حسن محمود زاده

Postmodern philosophy is considered a legitimate reaction to the uniformity of the general modern-era perspective of the universe. Postmodern philosophy or post-structural thinking reveals that there are some other possible epistemological forms, also. What is already existing is not the only possible form. So, what is the humanistic city in this novel form? It is understood that clarifying the origins, meanings, and multi-faceted functions of the city are also critical topics within the philosophical tradition. Considering cognitive developments and the rise of the era of numerous philosophical thinking movements, it is essential to investigate the topic of a humanistic city that would likewise correspond to these movements and truly help to deal with cities. Here, we discuss the subject of humanism within the context of post-modern and city philosophies. The objective of the present study was to perceive the humanistic city in post-modern philosophical thinking. The present study fell under fundamental research and used the qualitative (descriptive-analytical) approach using post-modern philosophy to reinterpret and elicit the concepts related to the relevant subject (the humanistic city) in the city philosophy. Findings showed that what was thought to have formed separate worlds in the past as a subjective whole along with an objective would culminate in an “other” dogmatism when contradicted each other in the modern era with the rise of Hegel and his Dialectics; however, it would not culminate in dogmatism when contradicted each other in the postmodern era in the form of a fictitious (imaginary) and a perceptual (objective) world, as they would consequently lay the ground for the rise of the “other” or the Third World, i.e., the lived world.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the air quality index and its relationship with changes in the green space of Tabriz metropolis. Data, air pollution data from 1383 to 1396 and five main air pollutants (PM10), SO2, CO, O3, NO2) have been used, which include stations (Abrsan, Health, Railway, Prayer Square, Baghshamal, Hakim Nizami) ) is The research method, after averaging, the data were converted into standard data in Excel software, entered into the software (GIS) and using the interpolation method (IDW), the air quality map of unhealthy days was obtained. Finally, by using the index (NDVI) of green space images of 1969-83-96 in order to relate it to the state of air quality and the trend of decreasing or increasing green space in the mentioned time period, the final map of the number of days of unhealthy air quality was prepared. According to the obtained results, the state of health index of air quality in Tabriz metropolis has a direct relationship with changes in green space. The highest volume and density of pollution in the middle and center of the city is due to the large volume of traffic in these areas and daily commuting to these areas. In the southern and southwestern parts of the city, industrial areas, due to the high concentration of pollutants, air pollution is more in cold seasons. The most pollution is related to the pollutant (PM10) which is one of the most important pollutants polluting the air of Tabriz city.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the situation of the four metropolitan areas of Tabriz from the perspective of an elderly-friendly city. This research is practical in nature. The research method of this study is a combination of descriptive-analytical, documentary, secondary analysis and survey methods. To analyze and evaluate the demographic indicators of the elderly in the region four of Tabriz city, In the survey part of the research, using Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated and after estimation, it was spread randomly among the target samples and the questionnaires were collected by the people after they were completed. In order to measure the status of the four metropolitan areas of Tabriz from the perspective of an elderly-friendly city, the standard questionnaire of the World Health Organization was used, which was prepared in 8 indicators and 81 items. Statistical analysis in this research was done with the help of SPSS version 26 software. The results of the survey and measurement of eight elderly-friendly indicators in this region showed; The index of outdoor spaces and buildings with 2.84 ranks first, the index of transportation with 2.77, the second rank is the index of communication and information with 2.67, the third rank is the index of social support and health services with 2.58. The fourth rank is the index of honor and social integration with 2.48, the fifth rank is the index of social participation with 2.46, the sixth rank is the index of participation in civil affairs and employment with 2.41, the seventh rank is the housing index with 38. 2, is ranked eighth. According to the obtained averages; It is clear that the average of all investigated indicators is lower than the middle of the Likert spectrum (number 3).

