province. "Security" and "level of development and economic situation of the local community" are very close to the risk. "Drought", "Inflation" and "Participation and Strengthening of Nongovernmental Organizations" were the most influential ones. In total, 10 factors were selected as the key factors of tourism development in Yazd province. The level of development and the economic situation of the local community, targeting the allocation of tourism development credits, inflation, transportation infrastructure, services, intelligence and intelligence, droughts, and the quantitative and qualitative reduction of water resources, security, comprehensمive plans, NGOs and the improvement and development of inter-organizational relations were the key factors influencing tourism development in Yazd province.

There is definite or seasonal migration of men individually like other third-world countries in Iran as well as the migration of rural households to the city. The present study seeks to identify the most important positive and negative effects of gender migration of male heads of households from rural areas. The research method is descriptive-analytic, and it is applied-development research. The sample size included 289 women in 22 villages with low sex ratio in Mashhad County. The positive and negative effects of individual male immigration on rural women were investigated using 30 variables using exploratory factor analysis. The most important positive effects of the men›s migration were five factors with 68.38 percent of the variance: increased women›s decision-making power in the family by 21.2%, increased women›s financial independence by 16.2%, increased psychological empowerment by 13.4%, willingness to make income-generating activities with 9% and increasing participation in the economic and social spheres is explained by 8.5% of variance. Furthermore, the most important negative effects of male immigration were the following five factors, with 63.17% of the variance, respectively: breaking the gender division of labor in the family by 19.2%, increasing the dependence of women to others by 13%, reducing the chance of marriage and fertility by 12.5%, problems in managing family affairs with 10% and the entry of minors and elderly people into economic activities with 8.5% of the variance.

The dam, as one of the hydrological structures, has imposed to rural areas many debates and problems on population deployment, the type and quality of livelihoods, and how to exploit natural resources such as water and soil. Recognizing and analyzing these effects in describing the unsustainable rural development process and the necessity of its transformation with regard to the dominant position of the villages is very useful. Accordingly, the principles of sustainable development are the theoretical basis of this research. In this study, the Alavian Dam in the Sufi Chai basin of Maragheh city and in the catchment area of Lake Urmia has been considered in line with the overall objective. The main objective of this study is to investigate and analyze the relationship between dams construction with unstable conditions in affected villages, as well as to provide appropriate solutions for managing resources in the Sufi Chay Basin. The type of research in terms of the purpose is an applied research, and is based on the method of the research is a descriptive-analytic research. In order to conduct a real analysis of villages affected by the dam, according to different characteristics, from a total of 59 villages in the basin, 44 villages were selected as samples. The statistical population of the study is 18669 households and 67553 people. The sample was computed using Cochran's formula of 386 households and finally increased to 433 households in order to increase the reliability of the sample. According to the one-sample t-test, the effects of the dam on economic, socio-cultural and environmental-physical variables have been evaluated at an unsustainable level. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the domains that were the most insensitive factor in the three studied areas,
Therefore, the development and implementation of an integrated and complete management plan for Sufi Chay watershed resources has been proposed to moderate the negative impacts of the dam.

This article attempts to analysis the development challenges in Iran’s rural spaces. This is based on production of space Trialectic theory and at the end this is linked with future studies. In order to understand rural spaces, we have to use Lefebvre Trialectic concept of shape which explains three “moments”, Special practice, Representation of space and Space of representation. (spatial form, outer flows, rational actions and lived experiences reflected). These moments are able to approve and predict the newlyrepresented patterns in rurals. Analysing components of Lefebvre production of space theory and thinking of how they impact on rural spaces are already stated in discourses (urban emphasized). This is evident enough that rural spaces are abandoned in Iran. However now, the future of rural spaces are dealing with difficult problems more than ever. Although we have approached so many problems in rural development challenges, we can normally say that rural spaces are effected by profound changes (according to compress space and time), which have created a numerous achievement in social combination and physical-spatial. Undoubtedly, this are all related to the future, in which increases insecurity and resists discovery and appearance. Therefore, future studies method have caused a great possibility to create a desired access. In spite of having a wide variety of methods, but a certain one named “Scenario method” is used. By getting benefits of that, realistic and possible ones are formulated.

