جمال مهرعلی پور

Today, the supply of qualified drinking water has become the main concern of the competent authorities. Drinking water, in addition to the appropriate quantity, must have appropriate standards regarding physicochemical and microbial properties. Nitrate and nitrite ions are of special importance due to their adverse environmental and health. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of these ions in the drinking water of Evaz city and to perform calculations related to health risk assessment.

In this study, five points were selected and 50 samples (10 samples from each point) were collected over time intervals. After transferring the samples to the environmental chemistry laboratory, the concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions was determined by the spectrophotometer (DR6000) according to the instructions provided by the HACH.

The concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions in all parts of the network was lower than the standard set by the WHO. The highest and lowest concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ions were obtained at the sampling sites of Patrice Restaurant (1.04 and 0.021 mg/L) and ABFA (0.8 and 0.0162 mg/L), respectively. Also, risk assessment based on the age range of infants, children and adults was 0.125, 0.00375 and 0.043, respectively, which shows that long-term water consumption will not have a negative impact on human health.

The physicochemical quality of Evaz drinking water was acceptable and human exposure to this water has a non-carcinogenic risk of much less than the critical range.

Electroproxone process is a combination of ozonation process and electrolysis in which the production of hydroxyl radical and ultimately degradation of a pollutant occurs. The aim of this study was to estimate the E-Proxone process in removing ceftriaxone from a synthetic solution.

In this experimental study, a semi-continuous reactor equipped with four graphene electrodes having 2 × 10 cm dimension and 3 mm thickness was used. The effect of pH (3-11), concentration of ozone gas (1-5 mg/min), direct electric current (1-3 A), initial concentration of ceftriaxone (5-50 mg/L) and radical scavenger dose (tertbutanol = 20 mmol/L) was studied in a 0-60 minutes reaction time. The Ceftriaxone concentration was measured by HPLC, COD was measured with spectrophotometer (DR6000) and TOC with a TOC analyzer.

The results of this study indicated that this process had sufficient performance in the degradation of the antibiotic and diminishing of COD and TOC. The excellent condition was pH = 3, the electric current of 3 A, the ozone concentration of 5 mg/min, and the sodium sulfate as an electrolyte was 50 mmole/L. The ceftriaxone concentration was 5 mg/L in the duration of the 30 minutes experiment. 99.39% of the Ceftriaxone was destroyed. The process efficiency in COD and TOC removal was highest at 90 minutes. The presence of tertbutanol reduced the process efficiency to 83%.

The E-Proxone process, as one of the advanced oxidation processes, has the ability to reduce the pollution load of pharmaceutical industry, especially the ceftriaxone in this wastewater. This process is considered an environmentally friendly process.

Advanced Hybrid Oxidation Processes(AHOPs) have the ability to romove the pesticides. The aim of this study was optimization of sono-electroperoxone process (US-EP) in the removl of 2.4 D from aqueous via RSM.

The pilot that used to in this study included an ozone generator, an ultrasonic generator and an electric direct current source. Two graphene electrodes as  anodes and two titanium electrodes as cathodes were used. This electrodes connected to DC as direct monopolar connection. pH, direct electric current, ozone gas concentration, reaction time and initial 2,4 D concentration were optimized as  an independet and inffluence parameters. COD and TOC removal, kinetics of reaction, synergyist effects of variables, presence of radical scavangers and optimal electrolyte concentration were determined in optimum condition.

Efficiency of process was 55-90 percent in different runs. The optimized conditions are modeled was pH=6/04, ozone concentration equal to 2 mg/L.min, electric current equal to 1 amperes, 2, 4 D concentration equal to 30.3 mg/L and in 103 minutes reaction time in the presence of ultrasonic waves with frequencies 40 kHz. The Efficiency of US-EP in this situation was 95 percent. COD and TOC removal were 71% and 63%, respectively. The kinetics of the process follow the first order kinetics. The P-Value and F-value was determined by ANOVA analysis 0.0033 and 24.19 respectively, which indicates the model is significant. R2, R2 adj and R2 predicted were 0.94, 0.84 and 0.89, respectively.