In Iran, the extent of worn-out and marginal structures and the inefficiency of the mechanisms to deal with these structures is considered as a fundamental issue in urban planning and management. Despite the age of schools of morphology, limited research has been done in the field of typology of urban fabric. Today, remote sensing and GIS techniques are considered suitable methods for data collection and quick and accurate decision-making in environmental studies. The main goal of this research is comparative comparison of parts grading. In order to carry out the research, IRS, Sanjande (Liss) satellite images in 2017 and Sentinel 2 images, bands 2, 3, 4, 8 (visible) with a spatial resolution of 10 meters were used and it was tried to find the best methods and Criteria should be adopted to evaluate the granularity of parts using remote sensing techniques, especially the object-oriented method of images. After making the necessary corrections, it was processed in the eCognition software environment and object-based algorithms were used for evaluation. The results of this research showed that this method (objective thresholding classification) has a good accuracy for evaluation with an overall accuracy of 93% and a Kappa coefficient of 91%, and in both studied tissues (worn and marginal), The indicators of fineness and impermeability were concretely present, so that in both tissues, the area of ​​more than 50% of the plaques is below 200 square meters. The results of the research show that there is no significant difference between the worn and marginal tissue and both the studied areas have fine-grained and impermeable tissue. Also, the map and data related to the urban context, due to their collection in the field and the outdated classification method, cannot meet the current study and executive needs. In this regard, with new developments and technologies such as remote sensing, which have caused a significant reduction in field studies, time and cost, it has been possible to study the granularity of tissues.

The globalization of health care has led to the emergence of a new type of tourism in cities, commonly known as medical and health tourism. In Iran, the metropolises of Tabriz and Ardabil are known as two of the most important destinations for domestic and foreign tourists due to their superior geographical location and suitable medical facilities and equipment. Therefore, this research investigates and identifies the most important driving forces affecting the development of medical tourism in the cities of Tabriz and Ardabil from 2022 (AH 2023) to 2032 (AH 2033).

Design/methodology/approach: 

This research is applied in terms of purpose, follows the normative-analytical futures study science, and was carried out with a combination of documentary and survey methods. In order to collect the required data, a questionnaire was used; it included 65 factors that were identified and extracted using the opinion of experts and completed using the opinion of 25 experts using the Delphi method. In the next step, the strategic variables in the development of medical tourism in Ardabil and Tabriz cities were used to analyze the cross-effects of factors in Mic-Mac software.

The findings show that 13 out of the 65 factors investigated are the key effective factors in the development of medical tourism in the cities of Tabriz and Ardabil.

The results of the research show that these 13 factors for the city of Tabriz are expertise-based management, favorable judgment, international cooperation, macro and integrated management, use of experiences from other countries, public security, the existence of a supervisory body, solving legal problems, issuing visas, medical tourism, support of the private sector, economic system, health town, and creation of facilities; these factors will have the greatest impact among the factors affecting the future development pattern of medical tourism in Tabriz city. Examining the displacement of factors in the two groups of direct and indirect effects analysis for Ardabil city also shows that expertise-based management, favorable narrative judgment, international cooperation, health town, support of the private sector, transparent pricing, all-round support, macro and integrated management, use of the experiences of other countries, access to medical centers’ information, the existence of a supervisory body, a fixed exchange rate, and marketing strategy are proposed as key factors and will have the greatest impact on the future development of medical tourism in Ardabil.

Originality/value:

 Compared to past studies in the field of medical tourism, adopting a futures study approach while forming new ideas for optimal planning in the direction of developing medical tourism with a macro view and considering multiple indicators and their analysis can be a guide for managers, and those involved in the development of medical tourism should be located in the right country and have a good vision for the market of the medical tourism industry.

In the era of climate change, ensuring food security through the utilization of agricultural lands in and around cities is paramount. These lands are threatened by urban expansion, and their preservation requires the support of urban planners. This research examines the issue of repurposing urban agricultural land for other urban uses from a social practice perspective rather than a physical or legal one. The article explores why and how changes in agricultural land use occur and the potential for intervention, guidance, and management of this process from a social practice standpoint. The case study focuses on agricultural lands in the west of Tabriz city over more than 50 years, from the approval of the first urban plan to the present. The study employs historical reconstruction for analysis. “Sayings” are analyzed using texts from urban development plans, while “doings” are derived from maps of the current situation from different years and interviews with long-time neighborhood residents. The findings indicate that changes in the three sources of meanings, materials, and competence have altered social practices in different periods during this period. If this continues, it could lead to changes in land use methods. Also, multiple meanings and corresponding materials and competence coexisted during each period, weakening or strengthening the dominant social practice. Throughout the period, the differing perspectives of urban management, landowners, and citizens have influenced the process of social practice.

