فهرست مطالب حسن مهدوی کیا

One of the most important climatic factors that affect the distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in the plant is the lack of water available to the plant. Water stress is actually one of the most important environmental stresses that can severely affect plant growth and performance. The mechanism of resistance to drought stress, in turn, differs among plant species. Therefore, plants have the ability to reduce the use of their resources and regulate their growth to cope with adverse environmental conditions such as drought. Stomatal regulation of plants through increasing ion transport, and abscisic acid signaling is also in the molecular mechanisms of plant response to drought stress.It is involved. One of the most efficient mechanisms of plants, when faced with water stress, is the osmotic regulation mechanism that occurs in plants in order to maintain turgescence and cell swelling.Considering that the effect of GABA in inducing resistance to all kinds of stresses in plants is significant and the research in this field is increasing in the world, This research in Iran is still in its initial stages. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of GABA on the quantitative and qualitative growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions.Considering the significant role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in inducing resistance to various stresses in plants and the increasing research in this field globally, it is important to explore the effects of GABA on the quantitative and qualitative growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions in Iran.

This research was carried out as a field and as a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. For this purpose, 27 x 1.5 meter plots were prepared for each plant. 5 rows were placed in each plot and 7 seeds were placed in each row. After sufficient initial growth and seedling establishment, the first stage of GABA spraying (0, 1, and 2 mg/liter) was done. After about a week passed from the first phase of foliar spraying, water scarcity stress (irrigation at 100% (control), 75%, and 50% of the agricultural capacity of the field) was applied. The irrigation method applied in this research was closed-end irrigation, where water was provided to the roots using the plots created in the field and inside the experimental plots. Water entered the experimental plots through a 1-inch hose from the irrigation piping of Miandoab University. Irrigation treatment at three irrigation levels up to 100% of crop capacity as a control treatment. Irrigation of the land was applied until reaching 75% of the agricultural capacity and irrigation up to 50% of the agricultural capacity. Before each irrigation, the soil moisture was read using a hygrometer at a depth of 30 cm. According to the average amount of water required for irrigation control treatments, the volume of water for other treatments was determined by considering 25% and 50% reduction. Two weeks after the last stage of foliar spraying with GABA treatment at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 mg/liter, morphological characteristics such as the number of side branches, plant length, pod length, pod diameter, pod number, and seed number per plant and the quantitative and qualitative yield of fenugreek was measured.Chlorophyll and carotenoids were measured using the method (Arnon, 1949). To measure the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids, 0.2 g of the fresh leaves of the plant were ground in a Chinese mortar containing 2 mL of 80% acetone, so that the chlorophyll enters the acetone solution, and then about 2 mL of the extract the obtained acetone was removed. The obtained acetone extract solution was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4000 revolutions and then the optical absorption of the supernatant solution was read at wavelengths of 470, 646, and 663 by a spectrophotometer.Folin Ciocalto reagent was used to measure total phenol compounds (Slinkard and Singleton, 1997). To perform this test, two mL of Fulin Ciocalto reagent was added to 400 µL of the diluted extract, and after five minutes, 1.6 mL of 75 g.L-1 sodium carbonate solution was added to it. After half an hour, the absorbance value of the mixture at 765 nm wavelength was read by a spectrophotometer in front of the blank. Different concentrations of calic acid were used to draw a standard curve. A spectrophotometer was used to measure flavonoids using the method of Krizek et al. (1998). The method of Miloskos et al. was used to measure the total antioxidant.Data collection included measurements of plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, and yield components such as number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and seed germination rate. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. In the end, the data obtained from this experiment were analyzed with SAS 9.1 statistical software, and the averages were compared using Duncan's test at the probability level of 5%. Also, the graphs were drawn using Excel software.

In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate the positive effects of GABA application on the growth and yield of basil and fenugreek under water stress conditions. GABA-treated plants exhibited enhanced growth parameters and improved yield components compared to the control group. These results highlight the potential of GABA as a promising tool for mitigating the negative impacts of water stress on plant growth and productivity. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms of GABA-induced stress tolerance in plants and its potential applications in agricultural practices.The results of the research showed that the morphological and functional characteristics of fenugreek plants are directly affected by irrigation stress, and the use of GABA foliar application moderates the effects of irrigation stress in studied plants. One of the reasons for the decrease in the number of seeds in the pod can be related to insufficient photosynthesis and the production of the necessary materials for the growth of all the seeds due to water stress, which ultimately causes a smaller number of seeds to grow in the pod. As an additional result, the use of GABA foliar spray treatment with a concentration of 2 mg.L-1 under irrigation stress conditions has increased the content of phenol, flavonoid, and total sugar.

