حسین اقدر

Land is the place of earthly natural ecosystem functionality that has been used by humans in multiple methods. Land-use change (LUC) simulation is the most important method for researching LUC, which leads to some environmental issues such as the decreasing supply of forestry products and increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the present study aims at (i) using the Landsat imagery to prepare land use-cover (LULC) maps for 2000 and 2014; (ii) assessing Land use changes based on land change modeler (LCM) for the period from 2000 to 2014, and (iii) predicting the plausible land cover pattern in the region of Behbahan, using an algorithm based on ANN for 2028.

A hybrid model consisting of a neural network model, Markov chain (MC), and cellular automata (CA Markov) was designed to improve the performance of the standard network model. The modeling of transfer power is done by multilayer Perceptron of an artificial neural network and six variables. The change allocated to each use and the forecasting is computed by Markov chain and CA Markov. Operation model calibration and verification of land use data at two points were conducted in 2000 and 2014.

Modeling results indicate that the model validation phase has a good ability to predict land-use change on the horizon is 14 years old (2028). The comparison between modeling map and map related to 2013 shows that residential area and agricultural land continue to their growth trend so that residential area will be increased from 3157 hectares in 2014 to 4180 hectares in 2028 and it has 2% growth that has been 2% from 2000 to 2014. The results of this study can provide a suitable perspective for planners to manage land use regarding land-use changes in the past, present, and future. They are also can be used for development assessment projects, the cumulative effects assessment, and the vulnerable and sensitive zone recognition.

At present, warmer urban environment is one of the Naagahanh unsustainable urban development is associated with a reduced vegetation. Therefore, knowledge of ground temperature for geosciences, such as changes in the global environment and especially urban weather, is necessary. temperature as one of the most significant climatic parameters can be one of the main factors is tropical in town planning That the leading type of dedicated facility in the city and even determines the structure, shape and texture of urban. Unbridled and unplanned growth of cities, especially big cities of the country are looking to increase their environmental degradation and increasing pollution has been followed. The indiscriminate construction process and reduce the space required for the development of green space as breathing lungs Dramatic changes in the micro-climate in cities, especially in large cities led. Today, because of the importance of thermal remote sensing for environmental studies, many researchers in basic research thermal remote sensing and sensors technology development and application of new thermal data necessary to know.

The studied region is between 50 degrees and 19 minutes longitude to 50 degrees and 25 minutes eastern, 30 degrees and 45 minutes latitude to north 30 degrees and 32 minutes in zone 39 located. The highest slope is 69.87 and the lowest slope 1%, the minimum annual temperature 18.1 c° and the maximum annual temperature 32.37 °c. The space of area is 615.6 square kilometers and regional climate is dry based on Domarten method. In this study, spatial distribution and variation of surface temperature were analyzed base on land use maps and vegetation index in the city of BEHBAHAN. For this purpose, ETM+ and OLI images of Landsat satellite were used. After geometric and atmospheric Corrections, images were classified using Maximum Likelihood Algorithm, and temperature changes were evaluated by LCM model. To extract the surface temperature of three steps:A: Convert the digital number to radiationNumber of ETM digital conversion of radiation to be used the following formula: L=LMIN+(LMAX-LMIN)/(QCALMAX-QCALMIN )QCAL-QCALMINWhereQCALMIN: The Digital Numeric ValueQCALMAX: Most digital valueQCAL: Digital at the pixel numberLMIN: Spectral Band 6 in the amount of zero emission value DN (W m-2 sr-2 μm-1)LMAX: radiation value of 6 band in the amount in the DN 255 (W m-2 sr-2 μm-1) Values LMIN (2.200) and LMAX (10.55) of the extracted image file and Heather in the relationship.B: Converted spectral radiance temperature blackbodyTB = K2/(Ln(K1/L+1))ETM using thermal-band data from Planck equation, the temperature blackbody radiation (TB) in which the radiation is assumed to be one, to be converted.WhereTB: Satellite effective temperature in KelvinsK1: The first calibration constant equal to 666.09 W m-2 sr-2 μm-1K2: The first calibration constant equal to 1282.71L: Spectral radiance sensor (W m-2 sr-2 μm-1)C; Be corrected radiationCorrection can restore correct radiation surface temperature as well as the quality of information obtained through thermal infrared data is effective. One of the operational and applied to obtain the radiation is (threshold method NDVI) Through the red and near infrared bands were obtainedNDVI = (float(b4)-float(b3))/(float(b4)+float(b3)) Where b4 b3 band 4 and band 3. Finally, after correcting the thermal image and calculate emissivity, land surface temperature is calculated using Equation 6.LST = TB/([1+[(λ*(TB/p))]*Lnε])WhereTB: Brightness temperature λ: Radiance emitted wavelength (μm 5/11)p= k / hcWhereh: Planck's constantc; speed of lightk: Stefan-Boltzmann constantε: Emissivity