The development of technology and the advancement of science and technology in large and industrial cities have been associated with the destruction of the environment and various pollutions in human societies. One of the most obvious types of pollution is noise pollution, which causes mental and nervous diseases. In this article, with the aim of evaluating the noise pollution and the impact of social, physical and environmental variables in the urban environment, the evaluation of the sound landscape during the peak activity hours of District2 of Tabriz metropolis has been discussed. In terms of research method, this article is a combination of descriptive-analytical, documentary and survey methods. First, district2 was divided into squares of 200×200 meters based on the 1996 ISO standard grid method, and in the center of each square as a sound recording station with a decibel meter (Bentec digital sound meter model GM1357) the level of sound equivalent (Leq) with The sound pressure level of network A was measured with Fast response speed for 3 minutes, in two time periods: morning (8 to 11) and evening (19 to 22) in the months of Tir to Azar 1400 (July to December 2021). The maps of each dependent and independent variables were drawn in GIS software environment and evaluated using multiple linear regression model in SPSS software. The results of this research show that district2 has more noise pollution in the evening than in the morning. At the end, solutions to reduce noise pollution in the area are suggested.

Unreasonable urban sprawl has adverse effects on the natural and cultural environment of societies. Many efforts have been made to eliminate the negative effects of the scattered expansion of cities, the most important of which is the smart growth strategy. In fact, smart growth has emerged as a response to the continuing problems of fragmented development and its negative results. The purpose of this research is to identify the physical capacities in order to develop intermediates by relying on the principles of smart growth in Qanbar Cheshmeh Marand neighborhood.The current research is applied-practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research consists of 200 dilapidated pieces of dilapidated buildings in Qanbar Cheshme neighborhood. In order to analyze the data, the weighted overlapping model (WLC) was used in the GIS environment.By using ten indicators of smart urban growth, the rank of smart urban growth capacity was prioritized and mapped in the form of 5 sub-neighborhoods, and to prepare the final map, the highest rate of smart urban growth coefficient was calculated from the average of the ten ranks and the rank obtained as a percentage in GIS format. used. due to the current inefficiency of Baft, it cannot benefit from this increase in population. If 40% of the freed occupation area, which is an area of 15,476 square meters, is dedicated to green infrastructure, mixed uses, creating pedestrian-oriented communities and widening roads, the environmental quality of the worn-out area of Qanbar Cheshme will definitely increase. will find

With the development of sciences and technologies, the growth and expansion of cities led to the destruction of the environment and production of various biological pollutions across human societies. Meanwhile, noise pollution has been one of the types of pollution that has adversely affected the comfort of urban residents and is found to be directly associated with the mental health of people in society. This type of pollution may cause mental diseases, irritability, allergies and other nervous and psychological diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the noise landscape of District 4 of Tabriz and investigate the amount of this type of pollution in the peak hours of activities in this city, as well as the impacts of social, physical and environmental variables on the urban environment.

This paper used a methodology that combined descriptive-analytical, documentary and survey methods. District 4 of Tabriz was divided into squares of 200*200 m in dimensions, based on a standard square grid, with the center of each square designated as the noise acquisition station. The equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) of each station was measured for 3 minutes at two-time intervals of 8-11 a.m. and 7-10 p.m. in June to December of 2021. Noises were acquired by using a decibel meter device at a sound pressure level of Grid A with a Fast Response Speed. The dependent variable was the equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) at two morning and afternoon time intervals and independent social and physical variables were population density, construction density, the distance from pathway grids, the distance from administrative and police uses, the distance from educational uses, the distance from urban installation and equipment uses, the distance from commercial and service uses, the distance from treatment uses, the distance from industrial uses, the distance from barren land, the distance from green spaces and the distance from aerial corridors. Each of the maps pertaining to the independent and dependent variables of District 4 was separately sketched in GIS software, and then, the effects of each of the independent variables on dependent variables were examined by using a linear regression model in SPSS software.