Health tourism is a form of tourism which is well known and common for many years between communities.The aims of current study was a comparative evaluation of the factors affecting promotion of health tourism in Mashhad from the perspective of foreign tourists and managers.
Material & This was an applied descriptive–survey. Area of the study was Mashhad metropolitan in the period between 2015-2016. The study population includes administrators and experts in related organizations who were 50 people of custodians, as well as 384 foreign tourists. The researcher-made questionnaire was provided in two categories for experts and tourists. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software, one-sample t-test and paired t-test were used. Also the mean ± standard deviation of six variables of Porter's diamond model in status quo and the impact were measured.
Results showed a relatively good condition of the status quo of Mashhad in terms of entry into the health tourism market from the perspective of managers and experts (average of 3.36). Whereas, foreign tourists have evaluated only two variables including government (3.11) and culture (3.33) above the average and total average was lower than the mediocre (2.85).
Results showed that the cultural factors have had a desirable status and high impact from the perspective of foreign tourists and executives. Moreover, governmental support in providing visa services and accommodation for tourists was an important criterion in choosing a tourist destination. Generally, it was suggested that the custodians of health tourism in order to attract more tourists and promote this industry should offer the competitive prices.

The natural result of the application of modernization approach in developing countries is the formation and development of large-scale migration from rural to urban areas. This has changed the sex structure of population in a number of rural settlements in the country. As the current situation maintains, it is clear that women will be the main beneficiaries of the development plans in rural areas in the future. The present paper thus aims to identify and prioritize the strategies used for women's empowerment in a specific group of villages, that is, the migrant rural settlements due to their specific conditions and priorities. The research method used in the study is descriptive-analytic, which is of applied and developmental research type. The data were collected using documentary and field approaches through the instrument of a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes the villages with a low sex ratio (less than 95 males per 100 females). In the present study, optimal strategies used for women's empowerment in the migrant rural settlements were first identified, and then the strategies were prioritized through Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results show that the offensive strategies (maximum-maximum) are optimized in order to empower women in the migrant villages. In addition, the most important strategy for empowering women in the rural areas in question is the increased attention to women in the development plans of rural areas at the highest levels of decision-making with a score of 4.29.

The geographical space as a “phenomenon” includes various phenomena that we can put them in the two Dasien(s) and non-Dasien(s) layers. We try to answer this question: “which methodology is suitable methodology to cognition geographical space?” by the hermeneutic phenomenology perspective, and critical viewpoint to the categories of methodology (explanation & interpretation) and the subcategories of methodology (positivism, phenomenology, hermeneutic and critical thinking). So, after the unveiling of the two great disincentives of cognition of the geographical space (1.to rupture phenomenon from its world, 2. To capture geographer in his/her world), it became apparent that the removing of disincentives depends on passing the seven steps (1.within the layers, 2. Among the layers, 3. Among geographical spaces, 4. With pre-understandings, 5. Among pre-understanding, 6. Objective-subjective, 7.intersubjective). The passing of the seven steps can be done by seven “hermeneutic circles” that the seven hermeneutic circles are open circles. So, the answer of mentioned question is: the methodology of geographical space is “interpretation” mostly That it can pass the seven step of cognition by seven hermeneutic circle and understand actions and reactions of Dasien(s) in the geographical space; because every action and reaction be done by human have a significance that we can understand it by the interpretative methodologies. We can unveil and analyse geographical phenomena and their reasons by this methodology and understand them nearly.