Tomato early blight disease, caused by the fungus Alternaria alternata, is one of the most devastating diseases for the crop in Iran and worldwide. Recent studies have shown that some secondary metabolites of medicinal plants are effective in preventing the growth of fungi and are a good alternative to the use of chemical pesticides. In the present study, ten medicinal plants including Eucalyptus sp., Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Mentha longifolia, Mentha aquatica, Satureja hortensis, Achillea millefolium, Foeniculum vulgare, Anethum graveolens, and Trachyspermum copticum were collected during 2016-2017. Their essential oils were extracted using Clevenger apparatus, and GC-MS device was used to identify the essential oil compounds. Antifungal activity of essential oils was assayed through the inhibition of fungal colony growth at five concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 ppm in mixing with potato dextrose agar medium with three replicates. The findings revealed that fungus colony growth was inhibited with increases in essential oils concentrations, and there were significant differences among different essential oils. Essential oils of Satureja hortensis, Trachyspermum copticum and Thymus vulgaris in 800 and 1200 ppm and Anethum graveolens in 1200 ppm demonstrated the highest effect on fungus colony growth. This study found that Carvacrol, Thymol, Para-cymene, and Gamma-terpinene ingredients tend to have the highest antifungal effects.

In order to evaluate the effects of biofertilizers, organic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica) under dry farming, a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province - Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2015-2016. Treatments included application of Vermicompost (10 t.ha-1), biofertilizers , Azotobarvar1 (Azotobacter) and Barvar Phosphate-2 (the combination of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus lentus), chemical fertilizer (N, P), Vermicompost+ biofertilizers, 50% chemical fertilizer+ biofertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + 25% chemical fertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer and control (Without any fertilizer). Different traits such as plant height, number of nut goal per plant, number seed per capitol, thousand seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, oil percentage and oil Yield, percentage of protein were recorded. The results showed that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield, yield components and qualitative traits of balangu. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed the greater increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. The highest seed yield, Essential oil content, mucilage yield and protein content were obtained from combined usage of biofertilizers (75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer). According to the results, it seems that integrated application especially triple combination under dry farming conditions had positive effects on seed yield, qualitative traits of Dragon's Head and reduction of chemical fertilizers in the recommended region.

Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch. belongs to Asteraceae family, is widely found in different regions of Iran and used for treatment of different diseases. In this research, apical shoots of Achillea wilhelmsii at three different developmental stages includingvegetative (May), flowering (June) and end of flowering (July) stages were collected from natural habitat in 2016 from Qushchi region (Urmia) in West Azerbaijan peovince. Essential oil were obtained by water - distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results were showed that at different harvest times, the color, yield and the quality and quantity of essential oils were also different. The camphor (57.5%) and camphene (8.56%) were the main components of plant essential oil at the before flowering stage and their amount were reduced after flowering stage. In contrast, the eucalyptol (13.18%), borneol (18.91%), bicyclo heptanes (0.43%) and thujane (15.35%) had the highest amount at the end of flowering stage. Analysis of results were showed that plant essential oils have active ingredients of different quality and quantity at various growth stages and accordingly will have different pharmaceutical effects.

Henbane Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. is a plant species in solanaceae family that seeds hardly germinate because of seed dormancy. In order to determine the best methods for seed dormancy breaking in henbane, a experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included moist pre-chilling (at 4 °C) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and moist chilling at 4 °C for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, soaking the seeds in hormones gibberellic acid, kinetin, auxin (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm) for 24 h, KNO3 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%), Hot water (70 and 90 °C) for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, soaking seeds under running water for 24 and 48h, soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid 70% and 90% (5, 10 and 15 minutes) and mechanical scarification with sandpaper. The results showed that seed dormancy in henbane is physiological since the highest germination percentage (96%) was obtained by using the combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and pre-chilling (for 25 days). In addition, moist chilling and gibberellic acid treatments -by itself- on breaking seed dormancy were remarkable in this plant as germination increased up to 40 and 81%, respectively. Effects of hormones were also statistically significant on increasing seed germination but compared with the salient effect of combined chilling with gibberellic acid treatment and gibberellic acid treatment was not so remarkable. On the other hand, other applied treatments (Hot water, sulfuric acid and mechanical scarification with sandpaper) had no effects on breaking seed dormancy in henbane which indicates that the type of seed dormancy in henbane is not physical or it is due to the accumulation of inhibitory substance in seed coat.