Surveys indicated that the noise landscape of District 4 of Tabriz Metropolitan consisted of children game noises, noises caused by vehicle and motorcycle traffic, trash trucks when loading trash bins and the sound of construction workers across the neighborhoods, noises caused by motorcycle horns and their swerving noise, the passage of trucks and vans, as well as motor vehicles on the streets and other main axes, the traffic noise of inter-city buses and their horns, load trucks, international transit trucks on first degree axes (Pasdaran Highway and Santou Road), etc. The evaluation of independent social and physical variables with dependent variables (sound equivalent level (Leq) in the two intervals of morning 8 to 11 and evening 19 to 22) shows that out of 12 independent variables of district 4 of Tabriz metropolis in the morning time interval, 9 independent variables of population density , building density, distance from road network, distance from administrative and law enforcement use, distance from urban facilities and equipment use, distance from medical use, distance from industrial use, distance from green space use and in the evening period, 7 independent variables of population density , building density, distance from road network, distance from medical use, distance from industrial use, distance from green space use and distance from air corridor have a significant effect on the sound equivalent level (Leq) and the level of noise pollution in district 4 of Tabriz metropolis. And the variables of distance from administrative and law enforcement use due to the closure of this use in the evening period and commercial and service use despite the high population density of this use but due to the high distribution in the localities of the region, the distance from it do not have an effect on the sound equivalent level (Leq).

Linear regression model results for evaluating independent and dependent variables (equivalent continuous sound level (Leq)) at each time intervals (morning and afternoon time intervals) indicated that the semi-eastern neighborhoods of District 4 suffer from higher noise pollution, while semi-western neighborhoods were dealing with lower amounts of nose pollution.

This research evaluated the effects of green infrastructure cooling ecosystem service on mitigating urban heat islands in Tabriz metropolitan areas. In this way, the mitigation capacity of the heat islands of Tabriz in all three periods of 1984, 2002, and 2022 was evaluated in 5 classes, from the best case to the worst case, using the urban cooling model of the InVEST software. The results showed that Tabriz condition in 1984, i.e., 15.47% in the class of 0.69 to 0.83%; in 2002, 15.63% in the class of 0.66 to 0.90%; and in 2022, 13.93% in the class of 0.69 to 0.83%, was able to mitigate heat islands. In other words, the Tabriz metropolitan did not perform well in mitigating heat islands in all three periods and is in the worst condition. In all three time periods, the mitigation pattern of heat islands in Tabriz has been consistent with the pattern of agricultural land use and green space of all three types of cluster, block, and fragmented patterns. The pattern of mitigation of heat islands in Tabriz in 2022, unlike in 1984 and 2002, was more fragmented and less than cluster and block type, indicating that Tabriz's green infrastructure has gradually become fragmented and smaller. In 1984, 2002, and 2022, Tabriz Metropolitan had 226,640, 562,269, and 1,263,294 megawatt hours of energy savings due to the mitigation of heat islands due to urban green infrastructure.

Dust at different levels in the city can be a good indicator of the presence of these heavy metals in the city, therefore the main goal of the present study is the spatial analysis of heavy metal contamination of surface dust in the northwestern area of Tabriz city. For analyzing, Moran's index, hot spot analysis and ANOVA test were used in Arc Gis10.8 and Spss20 software. The studied heavy metals included; lead, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. For this purpose, samples were taken from 12 stations in the area. After the initial preparation, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples was obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on the findings of the Moran index, the research showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution follows a cluster pattern, . Moran's index analysis shows the highest z score of 204.24 and 140.12 respectively for zinc and copper metal, which shows the intense spatial concentration of these two polluting elements in the studied area.The results of the ANOVA test also showed that the level of heavy metal pollution changes with the type of use. In fact, it can be said that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution differs according to the type of urban use. The most observed pollutions were in commercial-service, administrative and law enforcement uses.