More titles rural central topic of research in the areas of academic focus on the issue of displacement and movement of population and the need to organize the distribution of population and preserve the current pattern of rural settlements for at least the past 40 years: In other words, how can we prevent rural-urban migration? The same population stabilization and subsequent persistence of rural settlements. Concerns are affected by the intellectual movement in the 40s and 50 against irregularities in the country's modernity arose and new ideas from concept underlines village brought with him: Must be lost before it is returned (not manipulated by external forces and means of agriculture and rural life and decentralization of policy). It was considered an alternative model for rural settlements, in which "local communities replace national economic growth" and the people, culture and rural businesses grow and evolve within the category separate from the process of modernization. Their village was supposed to be defined in and devoid of any policy intervention - the bureaucratic organizations and scientific. The continued hegemony of governance in this sense also penetrated again with a new trick and his label attached on the rurality. In this respect, preserve and maintain the diversity and dispersion of rural settlements (to prevent displacement and migration) was the nearest target the concerns of rural movements and could be replaced by local community and its approach to falsify and somehow with this to be reproduced pretext (save the rural community and its freedom from deprivation) lost power devices bureaucratic and academic circles in rural areas: Where any intervention would distort the original rural and the decline was founded of its intrinsic values such as nature, culture, customs, traditions and identity is more important than all the rest of Iranian society. The aim of this paper follow-up is important, how rurality concepts common in our rural studies by different approaches to rural areas in production and the scientific and academic circles? What Iranian academic atmosphere faced in relation to discourses rurality gaps in research methodology?
Since rural in the last orientation literature are where clusters of discourse rurality tried to impose their thinking and their actions on another, likened; Our discourse analysis as an appropriate way to illustrate the changes that have occurred in Iran's rural studies, we suggest you. However, an increasing number of studies in recent years have shown that discourse analysis is one of the most effective methods for this effort.
Discussion and Scholarships country village in the discourse of "justice" (i.e., proportional to urban population in rural communities benefit from development opportunities) central core. The nodes have been established around specific signs that the dominant discourse rural Academic circles to depict us. For example, by looking carefully at the documentation in the fields of specialized books and novels, essays, proposals, newspapers, books and oral interviews took place, Discourse were demonstrated by the village as a "problem", "source" and "regional development" in the history of our rural research. The orientation of the chain of logic "equivalence" provides that the expression of regular Compare / compensation. Due to the impact of the current global rural and promote approaches to building internal capacity was expected to rule through local communities be trained more attention than in the past; But the state and the local community within the meaning of symbolic interventions were rurality. Indeed, through the intervention of hegemonic and central established slab / compensation of rurality different meaning in comparison to the efforts of rural movement and where should the local authority and independence to people moving out, Was actually promote centralization and elimination of local people (something that is acknowledged by some rural researchers).
rurality in Iran will not build merely because culture abstractions resulting from industrialization and urbanism, with a poetic image and given that the current surplus wealth to the rural and urban economies and in particular Physical and natural aspects as well. In total, the village has a subjective otherness (something that symbolically by government and academic circles attached) And material (something that the old tradition where the current production and exploitation for the benefit of the national economy) Which is located within an alternative discourse with the teachings of modernity (Disregarding the local people and their natural and cultural heritage related to) the identification and analysis. Genealogy such discourse we can see the body of the majority of urban and rural studies have city that was unfamiliar with rural life and the villagers lived space experience With the establishment of the city of alien named emir of the village have made mental cognition And local reactions to external flows are not aware. If you have rural roots kind of subconscious reaction to the suppression of their rural roots. Hence, the rural community in the field of scientific test and consecutive errors by professors, students and experts has been something that has always been the least attention to the folk culture of the people. In general, rural predict the future may by current patterns The patterns are now emerging that emphasize academic circles in the world to be neglected and local capacity malicious behavior considered to be at the micro level.

Management of the rural community's economic, social, cultural and natural diversity and differences emerged. Meanwhile, rural areas in recent years under the influence of external flows (urban-rural integration and integration into the global economy) have been many changes and a more rural areas are facing different. Control of two more such settlements has not been different. Unfortunately, differences have arisen in rural areas of the country are indoctrinated in the management of rural development discourse New-case attention and social and economic consequences of this trend and apply unrealistic and conflicting views matched rurality for a variety of in rural areas. Accordingly, executive management, including planning, development planning and rural development in national and regional level in two provincial done. That is not the multiplicity and diversity of economic, social, cultural and natural heritage considered by central planning and the overall reality villages are not visible. The argument is that when the rural areas much more reasonable and considered each of the various internal mechanisms, executive management is in chaos. At the same time, if geographically larger administrative units to serve rural markets are created. The intermediate solution must be designed and these can be amortized in the region and extremes happen. So the question of this study is that natural and cultural characteristics of local areas as an aid in identifying rurality how can be combined and applied in a regional context?

Today's world is facing various problems and unsustainability in different ecological, economical, and social domains. Decrease in natural sources, increase of pollution, fertile soil becoming salty, desertification, eradication of genetic variety, extreme poverty, and expansion of social-habitational inequality are among the above mentioned problems. Solving these unsustainability's requires the proper and effective solution of their bases and warding off the effective factors. Besides, by defining unsustainability, it is possible to take more appropriate measures to deal with it. In Iran, rural habitations are facing a lot of unsustainability's which is manifested in villagers` mass migration to cities. Thus, in order to establish a suitable situation in rural habitations, it is necessary to diagnose factors effecting on unsustainability and find solutions for it. The present paper is trying to answer the following question: How is it that, in spite of half a century of planning for rural development in Iran, rural habitations are still unsustainable and what are the factors eefecting on unsustainabilitys?