US-EP process had a high performance in removing of 2.4 D. The process is an environmentally friendly process because don’t use of chemicals.

Dyes are resistant organic matter because they have an aromatic rings. Sulfate radical (SO4●-) is a powerful oxidative radical. The design via CCD, cause the process was done by high accurate and low-cost. The aim of this study was modeling of UV-EPS process to degradation of Acid Blue 25 dye via the CCD from aqueous.

In this experiment study, used to a photoelectrochemical reactor with two iron electrodes as an anode and two titanium electrodes as a cathode and Low-pressure mercury lamp (254 nm). The pH (2-4), Direct Current (0.75-1/5 A), S2O82- concentration (0/5-1/5 mg/l), reaction time (20-40 min) and initial concentration of AB25 (50 -100 mg/l) as a main independed variables were chosen. Also, COD, synergist effect, presence of radical scavenger and kinetic of reaction were studied in optimum conditions. Dye concentration and COD were measured by spectrophotometer (DR5000).

The results illustrate that the efficiency of process is affected by the variables. Optimum condition obtained in pH=3/01, DC was 1/08 A, PS was 1/30 mg/l, reaction time was 34 minute and initial concentration equal to 50 mg/l. In this situation efficiency of process was 91 percent. The COD removal in these conditions was 69 percent. The correlation coefficient was 0.84 which indicates that the quadratic model is suitable for process design. The kinetics of reaction followed the first order kinetics. Reduce of efficiency of process in the presence of radical scavenger occur.

Optimizing via CCD reduces the number of runs and increases accuracy. This process has a high efficiency in dye and COD removal and this process can be used to reduce the pollutant loading form industrial wastewater, such as textile wastewater, before discharging into the environment.

The use of (advanced oxidation processes) AOPs, due to have high performance in degradation of organic compounds is growing. Combined use of electrical current and sulfate free radical creates a synergy effect on removal of pollutant. The aim of this study was to evaluation the performance of activated per sulfate by the electrochemical method with copper – iron electrodes for removal of Aniline from aqueous solution. In this experimental study, a batch electrochemical reactor with a useful volume of 250 mL, copper and iron electrodes with 2×10×50 mm area from the DC source to aniline degradation was used. Also the Influence of parameters such as pH, Voltage (with amper), initial concentration of per sulfate and initial concentration of Aniline was investigated. Aniline concentrations, determined by spectrophotometer DR5000 making HACH. The experimental results indicated that the removal of aniline was influenced by different operational parameters, So that the highest process efficiency was obtained at pH 4, a voltage of 11 V, a concentration of per sulfate anions equal to 750 mg /L and a concentration of 60 mg /L of pollutant, 90.41% in a 25 minute period. It was also found that with an increase of nitrogen gas, efficiency will be increase and aeration reduces efficiency. The present study demonstrated the proper performance of the process in removing organic pollutants under optimal conditions of use as well as an alternative technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing Aniline.

Chemical Oxidation Demand (COD) is an important parameter in treatment of leachate. Leachate from solid waste has a high pollutants that must be treatment before discharge to environment. The aim of this study was optimization of US-Electro/persulfate process, predicate of optimum conditions by RSM for landfill leachate treatment. In this experimental study used to sonochemical-reactor with one liter volume that equipped with 40 KHz and two Iron electrodes as an anode and two Copper electrodes as a cathode that connected to direct current supply source. In final step of study pH (2-4), S2O82- (1- 2gr/L), direct electrical current (1/5-3 A) and reaction time parameters as an independent parameters were studied. In optimum condition, corrosion of the electrodes in anode and energy consumption were measured. Sludge properties before and after the process were analyzed by SEM / EDAX and FT-IR spectroscopy. By using this software (design Expert), the optimum condition was done at PH=3/41, S2O82- dose=1.2 gr, current density=2/41 A, and reaction time were 70 min. In this condition the efficiency of COD removal was 75 %. The R-squared and Adj R-squared process is 0/78 and 0/88 respectively. The electrodes corrosion in optimum condition were 0.77 gr and energy consumption was 9/23 KW/kg COD. The results of analysis indicate that change in sludge during the process happened and elements structure in leachate has observed, the most obvious oxygen and iron increase in sludge after the process. The US-Electro/persulfate has a good efficiency in COD removal and with this model can be tested with a few run and high accuracy to optimize the process.