The urban environment has a special place in meeting the needs and satisfaction of people and therefore quality is measured not only based on the objective environment but also based on people's perception of the environment to which they belong. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the quality of the urban environment of the newly established neighborhoods of Shahrekord with a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field studies. According to the purpose of the research, quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis in GIS environment have been used to assess the environmental quality of the target areas. In this model, in LISREL software, 54 quality indicators of urban environment in the form of 4 physical, economic, social and environmental indicators have been studied and SPSS software has been used for statistical analysis and ArcGIS software has been used to draw analytical maps. . Findings show that in terms of having environmental quality indicators, priority in the western Mirabad neighborhood, physical, environmental, social and economic indicators with 0.599, 0.539, 0.378 and 0.324, respectively. Percentage and neighborhood of Farhangian alley have priority, physical, economic, environmental and social index with 0.412, 0.260, 0.254 and 0.225 percent, respectively, have the most role in the environmental quality of Shahrekord, which shows the variables of satisfaction. From the physical-environmental quality of the neighborhoods, it has the greatest effect on improving the quality of life in the newly established neighborhoods. Also, in examining the situation of Shahrekord, there was an obvious difference in the level of satisfaction of the residents of Mirabad Gharbi and Farhangian alleys.

The city of Tabriz, which has the fastest urban growth in the northwest of the country, is one of the largest cities in Iran in terms of population, economic activity, industry and transportation options. Public transportation and industry combustion and lack of proper filtration of these industries, such as thermal power plants, has led to increased air pollution in the city. For this purpose, the present study tries to use input variables (distance from industrial centers, humidity, temperature, population density, distance from commercial centers, distance from bus stations, distance from educational centers, vegetation changes, distance from free Roads, building density, wind direction, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) to assess air pollution using artificial neural networks in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the present study, the independent variables affecting the distribution of pollution probability in two models of multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and linear regression were tried to be defined by defining measures in urban management and influencing and planning the mentioned variables. Improve pollution control.The results show that the major pollutants are mostly suspended particles (PM10), gas (CO2), (SO2) and (NOx).The dispersion of airborne particles is mostly due to vehicle traffic, industrial activities, fuel combustion of diesel engines and construction and the need to generate more electricity.-The activities of thermal power plants, Tabriz refinery and domestic and commercial heating systems are also among the factors producing SO2 and the highest CO2 production is related to the fuel of gasoline-burning vehicles. The intensity of the increase in the amount of this pollutant in all selected stations in the autumn and winter seasons is much higher, so that in these seasons the pollutants reach more than twice the allowable level.The share of Tabriz air pollutants can be divided into three general categories, the most important of which is the thermal power plant and transportation.

Due to the continuous existence of crises and dangers and the increasing and damages caused by them on cities, in the present era, the concept of urban resilience has become a global consensus to achieve sustainable urban development. In this regard, in order to plan and realize a resilient city, the first step is to identify the dimensions and components of this approach in different urban spaces and textures. Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors explaining resilience and to investigate the desirability of its various dimensions in the new and old texture of Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of exploratory-comparative nature that structural equation modeling in Amos software has been used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study also includes citizens of the new and old context of the city of Tabriz, which has been determined as a sample size based on the Cochran's formula of 384 people. Findings indicate that the most important factors explaining resilience in the old texture of Tabriz are individual, social and managerial-institutional factors with a value of 0.63, 0.61 and 0.54, respectively, and in the new texture of the city physical-environmental and economic factors and managerial-institutional with a value of 0.77, 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. The results also show that the new urban texture is in a better position in terms of structural and physical strength, while the old texture has more appropriate human and social capital. This issue is due to the ruling management system, ie technocrats, which has had different effects on the old and new textures of the city.

Population aging has become a major challenge facing the world in the 21st century (United Nations, 2019). The world population outlook in 2019 shows that by 2050, 16% of the world's population will be at least 65 years old. that the said index has reached from 3.97% in 1335 to 1.6% in 1395. Life expectancy is a key indicator for evaluating population health. Since 1950, AD has increased significantly in all regions of the world. Life expectancy has been increasing due to the advancement of medical science and the improvement of health standards around the world (Song Ki -min, et al. 2022:36) The world's elderly population is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the quality of life in old age is important beyond individual problems and has become a social issue. In fact, it shapes the lifestyle of a person and determines the quality of his life . According to the general population and housing census of 2015, the number of people aged 65 and above in Tabriz metropolis constitutes 7.26% of its urban population. The third district of Tabriz metropolis, which is the study area of this research; According to the 2015 census, it had a population of 229,474; Of which 25,532 residents were 65 years old and older. In fact, 11.13% of the population of this region are 65 years old and older; which is a high percentage. Therefore, conducting research in this field can answer the diverse needs of the elderly in the not-so-distant future. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the indicators of the elderly-friendly city in the three metropolitan areas of Tabriz, as the second most populated area among the ten regions of the Tabriz metropolitan municipality from the perspective of the elderly-friendly city.