The current study is a “theoretical-basic” research in which using previous studies, effective factors on rural unsustainability are identified and their various aspects and outcomes are dealt with. If these factors have negative effects or lead to unsustainability, they are regarded as effective factors in rural sustainability through logical reasoning. The arrangement of the material in the present paper is based on the scientific background of its writers, but wherever required appropriate cross reference(s) is (are) mentioned. Finally, through surveying previous effects and conclusions, the writers` outlook and the last result are stated.

Based on the available knowledge, factors effective on rural unsustainability are divided into two groups, natural factors and supranational ones. A. National factors: 1. Unlocalized theoretical bases of development in Iran; These schools of thought, attitudes, and strategies are effective on rural unsustainability in Iran due to their emphasis on industrial development so that agriculture development would pay the price. 2. Shortcomings and problems of the planning system; Overemphasis on “Rational Planning Theory” and centralism in the process of planning have had an impact on the occurrence of unsustainability in Iran. Centralism has played its roles in the emergence of rural unsustainability through disregard for local and regional aspects in rural planning and misunderstanding of different economic, social, and ecological domains of rural areas and lack of success in seeking others` cooperation. 3. Rentier of governments; A rentier government, through weakening the bases of social participation by lack of development of its civilized community, by seeking people`s dependence on itself, and due to its lack of regard for agriculture sector-because of its financial independence- has led the affairs to rural unsustainability in Iran. 4. Educational deficiency and scanty knowledge; This causes unavailability of effective human sources and, as a result, leads to rural unsustainability. 5. Problems and deficiencies of rural management Past centralized management, some shortcomings of a few urban councils, and detachment of rural management from a good (reasonable) government have so far been decisive in rural unsustainability. 6. Shortcomings of facilities and services; Organizational pattern of providing villages with different services, definition of “village” in the law of civil divisions passed in 1985, ignoring villages having less than 20 households in the process of development, and centering of various services on large villages, accounting for the same population to offer services all over the country, and not considering regional/local differences are among these shortcomings. B. Supranational factors: 1. Rational approach; This approach has led to an unrealistic view of ecological problems and unsustainability. 2. Industrial revolution; Manufacturing activities have caused exploiting of natural sources followed by ecological problems. 3. Population growth; This has increased demands, waste products, decrease in per capita access to natural sources; and, as a result, occurrence of unsustainability. 4. Nature of development; Growth in the well-being of people has been associated with injustice and destruction of the environment.

In Iran, unsustainability is mainly due to social constructs which weaken mass participation of villagers. It also seems that among various factors strangeness of developmental patterns, which are based on theoretical planning and management of development, etc. are mainly decisive in this respect.Thus, applying a local pattern of development and ridding of different obstacles preventing from villagers` participation are effective measures to face rural unsustainability.