Conventional methods are not an efficient method in the removal of resistant organic pollution. Ozone molecules in the presence of anion persulfate can be used as an appropriate method for the removal of these pollutants. The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of the combined process of ozone and radical sulfate in decomposition of SDBS and reduce the concentration of this pollutant in aqueous. In this experimental study, use of semi-batch reactor by one liter volume was used semi-continuously. The effect of pH (3-11), concentration of persulfate (10-100 mM/L), concentration of O3 (1-5 mg/L.hr) and initial concentration of SDBS (10-100 mg/L) were investigated. The kinetics of the reaction, effect of radical scavenger and COD removal in the proper conditions of the process was determined. The concentration of SDBS and COD were measured using a standard reference method. The efficiency of process in 40 minute was more than 97 percent while the process parameters were pH=3, initial concentration of SDBS was 10 mg/L, concentration of O3 was 5 mg/L.hr and persulfate anions was 20 mM/L. By changing the parameters and the presence of radical scavenger, process efficiency decreased. The efficiency of COD removal in 70 minutes was 80 percent. The reaction kinetic followed by first order kinetic. The ozonation process in the presence of persulfate anion due to the production of active persulfate radical can be suitable method for the removal of POPs such as SDBS. By this method, it is possible to increase the treatment of the wastewater containing this pollutant and reduce the organic loading to environment.

Dyes are stable in the conventional wastewater treatment processes. Use of ozone with persulfate anions and hydrogen peroxide compounds releases active radicals. The aim of study was to determine the effectiveness of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals that activated by ozone molecules in (AB25) decomposition. This study was handled in semi batch Ozonation reactor with one liter volume. In O3/PS process effect of pH, concentration of persulfate, concentration of Ozone and concentration of AB25 parameters and in O3/H2O2 process effect of pH, H2O2, concentration of Ozone and concentration of AB25 parameters were investigated. Synergistic effect of parameters in processes determined. For measurement of AB25 use of DR6000 instrument. The results of study was showed that pH, persulfate anion, Ozone concentration, reaction time and initial concentration parameters in O3/PS process and pH, H2O2, Ozone concentration, reaction time and initial concentration in O3/H2O2 have a significant impact on performance of processes. Highest efficiency of O3/PS process (97/58 %) is in acidic pH. Process efficiency has a direct relationship with increasing of persulfate to a certain extent. Increasing in concentration of pollutant cause reduce of efficiency. Highest efficiency of O3/H2O2 process (98/96 %) is in alkaline pH. Process efficiency has a direct relationship with increasing of H2O2 to a certain limit. Increasing in concentration of pollutant cause reduce of efficiency. Due to the production of active radicals, Ozonation process in presence of persulfate anion and H2O2 is suitable process in removal of resistance pollutant such an ACID BLUE 25 dye.