The results showed that class 1 of temperature (Temperatures lower than 13°c), which indicates the coolest areas, has the most expansion in northern and southern mountains. In the urban core, this class of temperature was expanded as scattered spots according to urban parks in 2000, but on the contrary in 2014, urban areas were located in the first class of temperature because of significant temperature reduction compared to previous years. Overlaying the map of each Temperature class with land use maps showed that downtown and some parts of bare and agricultural lands in the west areas were located in the first temperature class, most bare and agricultural lands and some parts of pastures were located in second class, most of pasture lands in third class, and a little part of them were located in the fourth class. After the preparation of the temperature map, it attempted to detect the changes and review the changes during the studied period with the model LCM, which is extensively used in IDRISI Tiga software. These changes include reductions, increments and net changes for each class, and transition from one floor to another. The highest temperature drop was observed in the third floor with an average temperature of 16 ° C and the highest increase in the second floor with an average temperature of 14 ° C. This means that in 2013, in the western regions of the area (third floor), the air temperature was reduced and, naturally, the area of this class was lower than in 2000, and reduced area as shown in Fig. 7 and the results are added to the second floor temperature. In fact, the displacement of the area between the second and third temperature classes has occurred, and in general, the temperature has cooled down to 2000.

The severity of the impact of human activity on the environment of cities, as concentrated areas of human use of the environment, depends heavily on the distance from urban centers. The farther away from urban centers and rural areas closer to the effects of human activities on the environment and reduced for certain changes. NDVI increase is the increase in the prevalence of vegetation and land cover is more homogeneous and homogeneous. but NDVI decrease introduce more varied (water, outdoor, bare soil, construction, etc.) and more heterogeneous mosaic of land.

In the present study, Landsat satellite images of sensors ETM + in 2000 and OLI of 2014 were used to prepare the land use change map in Behbahan city. After classification of images, the final land use map was prepared in six classes of residential areas, agricultural lands, water, forest, rangeland and bare lands. Then changes were made using CROSSTAB. The results showed that an increase in area agricultural and residential and reduction of area in pasture land, bare lands and forests occurred. Agricultural land use had the highest area increase with 8036.01 hectares and rangeland use had the highest area decrease with 4560.39 hectares of these lands destroyed. The degradation of rangelands for conversion to other uses was from the highest to the lowest, including: 6233 hectares of pasture changes to agriculture, 1199 hectares of pasture changes to bare lands, 1146 hectares of pasture changes to forest and 559 hectares of rangeland changes to residential areas. According to the reduced area of rangeland can be paraphrased as the increase in rural population and the subsequent increase in demand for food grain self-sufficiency plan, forcing villagers to many pasture lands into agricultural land change. On the other, the increasing number of livestock in the period under review, which changes the composition of the vegetation, animals Overgrazing is another reason why it is degraded Rangeland.Finally, it can be said that land use changes have unpleasant consequences on urban environment such as reduced vegetation cover and increased environmental temperature.