This survey is based on deciphering the space of globalization phenomenon and revealing affected by spatial actions mechanism under investment discipline (according to compressed space and time). The basic question is how the space could be used, organized and created so that it could be in line with investment flow progress necessities. This can be unrevealed by applying conceptual and theatrical shape of spatial Trialectic Lefebvre. Material – spatial actions are supposed as spatial representations and represented spaces of content formed components. These "moments" or "minutes" could reflect the form, structure and usage of globalization phenomenon in current situation.
Methodological usage of Dialectic by Hegel of scanning intellectual core of its mysterious conception, made the Dialectic as a clear method (According to Lefebvre). For analyzing Dialectic, it should be begun from content. Content is a real existence which ascertains Dialectic thought. Dialectic analysis is valid with all kinds of content, and this makes clear relation between elements or moments of becoming global. Appling the Dialectic Lefebvre logic provides a (possible) method for analyzing globalization space based on elements or moments. These three elements or minutes will changed in scanning Dialectic from "becoming"; it means they all will abolished, kept and changed simultaneously. The purpose of choosing Dialectic as a method to understand the studied case (globalization phenomenon) in its detail's shape, so different shapes of change and development of it could be analyzed and its complicated rules could be discovered.
Discussion and The procedure of generating space in global space in this survey is imagined in a collection of spatial elements including material spatial actions, spatial reactions and reactional spaces in an investment generality. These spatial elements are those "moments" or "minutes" in conceptual shape of Trialectic Lefebvre, which play its own role on global space generality. In material- spatial actions of globalization, efforts are to understand fundamental procedures in forming spatial shapes and analyzing the modern investment role at generating and possession of space, and using and accessibility of space under global changes.
Artificial environment, man-made spatial shapes in global cities, possessing the space, land market, organizing money, time and space, virtual environment, information technology and communication, all are counted as material spatial action elements which will be considered in current global space in this survey. It could be inferred that generating space, possession, sovereignty and accessibility beside flexible dynamic investment in global situation cause transforming modern cities to special spatial forms which will connect the generated space to consuming space and management. Land market and current usages of it should be a place for power sovereignty in order to stabilize possession on space.
Perfect reorganization of global financial principles beside virtual environment, information technology and communication, change the space to an accessible element which could have ability to change the time and space destruction. Space reflection is a conceptual space and three basic factors effect on this conceptual space: economy, government and technical knowledge of planner. This could have global, national and local reflections. Space reflections in this survey considered global scale with globalization situation has elements such as: government domination, planning as ideology and generating investment space.
Space as a discussion of argument, is a place for government interference. Government apply its chaos to space users by two 1- making bureaucratic space: the modern government make a bureaucratic space by applying different spatial projects and specifying different regions to different parts. 2- Making bureaucratic by space: the most important example for this case is those parts of information organization (global information organization) and providing a space for monitoring. Economy is also played its role as an element without any intermediaries, and make space for itself by merchandising space by putting it on geometric grades of profit and loss, land market and etc. and merchandising space like different cycles of investment, spatial transport networks and etc.
According to these, investment sovereignty could be came true by space for generating, splitting and setting with interference and control structure and city space projects in global scale. It could be inferred that an unbalanced space abstract imaginations dominated and proceed on daily spaces. Spaces which will be enforced, set, framed and put under power of government authority, economy and planner's knowledge.
Reflection space is living space which means daily space, versus regulated space; so the reflection space will be affected by rationalization, coding, measurement, interfering and argument. Organized factors of reflection spaces which considered in globalization space in this survey are: daily life in globalization space, cultural life in frame of investment logic, new disciplines of signs at postmodern situation and feeling the maturity in globalization space.
Elements related to reflections spaces on current globalization situation depend on material elements. Flexible increase of consuming is accompanying with more focus on temporary tastes and using all artificial to indicate the need and cultural changes. Fixed relative aesthetics of modernism has changed to excited characteristics, moodiness of postmodern aesthetics which admire tastes, difference and view of cultural forms.
Cognitive sovereignty, abstract of social space, (experiencing daily life) which money, wealth, consuming products and masculine symbols which are fundamental forces, will be controlled as consuming place and form and plan feasibly and interactively.
Deciphering content of globalization space is making effects of geographic forms of sensible space, political structure, and conceptual space real ideologically and social usage of space which happened in investment generality and dialectic dynamic in global moments or minutes.
Globalization dialectic scan must accept differences among its minutes and it could be achieved after passing these differences of globalization phenomenon scan. Moreover, scanning of globalization space consist of certain dialectic which means difference among nature, classes, land possessions, investment disciplines, technical innovations, government, planning ideological and etc.
In fact, the components of globalization minutes has affected by investment principles in its own form as exchanges, technology, reflects dominated conceptual on space in structure, and defining a dominated statues in usage.