Presence of antibiotics as emerging pollutants have aroused increasing concerns. The modelling of electrocoagulation process with ultrasound in the removal of Ciprofloxacin in aqueous solutions was aimed in the present study.
In this study a reactor with 1000 mL volume was used. Copper and iron electrodes were exploited as cathode and anode electrodes. Electrodes were connected to a direct electrical current supply as monopolar. The optimization of pH, current density, initial concentration of CIP and reaction time were conducted by CCD and finally suitable model was presented. In optimized conditions, the amount of electrode corrosion, COD and TOC removal, changes in the UV-Vis adsorption and FT-IR spectrum was measured. All procedures in study were conducted ethically.
Optimum conditions were found to occur at pH, current density, and reaction time of 7. 4, 1.5 In this situation the predicted and.A and 30 min, respectively in 15 mg CIP /L as an initial concentration actual efficiencies were 88.21 and 86.37 %, respectively. Also, a moderate COD and TOC removal, about 64 and 51 percent was achieved, respectively. Result of FT-IR analysis showed considerable changes in functional groups during removal process. Synergist effect of US in electrocoagulation process was estimated to be only 14 percent.
The results indicate that the proposed process have a good efficiency in CIP removal. It is possible to decrease the concentrations of similar pollutants before their discharge to the environment by the use of this method.

The response surface statistical model developed via the central composite design (CCD) is a tool for optimizing manufacturing processes. Phrmaceutical plants depend on many such processes and i is essential to remove medicinal compounds from their effluents before they are discharged into the environment. The objective of the present study was to employ the response surface model for the optimization of the removal of the pharmaceutical compound ciprofloxacin from aqueous media via the electrochemical coagulation process. In this study, a reactor containing two iron electrodes used as the anode and two titanium ones used as the cathode was employed to remove ciprofloxacin from municipal effluents. The electrodes were connected in a monopolar fashion to a DC power supply. Parameters such as pH (4‒8), current (0.5‒1.5 A), initial ciprofloxacin concentration (15‒40 mg/L), and reaction time (15‒30 min) were introduced into the Design Expert software as the main design parameters. FT-IR analysis was conducted and SEM images were prepared while COD removal and changes in UV-VIS spectrum were determined under optimum conditions. Process modeling was accomplished using the response surface methodology (RSM) which is a statistical model for process optimization drawing upon central composite design (CCD). Modeling results showed that process efficiency was affected by the above parameters and that the optimum conditions for a process efficiency of 85.91% at an initial CIP concentration of 15mg/L would include pH=7.68, a current of 1.5 A, and a reaction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, COD removal efficiency would be 64%. FT-IR analysis and SEM images indicated changes during the process. Wavelength scanning also indicated reducing concentration of the contaminant due to mineralization. The results of the study indicate that optimization by RSM reduces the number of tests required and enhances their accuracy. It was also found that electrocoagulation has a high CIP and COD removal efficiency which makes it capable of being successfully exploited for the removal of organic pollutants from effluents before their discharge into the environment

Furfural is an organic compound which derived from a variety industrial, including petrochemicals, pulping, pharmaceutical, food. Also is a main agent in many industries and aromatic organic compounds entrance in the environment. There are several methods of treating including physical, chemical, biological and physicochemical for remove this matter. Among advanced oxidation methods can be combined ozonation process with persulfate catalytic are noted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ozonation process with the use of persulfate in removal furfural from aqueous solution.
In this study, the efficiency of the process with a concentration furfural 5 to 30 mg/L, concentration persulfate 4 to 15 mM, pH = 3-11 and reaction time of 35 minutes in the semi-continuous reactor with a capacity of one liter was obtained.
The results of this study have been shown in conditions of operation optimal , pH =,3 persulfate dosage 12 mM, ozone dosage of 1 g/min and the initial concentration of furfural 5 mg/L, this process is capable remove of %93/34 percent Furfural and %70 of the initial COD.
The results of this study showed that the ozone/persulfate process can be a suitable process for the removal of organic aromatic compounds including pollutants of interest.