Natural habitats such as rangelands and forests as one of the most sensitive elements of the environment and an important role in living organisms, including humans. In the decades before the present era of urban development has been such that an imbalance in the use of urban land led and pristine converted to urban land in others. In the present study to understand the changes in urban land, pasture and forest in Behbahan, images Landsat ETM + sensor OLI 2000 and 2014 were analyzed. CROSSTAB was used to assess the changes occurred. As well as to predict the trends of the year 2028 from the transmission potential maps logistic regression and Markov chain method was used. Results of the survey area in the first period (2000-2014) shows that urban land area of 1605 hectares in 2000 to 3157 ha in 2014 has increased. The most degradation of rangelands (6233 ha) and forests has occurred. The second period (2014-2028) compared to the 2014forest area remains unchanged, but increased urban development and reducing the area of pastures in Outlook 2028 will continue. In the period studied, the destruction of agricultural land for conversion into residential areas has increased significantly so that during 2000 to 2014, 291 hectares and in 2028, 626 hectares of agricultural land for construction purposes have been demolished.

Change detection and prediction of land cover change in the overall vision for better management of natural resources, protection of agricultural land around urban areas is very effective long-term policies and strategies. one of the methods used to control the process of changes in land cover and land use planners, is modeling. The land use maps 2000 and 2014 BEHBAHAN city was prepared using maximum likelihood classification. It also uses a Markov chain and logistic regression was 2028 land use map. Mapping modeled after the detection of changes in land use map was made in 2014 and 2028 with the LCM. Assess the accuracy, land use maps in 2000 and 2014 to evaluate the accuracy Kappa coefficient and logistic regression with (ROC) Relative Operating Characteristic was calculated. The results of modeling with logistic regression model showed that in all sub model ROC statistic is more than 94/0 These results show a very good offer logistic regression model in the analysis of changes in land use change modeling The results showed the sharpest decline mainly include changes is destruction of rangelands and convert it to other land uses. The highest increase was seen in the area of agricultural land use. Rangeland degradation process can be alarming for managers and urban planners and natural resources. To prevent the decline of rangeland degradation, the need to provide appropriate and efficient management solutions in the fields of grazing and rangeland restoration and improvement programs.

Land-use change is one of the most important challenges of land-use planning that lies with planners, decision-makers and policymakers and has a direct impact on many issues, such as economic growth and the quality of the environment. The present study examines the land use change trends in Behbahan city for 2014 and 2028 using LCM in the GIS environment. Analysis and visibility of user variations, carried out in two periods of Landsat satellite images of 2000 (ETM sensor) and 2014 (OLI sensors), and land cover maps for each year. The transmission potential modeling was performed by using the multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network algorithm using six independent variables and the distribution of changes in user usage were calculated by Markov chain method. The results of the prediction showed that the most reduction in the changes is the degradation of the rangelands and the greatest increase in the area of agricultural use. According to the horizontal tabulation results of the 2028 map, it can be stated that from the total area of the area 28336.22 hectares of land were unchanged and 33223.78 hectares of land use change. Also Rangeland and forest degradation during this time period can be a danger to urban planners and natural resources.