Since the beginning of human being creation and beginning to live in this world, man has faced the threat of terrorism and has always tried to balance security threats and human needs. In this context, passive defense is one of the most effective and lasting means of defending against threats from a long history of human. One of the solutions has proposed to reduce injuries in the threat situations is the use of open spaces . Therefore, the purpose of the research is to evaluate urban open spaces and its role in reducing vulnerability during crisis with the passive defense approach in Tabriz . The present research is descriptive-analytical and with applied approach. Sampling were selected from 100 residents of Tabriz decuple regions from questioning surveys. The data were analyzed using ARC GIS software and multi-criteria decision making methods, MCDM and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that among the weight of sub-criteria, outdoor space has the highest weight with 0.621 value and the lowest weight was assigned to the sub-criterion of relative self-sufficiency 0.023 and according to the final map of fuzzy overly map, the area of open space in reducing the vulnerability of 10 regions was 4253469 m2 with the lowest area 5.55 percent and highest area 19.39% Equal to 14849144 m2 and has the most favorable open spaces in decreasing vulnerability, and in the among of 10 regions of Tabriz, region of 5,6,7, and 9 have an important role in decreasing of vulnerability and region of 1,2,4, 8,9 and 10 have the less effect in decreasing vulnerability.

The uncontrolled development of cities in recent years has led to a lack of attention to the quality of the human environment and design for human societies, resulting in scattered urban growth and the formation of new neighborhoods in many Third World cities; Therefore, the present study, which is of a developmental-applied nature and descriptive-analytical method, has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the effective components on the environmental quality of the newly established neighborhoods of Manzaria and Shahrekord. The required data were collected using library studies and field surveys at the household level and the sample size was estimated to be 315 households according to the Cochran's formula. Using quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis in GIS environment, the degree of environmental quality and prioritization of effective components in the target areas are investigated. 54 quality indicators of urban environment have been studied in the form of 4 physical, economic, social and environmental indicators. In LISREL software, explicit indicators were prioritized and summarized based on the degree of importance and effectiveness, and a fuzzy logic model in GIS format was used to prepare effective indicators. The results show that there is a significant difference between the two neighborhoods in terms of environmental quality indicators; Thus, Manzaria neighborhood has a low environmental quality and Boram Pahneh neighborhood has a high environmental quality; In terms of having environmental quality indicators, priority in Manzaria neighborhood, physical, environmental, social and economic indicators with 0.511, 0.456, 0.287 and 0.266 percent, respectively, and Baram Pahneh neighborhood Order of priority, physical, social, environmental and economic indices with 0.548, 0.306, 0.294 and 0.278 percent have the most role in the environmental quality of Shahrekord, which indicates the importance of the physical dimension compared to other dimensions.

Creation of autotetraploid seedless grapes is one of the methods to produce new cultivars for increasing the quality and yield of grapes. With the aim of creating an autotetraploid cultivar of Qermiz bidaneh grape, an experiment was carried out for 9 years (2014-2022). Four treatments using different concentrations and times of colchicine were compared on the buds of vines with the control (untreated) in bud burst stage. The amount of autotetraploidy was measured by chromosomal counting and karyotype preparation in treated vines. Autotetraploid rooted-cuttings were grown in the vineyard in CRBD design with a distance of 2 × 3 meters and were trained in two-bilateral cordon method. In two phases of vegetative and reproductive growth, the vegetative and reproductive traits of vines, as well as the quantitative and qualitative traits, were determined for five and three years, respectively. The results showed that the colchicine treatment at concentrations of 0.9% and 1.1% for 72 and 96 hours had the greatest effect on the tetraploidization. The vines from colchicine concentration of %1.1 for 96 hours with 8.250 kg yield per vine was superior to other treatments. Also, width and weight of cluster, berry length, width and weight of this treatment was superior, but it had the lowest number of berries compared to other treatments. TSS was highest in the autotetraploid treatment 72 hours /0.9 and %1.1 (23 °B), and the lowest was related to the treatment of %1.1 for 96 hours (18 °B), while the acidity of the fruit extract was the opposite. In terms of maturity index, the genotype of colchicine 72 hours/ %0.9 was superior to others. In the cluster analysis done, two groups including the control, tetraploid genotype 1, 2 and 3 were placed in one group and tetraploid genotype 4 was placed in the second group.