Electro-proxone process is combination of ozonation process and electrolysis that to produce the hydroxyl radical. The aim of this study was to optimization of Electro-proxone process via response surface statistical model in decolonization of Acid Orange 7 dye from synthetic wastewater. In this study was used semi-batch reactor via four graphite electrodes by 2×10 cm dimension. The effect of pH (2-4), concentration of ozone gas (2-4 gr/hr.L), direct electric current (2-4 A), reaction time (15-30 min) parameters via response surface statistical model was investigated. Measuring of Acid Orange 7 dye with DR6000 and measuring of COD and TOC according to methods that presented in standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater book. The results indicates proper performance of this process in decolonization of dye and COD and TOC removal. Performance of process in optimum condition is pH=3/50, direct electric current=3/4A, concentration of ozone gas is 3/64 gr/hr.L and reaction time is 30 minute in 100 mg/L initial concentration of dye. In this condition efficiency of process obtained 86/42%. The process efficiency in COD and TOC removal in 60 minute to the maximum amount reached. The Electro-proxone process as a choices of advance oxidation process have good ability to decrease of dye industrial pollutants.

Two-valent iron ions can be used to activate persuphate anions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the electrical activation of persuphate anions and to determine the efficiency of electro-persulphate in the removal of ceftriaxone antibiotic from synthetic pharmaceutical effluents. For this purpose, a reactor (with an effective volume of 1 L) equipped with iron electrodes connected to a DC power supply was used and the effects of pH, voltage, persulphate content, and ceftriaxone initial concentration on the efficiency of the process were studied. Moreover, electrode corrosion, synergistic effects of the parameters studied, reaction kinetics, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were studied. Results showed that the variables had a significant effect on process efficiency such that 96% of the ceftriaxone in the effluent was removed under the following optimum conditions: pH: 3, voltage: 10 V, a persulphate concentration of 50 mM/L, a ceftriaxone initial concentration of 0.18 mM/L, and a reaction time of 45 min. However, removal efficiency declined when the above conditions changed. It was also observed that COD removal was 72% in the optimum reaction time. Moreover, the process kintetics was found to be a first-order one. Application of an electrical process to active persulphate anion is assoiated with such advantages as reduced iron consumption and high antibiotic removal efficiency. Based on the results obtained, the proposed method may be recommended as an alternative for treating persistent pollutants to reduce environmental pollution.

Residual Azo dyes pose a major environment problem due to the benzene rings present in their structure. In this experimental study, the efficiencies of the US/H2O2/Fe2 and US/S2O82‒/Fe2 processes in degrading Acid Blue 113 Azo were investigated. For this purpose, the effects of the parameters involved in these processes such as initial solution pH in the range of 3 to 11, different concentrations of H2O2, and ‒S2O82 in the range of 1 to 10 mM, those of FeSO4 in the range of 0.1 to 1 mM, and different initial dye concenterations were investigated in a batch ultrasound reactor operated at 40 kHz. Also, the effects of aeration on process efficiency and fluctuations in the dye UV-Vis spectrum were investigated under optimum conditions. Based on the results obtained, dye removal efficiency decreased considerably in both processes with increasing pH such that maximum removal efficiency was obtained at pH 3 in both processes. Similarly dye removal efficiency decreased in both processes when FeSO4 concentration rose above 0.5 mM. The optimum conditions in the US/H2O2/Fe2 process to achieve a removal efficiency of 93.5% for an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L involved H2O2 and FeSO4 concentrations of 2.5 and 0.05 mM, respectively. Under the same optimal conditions, the efficiency of the US/S2O82‒/Fe2 process was found to be 94.3% for a S2O82‒ concentration of 2.5 nM. These results suggest that the US/S2O82‒/Fe2 is more effective than the US/H2O2/Fe2 in reducing the 567 nm peak of the dye structure. Finally, examination of the changes in the UV-Vis spectra of Acid Blue 113 showed that the US/H2O2/Fe2 process led to greater declines in the 276 and 203 nm peaks.