IntroductionThe world today is facing with the crisis of resource destruction. Optimal utilization of natural resources and regulation of land use based on their ecological potential has important role in environmental management and prevent their destruction in order to sustainable development. Assessment of ecological potential as the core of environmental studies provides a good platform for environmental planning. In this field, geographic information system with high capacity in the management of new outcomes is proposed as an effective tool in environmental planning. increasing growth of urbanization has caused in recent decades that attention to tourism is considered as the largest and most diverse industry. In fact, the ecotourism is a responsible tourism to the natural environment while protects environment it also ensures the health of local communities, today this industry is the one of the most hope activities which is referred under titled development passport. Survey of natural geography and ecological capability evaluation each of ecotourism attractions in our country, it shows that ecotourism in Iran is a unique and susceptible economic resource, and also it has been left to its own devices.
Methodology This research was done in framework of the ecological model and multicriteria decision making methods such as ANP, FAHP BUKLY by using Arc GIS 10, Super Decision 2.0.8, Surfer11 soft wares and with the aim of choosing the suitable locations for agriculture land use in Behbahan north plain. The present study is based on the ecological parameters (physical and biological) to assess the ecological capability of agriculture landuse including physiographic (percent slope), precipitation (Cp), temperature (Ct), distance from water sources (Wc), soil depth (Pd), soil erosion (Es), soil structure (Ps), soil texture (Pte), soil drainage (Pdr) and vegetation types. this Fuzzy AHP method, for criteria pairwise comparison and determining weights and preferences are used trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and geometric averaging method respectively. Fuzzy AHP method proposed by Buckley is the generalized form of the classical AHP method. ANP is based on the creation of a control network which describes dependency among decision elements. In Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Analysis method, For paired comparisons of criteria and for gaining weight and preference use Triangular fuzzy numbers and Geometric averaging method Respectively. In order to integrate layers Simple Additive Weighting or Weighted linear combination method (SAW) Was used. The study area is located in Behbahan north plain. This area is limited in 30°, 36' to 30°, 37' north of latitude and 50°, 19' to 50°, 29' east longitude.
Results and discussion Analyzing the criteria objectively involved using specific GIS techniques to break the analysis down into quantifiable measurements. From the available 10 m interval contour map of the study area in ArcGIS, a contour Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated from which a grid DEM was derived and the slope data was obtained. The reclassify tool was then used to reclassify all the variable data sets by Iranian ecological model. in order to dimensionless of raster layers and integrate layers was used fuzzy method weighted linear combination method respectively. After standardization of the layers, the weighting stages of each parameter by ANP in Super Decision 2.0.8 software. By FAHP decision making model and pairwise comparisons that were performed by experts, the weights of criteria and the effective subcriteria are calculated in capability evaluation of ecotourism landuse. In the end, after obtaining the final weight of each layer using ANP and FAHP, the layers were integrated by WLC model in Arc GIS 10 software. Then, it obtained the final map of land suitability evaluation to the study area for the ecotourism landuse. the ANP method to measure the slope of the highest impact and lowest impact on the study area And FAHP method among the main criteria, physiographic criteria most influence and impact are minimal compaction plant and in the soil standards, substandard construction and drainage are the most and least effective. Based on the final zoning map, from the total area of the region, the suitable and unsuitable capable is about 23 percent and about 46 percent for tourism by ANP and about 19 percent and 46 percent by FAHP respectively. According to the final maps obtained from the mentioned methods and their analysis, we can say that the results of the ANP method is more adaptation with reality. Using the software, Google Earth, and field studies can be said that the results of the ANP method is more consistent with reality.
ConclusionThe ecological model of ecotourism, three floors can be considered the beginning of the class, a third category to the quality and flexibility of land is unsuitable for this application. the study area has a diverse set of environmental resources, including adequate water, fertile soil, favorable climate, vegetation, natural and human phenomena that attract tourists and in the planning and proper use of them, can be solve many economic and social problems of the region and the development of comprehensive and sustainable path simultaneously. the results show that there is the possibility of tourism activity development in the area and the region conditions for ecotourism is well that this result is more clearly in ANP method. Finally, the conclusion showed that multi criteria analysis is caused to increase evaluation Precision for site selection and integrated models represented a effective solution to help group decision making of evaluators. the study area is the ecological potential for tourism because of their use of the dissolution of Traditional and Asmary which has a series of karstic features such as caves, canyon, hole is wet and Now, Dovlin, high capability in addition to the charm can also be educational and recreational aspects.

Methods for evaluating the quality of groundwater resources and recognition of appropriate locations for urban and agricultural water demand has been known as an important item in water resources planning. In this study, by using geostatistical methods, the chemical properties of groundwater were analyzed for agricultural land use in Qazvin plain. Therefore, 364 samples of groundwater was ingathered, the samples were chemically analyzed in terms of electrical conductivity, and sodium absorption ratio were analyzed. Experiment semi-variogram each parameter was calculated using the GS 늇꫞ and different models were fitted. Then, interpolation was made by kriging and inverse distance (IDW) methods using the GIS software. The results of the methods by RMSE criterion showed that kriging method is superior to the IDW method and interpolation was made by this method. Finally, zonation map of the plain for agriculture was prepared using fuzzy logic and WILCOX graph. According to the final map, 34 percent of the area for agriculture is suitable, 51 percent relatively suitable and 15 percent is unsuitable for this land use. So, we can say that the water quality in the study area is favorable for agriculture.

