حسن اکبری بیرق

Hormesis texts are one of the oldest achievements of human thought, which entered the Islamic-Iranian sphere of thought in a long journey and left a visible and hidden impact. In the Hermetic cosmology that the Hermetic philosophical texts draw, the system of existence is divided into three spheres: God, the cosmos, and man. Almighty God is incomprehensible and indescribable. The universe or creator god is responsible for creation. Man is an image of God; his ultimate goal is to know and reach Him. The present study attempts to compare the reflection of Hormese cosmology in the mind and language of Nasser Khosrow Qabadiani, a Persian-speaking poet and writer of the 5th century Hijri, based on his poems. The assumption of this research is that Nasser Khosrow was familiar with the opinions and beliefs of different religions and groups and converted to the Ismaili Shia religion in the middle of his life. He was an expert in theological issues and theoretical and practical wisdom, and considering the prevalence of Hermetic texts in the cultural field, the civilization of Iran and Egypt (Alexandria) should not have been unaware of those teachings. After examining Hermesi's writings and studying Nasser Khosrow's divan of poems in a descriptive-analytical way, it was found that Nasser Khosrow's ontological thoughts were influenced by Hermesi's cosmology, and a deep and accurate understanding of some of his poems depends on the knowledge of Hermesi's texts.

 One of the common elements between literature and cinema is the subject of time, for which two characteristic features are observed; quantitative time, which is objective and qualitative time, which has a mental existence. Henri Bergson based his philosophical views of the concept of time on subjective consciousness. Later, Gilles Deleuze extended Bergson's view of time to cinema. The current research, a descriptive-comparative study, aims to investigate the concept of qualitative time based on the opinions of Henri Bergson and Gilles Deleuze in Sadeq Hedayat’s novel, The Blind Owl (Būff Cūr)  and its film adaptation, directed by Raứl Ruiz. According to this research, despite the difference in the written and visual media of literature and cinema, the concept of quality time is discerned as a common element in both works. To this end, the author and filmmaker have used a variety of internal time techniques, including diurnal cycles, intuition, reminiscences, time interferences, and time crystal components. Ruiz's film is a free adaptation, and its main plot and subplot are different from the novel. However, regarding the concept of time and the characteristics of mental time, it is consistent with Hedayat's effect. Among the findings of the present research, in addition to revealing the differences and similarities between the novel and the film from the perspective of qualitative time, it is possible to point out the common elements that can be adapted in literature and cinema based on the concept of time.

Relying on the theory of social constructionism and emphasizing Foucault's theory of power, this study aims to examine the relationship between the social constructions of gender and embodiment in two novels of 2000's titled "Sorkhi-Ye To Az Man (Your Redness be Mine)" by Sepideh Shamlou and "Az Sheytan Amookht Va Soozand (He Learned From the Devil and Burned)" by Farkhondeh Aghaei. The study sees the atmosphere of the novel as a possibility of living. So, it considers the practice of the novel both as a product and as a tool for discovering human existence in various representations of the construction of gender. The findings mention examples of gender construction that are categorized under titles such as feminization and suffocation with emphasis on the concept of women's inferiority and normative conflict as a sign of the evolving gender. According to the results, the female gender is inferior to the male gender in the novel "Sorkhi-Ye To Az Man based on the discourse atmosphere that governs the story. On the other hand, in contrast to the dominant discourse of the gendered society, the narrator has distanced herself from the imposed subjectivity of the inferior female gender, takes the initiative of constructing her gender, and provides a freer perception of the identity and female gender in the novel Az Sheytan Amookht Va Soozand.

KhanBibi Beygom Nishaburi-e Zandi, a poetess of the 12th century Hijri , was one of the late Safavid and early Zandieh period poetess. There is no information available about her life and works; Except for the evidence and clues of the text of her Diwan, which she herself and named Allameh Majlisi mentioned, who was her contemporary Shia great scholar, as the reason for writing this Diwan. She has left a Divan of which only one manuscript is available in the library of the Islamic Council, which is registered under the name Noornameh with the subtitle Zia'al-ul-Mumenin. Diwan of this lady poet which can rightly be called unique, is one of the few poems Seerah al-Nabi in Persian literature, which, of course, not only deals with the biography and image of the Prophet , but as a poet of the Shia sect, a significant amount of her poems fourteen innocents (peace be upon them) allocated. According to the dominant style of the period of this female poet and the stagnation period of Indian style poetry, her poems are simple in terms of linguistic basics, difficult words are rare in them, her poetic images are remarkable and In terms of intellectual foundations, the themes of most of the way of life of Islam prophet, as well as mysticism, ethics, wisdom, advice and most importantly, some mythological images of the character of the Prophet Muhammad, Shia Imams(peace be upon them), the Companions, and etc

In the middle of the 20th century, some scholars in the field of literature decided that literature should move in the direction of experimental methodology, and researchers in the field of social sciences should also recognize the vital importance of imagination and its related works. They should include this issue in their current research programs and not leave such an important issue to purely theoretical interpretation formulations. This caused different approaches to approach literary texts from the perspective of empirical science. One of these approaches was evolutionary psychology, which tried to advance experimental literary criticism with a Darwinian attitude. The present article is an attempt to explain the relationship between experimental sciences, especially evolutionary biology, with humanities and social sciences, especially in the field of literary criticism. For this purpose, after a brief report of Darwin's theory of natural selection and its impact on the knowledge of psychology, we have introduced the methodology of evolutionary psychology, then we have shown its application in literary criticism and tested it by citing examples.