Because the geographical space is the fundamental content of the geography science, the discussion of nature of it and this question that what is the “geographical” meaning of “space”? Are always essential issues in the geography science? This article tries to prepare a context to debate of the nature of "geographical space" and it tries to answer to this question that what is the "geographical space"? This article does these via the debating of the philosophical kind of spatial thoughts and via a critical view to them. Research The method of this article is a philosophical - logical method tries to make a systematic set of reasons by making logical relations between philosophical concepts and geographical concepts. In final, it shows geographical space is same Heideggerian “being-in-the-world”. Discussion and The philosophical view to geographical space tell us geographical space is made from two parts: objects (un- Dasein) like trees, mountains, rivers, building, streets, land use, … and subjects (Dasien) like citizens, managers, planners, …. So geographical space is a complex network it is made from complex network of objects (un- Dasein layer) and from complex network of subjects (Dasein layer). “bing – in- the- “world” means being-in-the-“world”. The meaning of the Heideggerian “world” is “compelx network of understandings” (malayeri, 2011, 220), what kind of understandings? The understanding of two layers of geographical space (Dasein(s) and unDasien(s) layer). So the meaning of “bing - in- the - world” is “bing - Dasien(s)-in-the compelx network of understandings of other Dasien(s) and un-Dasien(s). Geographical space is also the understandings of Dasiens (humans) of things exist around them (un-Dasien(s) like mountain, treet,... and Dasien(s)- like all of humans). So the geographical space is“bing – in- the- “world”. only the geographical spaces is kind of space that involves the complex network of understandings subjects and objects together because only the geographical spaces is kind of space that involves subjects and objects together. Each other space do not involve all of them. for example: social space do not involve mountains, trees, physical space do not involve social relations and … but geographical space involves all of things that Dasien(s) live with them and understand them. So only the geographical spaces is “being-in-the-world”. With looking to ‘space’ from Heideggerian perspective of “being-in-the-world”, we can name another spatial thought that is called “world-life” spatial thought, this is most geographical of the kind of spatial thought. so the answer this question: “what is the geographical space?” is ‘being – in-the-world’ or the ‘geographical space’ as ‘being – in-the-world’.the concept of “being-inthe-world” is the concept of “geographical space” because “geographical space” involves subjects (Dasiens that understands things(other Dasiens and un-Dasiens))and objects(un-Dasien that is understood by Dasien) together.

The world is constantly changing and rural areas are not exempted from this rule. Changes in the demographic structure and population absorption of the villages surrounding large city centers, metropolises and regional cities is considered as one aspect of rural development. Given that the surrounding villages, as supplementary arenas, eventually join to the city boarders, it is essential to identify the causes of population absorption and its sustainability to control the following changes. The present study aimed to investigate the causes of population absorption in Qala Khiaban- Bahonar state surrounding Mashhad metropolis. This research was based on descriptive- analytical methods, and the data were collected using both documentary and field studies. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and ARC GIS was used in order to create the maps. The study considered 149 migrant households of Qala Khiaban village in view of 27 identified causes of immigration. The results of factor analysis showed that, of combination of 27 primary variables, eight factors consisted 89.68% of the variance of population absorption reasons. Among eight identified factors, the first and most important was "cheap and affordable housing" which was about 21.24% of the variance. This shows the importance of first factor than other agents. Second and third factors were "employment and economic problems" and "location and access" with 18.6% and 14.6% of the total variance, respectively.Research limitation: The major limitation of the study is the lack of information about core population of suburban areas.Practical implications: As transitional communities, Villages around metropolises have more affecting and impressible roles than other factors. Therefore, identifying the causes of their vulnerability can be useful in organizing the residential areas.Original/value: the present work is original in view of analysis on some more general motivations of migrants toward suburban settlements.