One of the most important steps in plain zoning groundwater quality is the quality management of groundwater resources. In this study, the use of geostatistical methods, the chemical properties of groundwater of Ilam city is examined. Water from 78 wells in a 13year period from 2002 to 2014 and the removal of sodium, chlorideelectrically conducting, sulfate, TDS, EC and TH were chemically analysed. The results showed that the quality of groundwater in this area has a strong correlation and spatial structure of the model follows the Gaussian and spherical, then the kriging interpolation was used by GIS software. Finally, using fuzzy logic, classification of Schoeller and Wilcox and metod FAHP Buckley multi-criteria decision-classification map of the study area were collected for drinking and agriculture. Zoning map shows the region's groundwater, according to Schuler, 21% of the area of water quality, medium quality, 36% and 43% of the poor quality of drinking water the according to Wilcox, 15% of the area of water quality, 8% and 77% of the average quality of water for agriculture are the poor quality. So we can say that the quality of drinking water in the study area is intermediate and unfavorable for agriculture.

Groundwaters in arid and semi arid areas have a particular importance. Understanding and proper utilization of these resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is very important in sustainable development. Therefore, for the proper management of these natural water resources and appropriate use of them, information on spatio-temporal variation of their quality is essential. Today, research has found wider range of water quality and pollution of surface waters and groundwater issues is also included Methods for evaluating the quality of groundwater resources and recognition of appropriate locations for urban and agricultural water demand has been known as an important item in water resources planning. Ground-water management is more difficult than that for surface water resource management; therefore, there is a need to seek for reasonable and cost-effective procedures to determine the status of these waters.
In this study, groundwater chemical properties of arid and semiarid areas were investigated in Mehran and Dehloran using geostatistical methods. Geographic information system is one of the best systems that simplify and prompt access to many, varied data and their analysis, and helpful for managers to make an optimum decision. The software Spss17, Gs 9 and Arc GIS 10 is used for research. The study area is located in Ilam province. Arid and semi-arid Mehran and Dehloran This area is limited in 46°, 15' to 47°, 39' north of latitude and 32°, 2' to 33°, 37' east longitude. Area 8999 square kilometers and climate of the region based on dry Domarten, Ambruzhe middle of the hot desert, steppe and coupons method is Papadakys Mediterranean desert.
Sodium, chloride, sulfate, TDS and TH variables were evaluated. Semi variogram of parameters was computed by GS software and were fitted different models. After Survey normalizing data, variogram was depicted and interpolation was carried out by IDW method and kriging in GIS software. Criteria for the selection of appropriate models were lower RMSE and spatial structure stronger.
To investigate whether the parameters are normal, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was tested on them and it was found that data on all the parameters of the normal distribution. results showed the superiority kriging method in comparison to IDW so maps were obtained by this method. The results indicate a strong correlation among water quality and the spatial structure of the data is Gaussian model. Finally, the zoning plan of the area was produced for drinking using fuzzy logic and Schuler classification. According to the final map, 37%, 13% and 50% of the area are suitable for drinking, relatively well and inappropriate respectively. As a result, the water quality in this area is not desirable for drinking. With overlay zoning map and the map of Hot spot analysis, it observed that areas with high concentrations of the warning threshold are located next to each other and in inappropriate zoning map class.
Groundwater an important part of the reproducible water ecosystems are the most often in arid and semi arid areas where surface water are very low are available. Ground Water quality change is due to management in use of groundwater resources. Main objective of this research was to investigate spatial variability of chemical properties of ground water. Mehran and Dehloran in plain facies gypsum, salt and limiting Gachsaran, especially in the central areas of the South East have great exposure. That due to solubility of salt and gypsum deposits limiting erosion and salt water flow and water would be undesirable. For this reason, changes made plain in the center of the formation and development of the South East Gachsaran, in plain end points will degrade water quality.Studies show that high levels of hardness and other elements of the central parts of the South East and North West incremental and to replace alluvial deposits at Gachsaran increases the hardness and other elements and in the southeastern plains maximum reaches its The main cause of the decline in water quality can be attributed to Gachsaran. Finally recommended to use geostatistical methods to be used as a useful tool for detecting groundwater quality and gradually replace the old method is the method in addition to the cost-efficiency water projects due to increased use of statistics.