With the advent of the so-called "philosophical revolution", it is clear that without the necessary procedures and issues of thought, any science is merely a continuation of the accepted world in its present state, denying its main role as a critical act versus a scientific act. Here we bring together the human (central) problem in modern philosophy and the philosophy of the city. Here we first examine the term in modern philosophy and then, to refine or reinterpret it in the philosophy of the city, we analyze main works to define the modern human-centered city. what is a human-centered city in modern philosophy? As Kant does the project of "humanizing science" by separating man from the immaterial realm of knowledge; Modern urban planners also carry out the plan of "humanizing the city" or the human-centered city by separating it from its original world. The transcendental plan of modernist urban planners, with a posteriori knowledge, receives what is appropriate for man in the city, and then applies it equally to the a priori in a general matter for all human beings and all cities. This is while understanding man in the same situation leads us to the point that there is no human being. Human personality traits, culture, and lived experience fall victim to abstract and general characteristics. This is the humanization of the modern city by removing human beings from the city.

The increase in urban population following migration from villages and sometimes the uneven development of villages and the transformation of villages into cities are problematic factors in the environmental structure of developing countries, resulting in ecological changes, especially the destruction of natural landscapes. And reducing them is in the interest of man-made landscapes and disrupting spatial patterns of natural cover. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological changes and measure the patterns governing the landscapes of Varzeqan city using quantitative and qualitative metrics of land appearance in the years 1363, 1381, 1398. The nature of research is developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical. Data were collected through library studies and field studies to calculate the detection of changes, and to measure the quantitative and qualitative metrics of the landscape. After preparing the land cover maps in ENVI software environment, TerrSet software was used to calculate the detection of changes and quality indicators of the land appearance and Fragstats software was used to calculate quantitative metrics. The results showed that the most changes are related to vegetation classes, especially at low density level and in the second interval, which in addition to reducing the area, also includes increasing the number of spots. And has the largest share in becoming barren and pasture lands. Also, two quantitative metrics of spot number (NE) and landscape percentage (PLand) of quantitative metrics and patch area index and patch compactness (Patch Compactnees) more favorably show the changes and patterns governing the appearance of a land. they give.