The future development of agriculture and the preoccupation of policy-makers and development specialists And many efforts by the authorities in recent decades has been to promote this sector. While development efforts on rural lands "inefficient" and "traditional" and No conclusions favorable to the government's continuing political elites and the lower support of local and regional initiatives begun. The study of the social and economic development programs can be said that political management efforts based on this approach, How community development programs in order to promote the ideas and ideals of modernization discourse. Follow this strategy in the process of development programs in the country creates problems for the agricultural sector and the rural settlements of the undesirable brought to outcomes. Instructions and force modernization and the operation should be subject to the laws in the state outside of the rural, and he had no role in its development. Dialogue on all aspects of social and economic modernization with its own sovereignty penetrated rural communities and with Spoof of peasant life and its integration with the local and national level on the subject of disciplinary entrepreneurial foundation. This is the only reference to public policy-orientated to center ruralrs are responding to problems and where should aim to balance the inner realities of rural life and farming practice is to eliminate the inner realities of agriculture and rural life is on. In this connection, the fundamental question of this study can be considered as follows: The development and application of agricultural and rural development based on criteria on what basis and properties of interest and the interests of local communities and active in balanced match lifters who strive to improve the situation of rural and agricultural? In rural settlements should not force shaping the uncertainty space / conflict with local communities to stop the spread of agriculture, but also in to analyze the “discourse”, Dominate knowledge of the relationship between state structures and decision-makers in agriculture and rural investigated development process. In recent years a growing number of studies have found an effective method of discourse analysis for this effort. Discourse as a linguistic act as a " group of claims, ideas and terminology, specific facts emerged and social history, " explained and It is about power relations, the ideological and institutional changes will be. In the shadow of productive dialogue, the social elite of knowledge and beliefs about what is right to impose public. Thus, discourse analysis determines the positions behind the disputed issues by exploring the basic assumptions, values and interests Followed by the various stakeholders. The present study shows how " Rurality" and consequently agriculture in the discourse of " modernization " (deprivation and overcome the backwardness of rural and agriculture) and the modernist discourse in academic circles (the residue of cultural and indigenous knowledge) local resistance taken as a " community living " trying to impose their power and influence others. Something that has always challenged the relative stability of returns. Therefore, the government’s strategy to be the basis for bridging the gap through the development and operation of local public policies and movement of “Rural Politics " to " Politics of the Rural " is an important measure of progress towards this. In this research, we noted that " rurality " still remain, but the torus discourse of " modernization ". This divergence of their public policies for the development and operation of local shows; that is the focus of high center and low-interest agricultural ruralrs and the lifters who strive and the lack of implementation of the imposed policies with local characteristics and interests. rurality and what is that agriculture should be associated with the concept of " power " is explored. Therefore, the rural and agricultural sector in the context of “discourse” meaning they are the product of his era discourses. In fact, the conditions are influenced discourse and discourse and dialogue based on internal mechanisms apply. In power (government relationship with the countryside and agriculture) is the product of the has been explored discourse of modernization. Your transcendental wisdom and modernization by providing a broad and unified administration of policies, rural and agricultural sector is trying to get out of local interests and national values link. While any form of public policy formulation cannot respond to questions, so have to be a local, minor on us.Discussion and Generally, rural and agricultural sectors and trying to impose their own power and influence others. Thus, a "community living" (ancient Iranian rural) parties that have been challenged, changed and will rebuild. The strategy of " rule by the " must fill the power gap and restore the conflict occurring in public policy development and operation of the rural. Since many of the extensive and inclusive policies failed and skeptical legislators towards the effectiveness of the assistance sparked; The movement of “rural politics " to " Politics of the Rural " can measure the effectiveness of development efforts in public policy development and progress towards compliance with specifications and local interests. In relation to agriculture, we must recognize that we cannot go back to the past and in the previous stage of development of our technology. On the other hand the future cant afford for this part we thought because human thinking is not a way to the future and this means that the human science should have a mental imagination coexist Are unclear and the development of a conceptual remove the ignorance and ignorance is a new entry. So, we live in a time when modern technology surrounds us and transposition is left for us. However, adherence to the rule of the rural population and development policy measures can address this problem and fields to define the appropriate technology for each location and domination over nature provide sustainable. This is beginning to revive the art of Agricultural and correct the shortcomings of modern technology.