In this research, chemical properties of groundwater of Mehran and Dehloran areas was considered by using of geostatistical analysis. For this purpose, 29 groundwater samples were studied from 2001 to 2014 and the water conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio were chemically analyzed. Semi variogram of parameters was computed by GS software and were fitted by Goussian, sphrical, Expotential and Goussian models. The results showed that the spatial structure of qualitative data of groundwater in these region is reconciled the Gaussian model. Then, using of Arc GIS 10.3 software the Kriging interpolation, inverse distance weighted and Radial basis function methods were done. to select the appropriate model to fit the experimental variogram of the RMSE were used less and more stronger spatial structure. The results of kriging with Inverse distance weighted and radial basis functions using the RMSE and ME RDF Criteria which measure the accuracy rate, were evaluated. Eventually the results of calculating the RMSE and ME showed that kriging method is superior than two other methods and has high precision and low error.so Interpolation was done using this method. In the end, using fuzzy logic, WILCOX classification and WHO classification, zoning map of the study area, for agriculture were prepared. Then Hot spot analysis were used to illustrate the spatial concentration of elements. According to the final map, 38% groundwater of the region is appropriate and sort of appropriate for agriculture and 62% is inappropriate. So can be said that water quality of the study area is not appropriate for agriculture.

In this study, Mehran and Dehloran groundwater chemical variables were studied using geostatistical methods (kriging and co-kriging). Sodium, chloride, sulfate, TDS and TH of 29 water wells, were chemical analyzed from 2001 to 2014. The method of co-kriging and kriging interpolation was done using Arc GIS 10 software. Lower RMSE and strong spatial structure were used to select the appropriate model to fit the experimental variogram. The results of RMSE and MAE showed that the co-kriging is better than the kriging method. This is due to a low RMSE and MAE in co-kriging method indicates the high precision and lower error, and the results show that water quality data in this area are the strong correlation and their spatial structure follow spherical and exponential models. Finally, zoning map of the study area were obtained using co-kriging method, fuzzy logic and Sholer classification. According to the final map, 32, 18 and 50% of the area are suitable for drinking, relatively good and inappropriate, respectively. The results showed that water quality in the study area is not desirable for drinking. Areas with high concentrations of the warning threshold are located next to each other and in inappropriate zoning map class with overlay zoning map and the map of Hot spot analysis.

Atmospheric emissions from industrial establishments are one of the major sources of environmental pollution. One type of industry that causes particle pollution is the cement industry that Heavy metals are among the most relevant substances emitted during the process of cement manufacture. The aim of the study is to determine the major source and extent of metal pollution in soils vicinity of the cement factory in Behbahan city. Therefore, sixty one soil samples were collected from around the cement factories in Bebahan area. The samples were obtained at the depth 5-10 cm and were analyzed for Al, Pb, Cd and Ni by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). In the samples of the studied soil, the average of the recorded concentration of elements for Al, Pb, Cd and Ni are 83.26, 64.69, 75.29 and 64 (ppm), respectively. The order of the average frequency of the heavy metals concentration is of Al>Cd>Pb>Ni. The results further revealed that the metal distribution were in a fluctuating manner considering various distances and directions from the cement facility, as it was observed that the mean metal concentrations of the soil decrease as distance from the cement facility increased for most metals. In this study, three contamination indexes have been used to express the distribution of soil pollution in the area. The result of the present study showed that all the metals were deficiency to minimal enriched in all distances, since the EF values of the metals are smaller than 1.5. Geoaccumulation index of the soil sampling can explain that the Cd element is lying with extremely contaminated area and the Pb element is lying with low contaminated area. The PLI was calculated for the overall distances and showed uncontaminated area than heavy metals in background value.