 Yaghooti grape is the earliest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. Considering the massive project of transferring water through pipes for 46 thousand farmer's fields as a recent approach in agricultural programs of the sistan region and also the necessity of changing the cultivation pattern, the suitable contribution of the new cultivation pattern is allocated for grape. A grapevine canopy is defined as the shoots and leaves system. Bearing and green pruning are defined as factors allows the grape farmers to enhance and maximize their production and quality.
 In order to evaluate the effects of balance pruning and green pruning on some traits and fruit yield of Yaghooti grape, the present research was conducted in the Zahak agricultural research station during 2017-2021.This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design for three years. Four levels of bearing pruning intensity including: control or local custom (B1), 10 + 60 (B2), 10 + 40 (B3), and 10 + 20 (B4) considered as the first factor and four levels of intensity green pruning including; control or conventional local method (G1), pruning of cans from above eight leaves on the last cluster (G2), pruning of unproductive branches + pruning of cans from above eight leaves on the last cluster (G3), 4-pruning of branches without fruit from the bottom + pruning of unproductive branches + pruning the cans from the top of the eight leaves on the last cluster (G4) considered as the second factor in three replications. The study was conducted on 12-year-old vines of the Yaghooti cultivar, which were trained using the traditional system and spaced 3 meters apart in both directions. The data collected during cluster formation included morphological traits such as cluster length, cluster width, main and sub axes length of the cluster, berry diameter, cluster axes weight, berry weight, cluster weight, berry number in the cluster, and cluster/vine to fruit yield. The analysis of variance for each variable was performed using the PROC GLM procedure in SAS 9.4. Furthermore, the relationships between the evaluated morphological traits were determined using multiple linear regression.
 The results showed that bearing pruning had a significant effect on all traits except berry diameter. Green pruning had a significant effect on cluster length, total length of main and sub axes, cluster axis weight, berry weight, cluster weight, number of berries per cluster and yield. The balance pruning (20+10) caused to increase the cluster length, cluster width, berry diameter, cluster axis weight, total length of main and sub axes and berry weight by 32.5, 30.6, 8.97, 32.8, 34.4 and 15.3% compared to the control, respectively while but led to 33.8% reduction in cluster/vine compared to the control. The results of the study showed that pruning of G4 had a significant positive effect on the length and width of clusters, weight of cluster axes, total length of main and sub-axes, and berry weight, increasing them by 11%, 19.5%, 15.8%, 14.6%, and 11.9% respectively, compared to the control. The interaction between balance and green pruning had a significant effect on cluster weight, berry number in cluster, and yield. The B4G4 treatment resulted in a 137.4%, 82.3%, and 14.2% increase in cluster weight, berry number in cluster, and yield compared to the B1G1 treatment. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that cluster length, berry weight, cluster weight, and cluster/vine were the most important traits that influenced fruit yield in the Yaghooti grape. In general, the results showed that the interaction of balance and green pruning (B4G4) increases yield by 17.2% compared the control (B1G1).
 The shape and structure of the grape vine is very effective on the growth and development of the product. This determines the amount of photosynthesis and carbohydrates production. If the structure of the grape vine is changed in such a way that a greater portion of carbohydrates production belongs to the fruit, the grape production will significantly affected in terms of quality and quantity. Due to the fact that grapes are grown by creeping method in the Sistan region, fruit and green pruning (local custom) led to a high density in the plant crown which reduces light penetration as well as the ratio of producer to the consumer leaves. This method may negatively impact the quality and marketability of grape clusters by reducing the number and weight of the clusters and berries, as well as the length and width of the clusters. However, in this study, we increased the intensity of fruiting and green pruning, which resulted in a reduced crown density and less shading. Our utilized method directed the major portion of photosynthesis to the fruit, which led to quantitative and qualitative fruit yield increment.

Today, urban society is facing many problems, including environmental issues. Behshahr city has also been created due to population change and increase in construction with many environmental issues such as: change and destruction of natural lands, reduction of green areas, fragmentation of land uses, etc. Based on the purpose of this study, the ecological change of Behshahr city in order to provide solutions for ecological configuration of the landscape (landscape) and the promotion of environmental radiation, using the principles of the landscape with the Forman mosaic model (spots, corridors and matrices) and Pathology is one of the structural elements of the landscape. For this purpose, first the elements of the ecological structure of the city were detected using satellite images of 1986 and 2020, then the changes of these elements were analyzed by 5 metric landscape (MNN, LSI, MPS, LPI, NP) in Fragstats program and in The pathology of these elements was continued by analyzing natural and artificial spots and corridors of the city. Finally, by zoning the degree of ecological continuity (vegetation) in Arc GIS software, solutions were provided to improve the ecological continuity of each zone. The results show that the elements of ecological structure, especially agricultural spots, gardens and green space of Behshahr city are not in good condition in terms of composition and spatial distribution and during the study period in terms of ecological continuity, especially agricultural spots have been severely damaged. So that crop and garden green spots have decreased by 52% and 31%, respectively, during the last 34 years. Last year it was reduced by about 48 meters, gardens and green spaces by about 10 meters, and the distances between similar ecological spots increased. Finally, it leads to the presentation of: (1) operational and executive "protective" solutions in relation to natural and green corridors and stains (2) and "corrective" operational and executive solutions based on the creation of green ecological networks and the restoration of stains. Destroyed as well as a critical network map of the study area.