Investigating the economic structure of rural areas of the country particularly Mashhad has revealed that agriculture is the main factor for making a living، and that unfortunately in most of the development programs، it has been considered as the only and the most important economic factor in rural areas. Although this structure، given the limited economy of rural areas and their specific features، could work in the past، considering the expansion of the markets and their undeniable effect on rural spaces، and also considering many unsustainabilities in several natural، economic، and social dimensions، it can no longer guarantee sustainable residences and occupations in rural areas. Most of the scholars in the area of development have proposed the diversification approach within the framework of sustainable rural development. Based on this theory، diversity is a necessary factor for maintaining the sustainability of rural economy and development; it is suggested that following this approach will contribute to the stability sustainability of economic structures. Based on this theory، sustainability is created and maintained when a system has numerous and diverse elements; the more diverse a system is، the more ability it will have in reducing internal and external discrepancies. This will result in sustainability، dynamicity، and stability during long periods and in different places not only against internal tensions but also when external challenges are faced. In addition to investigating level of sustainability in rural residences in Mashhad، this study aims to discover whether sustainable villages are the economically diverse ones. It also aims to find out what relationship exists between levels of sustainability and diversity of economic activities. The significance of this study first lies in the fact that it uses cluster analysis which can provide a new model for investigation of sustainability; second، it investigates sustainability in relation to diversification. The method of study is descriptive-analytic. The data needed in this study was collected using survey (Village and Family Questionnaire) and library research methods. The population under investigation in this study included the rural residences in Mashhad، and the unit of analysis was village. The sample size was determined in two levels for village and family using the Cochran formula. The number of sample villages and families was determined to be 34 and 350 respectively. The sample villages were chosen using the stratified sampling method. To ensure the content validity of the questionnaire، the opinions of the scholars in the areas of geography and social sciences were used as the reference. In addition، to measure the reliability of the questionnaire، alpha Cronbach formula was used. In this study، the sustainability of rural residences was the dependent variable and the diversity of economic activities played the role of independent variable. To measure sustainability، several techniques exist which can be used differently based on the type of study. In the present study، cluster analysis is used to quantify sustainability and classify residences. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS and Excel. Statistical tests used in the present study include cluster analysis، variance analysis with the Tukey test، and Pearson correlation. Data Analysis: In the present study، to measure and assess sustainability، cluster analysis، which is statistical method to determine homogeneous clusters، was used. The created Rural Research Quarterly Vol. 5، No. 2، Summer 2014 5 clusters were labeled sustainable، semi-sustainable، and unsustainable based on the value of the sustainability index. The results of cluster analysis revealed that 9% of the villages under investigation were sustainable in economic، social، and environmental dimensions; 44% were semi-sustainable، and 47. 1% were unsustainable. In fact، 91. 2% of the sample villages were unsustainable or semisustainable. To compare the mean of the diversity of economic activities in sustainable، semi-sustainable، and unsustainable groups، Fischer method was used for conducting a unilateral variance analysis (F test). Since the level of significance for this test was less than 0. 05، one can say that the mean of the diversity of economic activities for the three groups was not the same; in other words، there was a significant difference between the mean of the diversity of economic activities among these three groups. According to the results of HSD test، the mean of the diversity of economic activities in the unsustainable، semi-sustainable، and sustainable was 27. 5، 30. 7، and 38. 6 respectively. These results determine the answer for the first research question in this study. In fact، sustainable and stable villages are those which enjoy higher levels of the diversity of economic activities. To investigate the relationship between levels of sustainability and diversification، Pearson correlation was used. The correlation coefficient found between the abovementioned variables (0. 77) shows that there is a positive and direct relationship between them. In fact، the increase in the level of sustainability is accompanied by an increase in the diversity of economic activities. This shows that the sustainability of rural residences is deeply affected by the diversity of economic activities in an area. Therefore، the answer to the second research question is clear: more diversity in economic activities results in more sustainability in rural residences. The results of the survey and theoretical investigations done in the present study show that the diversity of economic activities in rural areas meaningfully contributes to the sustainability of these areas. The results of the present study are consistent with those of the studies conducted in South Asia (Feldman، 1999)، West Africa (Ackah & Medvedev، 2010)، and China (Liu et al.، 2003). It can be argued that a society with a diverse economy is more likely to become stable and sustainable. This issue has been considered by international organizations، developed countries، and some of the developing countries (China، India، Malaysia); and it is necessary to include this in the formulation of policies which are developed for rural areas in the country because simply continuing the current trend without any reforms and without paying attention to diversification will certainly result in the increase of unsustainability in rural residences.

In the era of civilization of information, citadel dwelling of some territories and wilderness dwelling of some others is a new phenomenon that this paper is trying to clearly explain its whys and where forces. Thus, this study has been carried out with a comparative study and with an empirical approach. Findings show that inequality (gap) of territories is related to their benefits of democracy (Democracy gap). Territories inequalities in benefiting from democracy lead to inequality in information and communication technology (technology gap). Technology gap leads extensive technology owner territories to enter space of flows and territory. Also, it leads to limit territories that have less and limited place spaces. Its spatial appearance is the development of space of flows and underdevelopment of territories of place spaces (gap of development). It's necessary to say that development and underdevelopment of a Territory can respectively lead to democracy or destruction. Territories’ inequalities have roots in democracy gaps more than having roots in technology gaps because democracy is as a splitting factor of territory- places and territory- spaces. In other words, the gap place of territory in information civilization is democracy because democracy paves the way for accepting multi- acceptance of information civilization in territories.

Integration projects in rural areas of lands have several benefits. The most important effects of consolidation plans include: economic, social and environmental aspects. The purpose of this research is to study the social effects of land consolidation projects in rural area, in Arak district. The data of this study was collected through completing questionnaires from whole households and interviewing some local experts connected to the “Ministry of Agriculture” and “Center for Consolidation Services” in Arak. The results show that in rural areas of Arak where consolidation projects were filled land consolidation has increased economic effects, as well as the water and land reduction saving the time and opportunity, social partnership, satisfaction on agricultural and social conditions.