Study of changes in the past and the destruction of resources and the feasibility and expected changes in the coming years can be planning and optimal use of resources and controlling non-fundamental changes in the future is an important step. The present study aimed to model the Behbahan using LCM city land use changes and Markov chain was used. In this regard, land use change detection using satellite images Landsat, ASTER and ETM (Image 2000) and OLI (Image 2014) was performed. Using logistic regression modeling and 6 variable power transmission, digital elevation models, slope, away from residential areas, the distance of agricultural, away from the road map and Evidence Likelihood was performed. For maps of the distance from residential areas, agricultural lands and away from the road distance analysis Euclidean distance and to evaluate the correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variable Cramer's correlation coefficient was used. The ROC indicator used to assess the validity of the model. Comparison of modeled area map with the map of 2014 shows the residential areas and agricultural land continues to be a growing trend will continue. As the residential area of 3157 hectares, 4180 hectares in 2014 to 15030 hectares to 20778 hectares of agricultural land increased. But the destruction of rangeland has not only not improved, but the intensity is much higher than the last.

The area of Zagros forests is continuously in danger of destruction. Therefore, the remaining forests should be carefully managed based on ecological capability evaluation. In fact, land evaluation includes prediction or assessment of land quality for a special land use with regard to production, vulnerability and management requirements. In this research, we studied the ecological capability of Behbahan city fringe for forestry land use. After the basic studies were completed and the thematic maps such as soil criteria, climate, physiography, vegetation and bedrock were prepared, the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods of Fuzzy AHP Buckley and ANP were used to standardize and determine the weights of criteria. Finally, the ecological model of the region’s capability was generated to prioritize forestry land use and prepare the final map of evaluation using WLC model in seven classes. The results showed that in ANP method, 55.58% of the area is suitable for forestry land use which is more consistent with the reality, while in the Fuzzy AHP method, 95.23% of the area was found suitable. Finally, it was concluded that the ANP method shows more flexibility and ability to determine suitable areas for forestry land use in the study area.

Capability evaluation can be considered as a basic strategy for land use becausethe development synchronous with the naturecan be achieved by using identifying and assessing of the ecological characteristics of the area. Agricultural land suitability classification based on indigenous knowledge is vital to land-use planning (ecological capacity evaluation). Execution of development and creation of appropriate points for agriculture land usewithoutconsidering ecological capability will result in the appearance of several environmental, economic andsocial problems. In the agricultural sector, goals for sustainability generallyinclude the maintenance or enhancement of the naturalenvironment, provision of human food needs, economicviability, and social welfare. Sincethat agriculture has enormous environmental impacts on peri-urban regions, it is necessary to evaluate agriculture land use. Therefore, agriculturalland suitability analysis is a prerequisite to achieve optimum utilisation of the available land resources for sustainable agricultural production. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the arable land suitability using the decision making models such as analytic network process (ANP) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Analysis (FAHP CHANG). In this paper, we determine agricultural land suitability classifications using case spatial data sets from Behbahannorth Plain. Matherial and

This research was done in framework of the ecological model and multicriteria decision making methods such as DEMATEL, ANP, FAHPCHANG by using Arc GIS 10, Excel 2013, Super Decision 2.0.8, MATLAB 7.11.0, Surfer11 soft wares and with the aim of choosing the suitable locations for agriculture land use in Behbahan north plain.The present study is based on theecologicalparameters(physical andbiological) to assess theecological capability of agriculture landuse including physiographic(percent slope) (So), precipitation(Cp),temperature(Ct),distance fromwater sources(Wc),soil depth(Pd),soil erosion(Es),soil structure(Ps), soil texture(Pte),soil drainage(Pdr)andvegetation types(Vgo).DEMATEL isa comprehensive method for building and analyzing structural model involving causal relationships betweencomplex factors.ANP is based on the creation of a control network which describes dependency among decision elements.InFuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Analysis method, Forpairedcomparisonsof criteria and forgaining weightandpreference use Triangular fuzzy numbers and Geometricaveragingmethod Respectively.In order to integrate layers Simple Additive Weighting or Weighted linear combination method (SAW) Was used. The study area is located in Behbahan north plain. This area is limited in 30°, 36' to 30°, 37' north of latitude and 50°, 19' to 50°, 29' east longitude. Discussion of