Phenol and Cadmium are of common components used in industries wastewater such as petroleum refining, petrochemicals, and pesticides. The aim of this study was simultaneous removal of Cadmium and Phenol from aqueous solution by using Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in nano-photocatalytic process UV/TiO2.
This experimental study in lab-scale batch was accomplished by using photo-reactor equipped with a 125 W low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and with Wavelength 247.3 nm and intensity 1020 µW/cm2 and emphasis on the effect of various parameters; such as pH (3-11), nano-particles doses (0.25-3 g/L) and Phenol, Cadmium at a concentration of (5-20 mg/L), presence of Format and removal rate of COD was investigated.
Findings: The obtained results showed that optimum pH in the removal of Cadmium and phenol is 7. The presence of each of pollutants has positive role in increasing the removal of other contaminants. The presence of Phenol cause increase removal of Cadmium and presence of Cadmium cause increase removal of Phenol. Removal efficiency of COD by UV/TiO2 process after 120 min was obtained %71.4. Obtained results of experimental kinetics showed that Phenol and Cadmium removal kinetics ­was followed (by both photocatalytic processes) of equations zero-order and pseudo-first order, respectively. By changing in conditions of experiment, the degradation efficiency decreases in this process.
Discussion & The result of this study showed that nano-photocatalytic process UV/TiO2 in pilot scale has high efficiency as an effective method in simultaneous removal of phenol and Cadmium from aqueous solution.

A newly emerging environmental problem is the discharge of pharmaceutical effluents containing antibiotic compounds. Compared to common methods, the ozone/persulfate process is a novel measure for treating persistent pollutants. This process is highly efficient in removing pollutants by using the free radicals of sulfates as powerful oxidants. In this study, a semi-continuous reactor with a useful volume of 1 L was used to evaluate the performance of the ozone/persulfate process in treating the ciprofloxacin antibiotic at concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/L in the presence of 0 to 15 mM of persulfate in 30 min. The results showed that under the optimized operating conditions of pH = 3, persulfate dose = 10 mM, ozone dose = 1 g/h, and an initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L, this method was capable of removing 96% of the contaminant. Moreover, the efficiency of the process was found to be a function of experimental conditions. Based on the results of this study, it may be concluded that the ozone/persulfate process can be considered as an appropriate process for treating persistent and non-biodegradable pollutants.

Azo dyes are a major environmental concern due to the presence of benzene rings in their structure. The present experimental study investigates the capability of the Electro-Fenton process as an Electrochemical advanced Oxidation Process for degrading Acid Black 1 and Acid Blue 113 in an aquatic environment. In this study, a lab-scale EF batch reactor equipped with four electrodes and a DC power supply was used for removing the dye. The effects of such operating parameters as pH, voltage, H2O2, initial dye concentration, cathode materials, and operation time were evaluated. The results showed that initial pH of the solution, initial H2O2 concentration, as well as different applied voltages and reaction times were highly effective in the dye removal efficiency of the process so that the 98% of both dyes were removed after 10 min of reaction at pH=3.0, a voltage of 20 V, and a H2O2 concentration of 100 mg/L. Removal efficiency decreased dramatically when pH was increased from 3 to 11, and voltage from 20 to 40 V. The presence of H2O2 was found to be the prerequisite to this process since the maximum dye removal obtained at an H2O2 concentration of zero was 7% for both dyes. The results of this study indicate that the Electro-Fenton method can be considered as an alternative process for the traditional treatment processes used.

Electro-Ozonation process (EOP) has a good potential for the removal of persistent organic pollutants. This process is a combination of ozonation process and electricity for producing hydroxyl radical and removal of pollutants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the EOP for SDBS degradation in aqueous media. In this experimental study, a semi-batch reactor with four graphite electrodes of 120 cm2 area was used. The effects of pH (3-11), the inlet of ozone (6-30 mM / s), current density (16-85 mA/cm2), the initial concentration of SDBS (0.02-0.3 mM/L) and radical scavenger dose (0.2 mM/L) were studied.SDBS concentration measured by spectrophotometer (DR5000) by instructions provided in the standard method book. The results indicate the high efficiency of this process in the removal of SBDS and COD. In optimum conditions of pH = 3, current 85 mA/cm2, ozone flow rate 30 mM/s and initial SDBS concentration 0.02 mM/L, more than 99% removal was observed in 50 min. By changing the parameters of the optimum conditions, the process performance was decreased. High efficiency of COD removal in this process was obtained in 80 min. Influence of TBA in solution was the efficiency decrease of process to 80 %. Electro-ozonation process as an advanced oxidation process can reduce organic pollution industry and can be considered as an environmentally friendly process.