This descriptive-analytical research was conducted in a library manner using first-hand sources in the field of literary criticism based on evolutionary psychology.

If we want to advance the study of literary texts in a scientific-experimental way, the closest and most efficient way is to use Darwinian ontology and anthropology and use the evolution methodology based on natural selection.

Finally, based on the aforementioned premises, we have claimed that if evolutionary psychology can provide a convincing and comprehensive account of human nature, it can ultimately replace the dominant explanatory systems in the human sciences today, or include them and place them in its heart and naturally enter the field. To create an ontological and epistemological transformation in literary criticism.

Judgment and proceedings have always undergone many transformations throughout history and have changed from a simple and basic form to a complex military form. In Iran, the judicial system has undergone many changes in different periods. Among the fundamental changes in Iran in the fifth century is the re-formation of political-social institutions that were destroyed at the beginning of the Arab invasion of Iran. Among these institutions, we can mention the judicial system. In this article, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive and clear image of the judicial system in this period while examining the judicial system of Iran in the fifth century.

The present research is a theoretical study that was conducted in a library style. The scope and society under study is selected Persian prose texts of the 5th century.

Among the reviewed books, books such as Tarikh Beyhaqi, Siasat nameh, Al-Tavasol al-Tarassol and Nasihat al-Moluk contain more content and evidence related to the topic of the research compared to other prose texts.

Based on the evidence obtained from these texts, it can be claimed that the king was the first and most powerful person in the judicial structure. Some kings have invented methods such as sitting on oppressors, chains of justice, wearing red clothes, etc. to deal directly with the problems of the oppressed. And on the other hand the plaintiffs, they have used methods such as standing in the way of the kings, telling stories, baring their heads, etc. And after the king, the Minister or the Grand Khwaja and the Qazi al-Qazat have been at the head of this position. The judge has been in charge of judging at a lower level than the judge of Qazi al-Qozzat.

Following the demise of Prophet Muhammad (s), disagreements arose among Muslim scholars regarding crucial matters such as the caliphate, and fundamental beliefs including divine attributes, fate (qaḍāʾ) and predestination (qadar), the nature of good and evil, predetermination (jabr), and free will. These disputes gave rise to various sects and denominations within Islam. Consequently, the field of kalām or theology emerged, encompassing diverse theological sects such as the Muʿtazilites, Ashʿarites, Shias, and Ismāʿilis, as well as different jurisprudential schools such as the Shāfiʿiyya, Mālikiyya, Ḥanbaliyya, Ḥanafiyya, and Shiism. These theological disagreements constitute a significant portion of Islamic history over the course of centuries. Prominent Persian poets often aligned themselves with specific theological and jurisprudential schools of thought, which influenced their poetic expressions. They openly expressed their affirmations or rejections of various theological beliefs within their poems, giving rise to what could be called the "denominational discourse" within Persian poetry. To fully grasp the meaning and significance of these poems, it is essential to possess a comprehensive understanding of the beliefs and ideologies they embraced. This article focuses on examining three prominent theological schools present in Islamic civilization: Shiism, Muʿtazilism, and Ashʿarism. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of the jurisprudential beliefs held by various poets. Subsequently, we present selected samples of poetry composed by renowned poets that reflect their theological perspectives.

AbstractThe idea of "evolution based on natural selection" was introduced by Charles Darwin in the second half of the nineteenth century, it did not remain only in the field of biology and had a profound effect on the understanding of humanities and social scientists of the subjects they studied. Psychology and literary criticism were among the teachings that were influenced by this theory in terms of insight and method, and founded literary Darwinism. Literary Darwinism claims that literary behaviors are rooted in mankind evolved nature. Of course, sometimes the term "evolutionary critique" has replaced "literary Darwinism" and been used instead.In this article, we have tried to present a report on the influence of literature and literary criticism on the theory of evolution and show that evolutionary literary criticism seeks to identify basic and common human needs such as: sexual attractiveness, childbearing, social status and Like them. Therefore, based on evolutionary psychology and biology, while presenting a new reading of literary texts, to explore the human characters represented in literature. After introducing this approach to the literary text, using a descriptive-analytical method, one of the most popular contemporary Iranian novels (Bamdad Khomar) written by Fataneh Haj Seyed Javadi has been Evolutionary Criticism examined. We have come to the conclusion that literary evolutionary critique, Has the capacity to represent the biological content of fiction texts, it depicts human nature well through the analysis of these types of texts.