Electrochemical processes have been applied effectively to remove organic compounds from aqueous solutions. In this work، the efficiencies of Electro Fenton (EF) process and Electrocoagulation (EC) using iron electrodes were investigated for removal of Acid Black 1. This experimental study was performed in a batch reactor and the effects of parameters such as pH، time، voltage، H2O2 and dye concentrations، and COD removal were investigated. In Electro Fenton process H2O2 was chemically added to the reactor while iron anode electrode was used as a ferrous ion source. The results showed that pH، voltage and H2O2 concentration were the main parameters in EF process. The optimum conditions in EF process were obtained at pH 3، H2O2concentration of 100 mg/l and 20 V. With increasing pH from 3 to 11 and voltage from 20 to 40 V the removal efficiency decreased، however، in the EC process the maximum efficiency was obtained at pH 7. Electro Fenton and Electrocoagulation using iron electrodes are suitable processes for dye degradation and treatment of colored wastewater.

Background and Conventional treatment processes do not have good efficiency in degradation and removal of antibiotics from aqueous environments, therefore, using advanced oxidation processes seems to be necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of catalytic ozonation for degradation of cefazolin from aqueous environments and the effect of various parameters on the performance of this process. In this experimental study after applying the process, the effect of different parameters were measured including pH (2-10), initial concentration of cefazolin (5-45 mg/L), catalyst dose (0.25-1 gr/L), ozone concentrations (1-5 mg/L.min), TBA concentration (0. 2mg/L) as a radical scavenger, the synergistic effect of the parameters, and reducing COD and TOC. Cefazolin concentrations and COD levels were measured by a spectrophotometer after the process and TOC was measured by TOC analyzer. Then the SEM images, BET analysis of nanoparticles, and XRD were prepared. The optimum condition for the highest efficacy of the process was found to be pH 8, catalyst dose 0.5 gr/L, O3 concentration 5 mg/L.min and cefazolin concentration 5 mg/L. At this optimal condition the efficiency of process was 92.01%. In presence of TBA, the efficiency of process reduced. The efficiency of process in COD and TOC removal was 55% and 42%, respectively. The results showed that the process conducted in this study was useful in degradation and mineralization of cefazolin, and can be used in treatment of wastewater containing pollutants. One of the main features of this process is that it does not produce sludge and by-products. Removal of COD and TOC needs more reaction time.

dye stuff effluents can disturb ecological and aesthetic aspects of environment; eutrification of surface waters is one of these most common problems. These processes cause pollutants decomposition through electrical current. The aim of this study was comparison between the effectiveness of the processes of electrochemical coagulation (EC) and electrical oxidation (EO) in degradation of AB113 dye from aqueous solutions. in this experimental study, removal of AB113 dye was investigated at different concentrations in a 2 cm distance from each other, through processes EC and EO. Also, the effect of parameters pH (5-9), voltage (10-30 volt, range 1-3 A) and initial dye concentration (50-500 mg/L) was studied at the optimum time of each process. The assay of dye concentration was conducted according to the standard methods. the results showed that both processes have high efficiency in dye degradation. At best conditions of EC (voltage=30 volt, pH=3, initial concentration=50 mg/L and time=40 min) and EO (voltage=30 volt, pH=7, initial concentration=50 mg/L and time=50 min), the efficiencies were 93.73 and 95.75%, respectively. By changing in conditions of experiment, the degradation efficiency decreases in these two processes. Discussion & Both of these processes have suitable efficiency in azo dye AB113 removal. pH, voltage, initial dye concentration and electrode type play an important role in the efficiency of these processes, and a change in each of these parameters can change the efficiency of dye decomposition.

Background and In Electro/Fe2+/persulfate process, persulfate radicals are produced as powerful oxidizing agents which increase the efficiency of this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency removal of COD, TSS and dye from industrial effluent in Buali industrial area in Hamedan. In this study, the batch experiment was performed using a reactor equipped with four iron electrodes. We studied the effects of some operating parameters including pH (3-11), divalent iron ion dose (0.1 to 0.5 g/L), concentration of persulfate anion (0.5-2 g/L) and direct current electric rate (1-5 A) in removal of COD, TSS and dye from wastewater. The COD, TSS and dye measurement was done according to the standard methods. The results showed that under optimum conditions (pH: 3, Fe+2 dosage: 0.1 g/L and density: 5A) the removal efficiencies of process in COD, TSS and dye were 91.6, 73.5 and 93.1%, respectively. By making changes in the parameters, the efficiency of process also changed. The removal efficiency of single application of electrooxidation was 58.2%, 52.2% and 68% for COD, TSS and dye, respectively. The electro/Fe2+/persulfate process showed acceptable performance in removal of COD, TSS and dye. Therefore, this process could be used as a pretreatment unit to reduce the load of raw wastewater pollution before entering the conventional treatment units. Furthermore, the assessment of synergistic effects of persulfate revealed that single application of electrochemical degradation in optimum conditions had a much lower efficiency compared to electro/Fe+2/persulfate process.

The presence of phenol in effluents may cause risk to human health. By Taguchi statistical model, the process can be optimized by certain number of experiments. The aim of this study was optimization of catalytic ozonation process in removal of phenol from aqueous environments by Nano Fe / MgO with Taguchi statistical model. In this experimental study, experiment design was set based on the statistical model. Parameters such as pH (3, 5, 9, and 11), initial concentration of pollutant (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/L), reaction time (10, 20, 30, and 40 min) and catalytic dose (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/L) in 4 layers and 4 levels were investigated. Data were analyzed with Minitab ver.16 software. Residual concentration of phenol was measured according to standard method book. The results showed that, efficiency of phenol removal depends on various operational parameters. The optimum conditions of phenol removal was obtained at reaction time=30 min, pH=5, the phenol initial concentration of 1000 mg/L and catalyst dose of 0.1 g/L. Among the factors investigated; initial concentration of phenol has the maximum effect (69.5%) and reaction time the minimum (3.2%) effect in optimum conditions. S/N ratio of 39.39 was estimated at optimum conditions. By using Taguchi statistical model, phenol removal was optimized in certain number of experiments. Ozonation process has high capability in phenol removal.

Advanced oxidation processes such as catalytic ozonation are efficient for the removal of antibiotics. Calcium peroxide is one of the catalysts that can be used as a source of hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal by ozonation process with calcium peroxide from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was conducted in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 2013. The process consisted of ciprofloxacin with a concentration of 10-100 mg/L, calcium peroxide with a concentration of 0-0.1 mg/L, 1 gr/min ozone (O3), and 30 min reaction time in a semiconductor reactor. In the optimal condition, at pH 3, calcium peroxide 0.025 mg/L, O3 1 gr/min, and initial antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/L, 92% of ciprofloxacin was removed and 45% of chemical oxygen demand was reduced. With regards to the results, the ozonation process with calcium peroxide can be suitable for removal of ciprofloxacin contamination.

The Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation process is one of the successful methods in dyes wastewater treatment. This process by direct current electrical and metal electrodes can be removal of contaminants. The aim of this study was optimization of affecting parameters in (EC/EFP) by titanium and aluminum electrodes for decolorization of Acid Black 1 (AB1) from aqueous. In this study was used of four titanium and aluminum electrodes. By applying an electric current in 10-30 V range with control of ampere, initial pH in 5- 9 range and initial concentration of dye in 50-500 mg/L range study was done. The results indicate when pH=5, voltage and initial concentration were 30 V and 50 mg/L respectively the high efficiency of decolorization by EC/EFP done. Therefor this process has a good ability in dye removal. Efficiency of process decreased by changing the parameters.