Analyzing the criteria objectively involved using specific GIS techniques to break the analysis down into quantifiable measurements. From the available 10 m interval contour map of the study area in ArcGIS, a contour Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated from which a grid DEM was derived and the slope data was obtained. The reclassify tool was then used to reclassify all the variable data sets by Iranian ecological model. It is favourable to usethe DEMATEL to handle the problem of inner dependences, since it can provide more valuableinformation for decision-making. For example, from the causal table (r + c and r – c matrix) it can be directly and visibly seen that the most important criterion is slope (Table 1). This study also shows that using DEMATEL tonormalize the unweighted super matrix in the ANP procedure is more reasonable thanusing the assumption of equal weight in each cluster (Table 2).Using FAHP and paired comparisons were done by experts, the weight of each of the evaluation criteria and sub-criteria affecting agriculture can be calculated using Matlab softwareFuzzy evaluation criteria of ecological agriculture is shown in (Table 3). In final, total digital layers were integrated using the simple additive weighting method and evaluated each alternative. Based onthezoningmap by ANP method, from thetotalarea, 4%havethe appropriate power and 3% have the inappropriate power for usage Agriculture and by FAHP method, 4%havethe appropriate power and 11% have the inappropriate power for usage Agriculture. Fig. 1 shows the final layer of evaluation ANP method. Fig. 2 shows the final layer of evaluation FAHP method.

InAgriculture ecologicalmodel, was consideredsevenclasses that from class one to class seven, quality of landbecome inappropriate for this user that there aresevenClassin thestudy area. In generalcan be said thatthe study areain terms ofecological potentialis unsuitable foragricultural landusebecause of near to mountain, thehills and thedissolutionformations of gypsum andlimestone.Thisresult isclearlyseenin theFuzzy AHPmethod. The results of such studies can help those in charge of the area designated for agriculture in places better use.In any case, we can conclude that Models Multi Criteria Decision on assessment of land suitability for various applications are very useful.

The world today is facing with the crisis of resource destruction. The Optimal utilization of natural resources and regulation of land use based on their ecological potential has important role in environmental management and prevent their destruction in order to sustainable development. Assessment of ecological potential as the core of environmental studies provides a good platform for environmental planning. In this field، geographic information system with high capacity in the management of new outcomes is proposed as an effective tool in environmental planning. In this research، using the criteria of soil، climate، percent slope، type of vegetation cover and water source، agricultural ecological potential of khaeiz region was assessed by using multi criteria decision methods in GIS environment. For this purpose، methods of AHP، FUZZY AHP_Buckley and Fuzzy membership functions were used for standardization and determination the weights of criteria. The results showed that in AHP method، only 3% of the area of a region is suitable for agricultural use which is more consistent with the reality while in method of AHP، 10% of the area of a region has been favorable. Therefore، can conclude that FUZZY AHP method has higher capacity in determining of suitable areas for agricultural use.

Knowledge of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of changes are extremely important in environmental planning، land use planning and sustainable development. Currently using vegetation maps is one of the key factors in data making for macro and micro planning. In this study، information of Landsat ETM + and OLI were used to display the time and location changes of vegetation in Behbahan city in 1378 and 1392 and calculated the NDVI index for this two years. In order to evaluate the quality changes of vegetation، the numerical values of the index was classified the 4 classes lush vegetation including of land with excellent coverage، very good coverage، good and poor coverage. Then، the changes were determined using CROSSTAB. The results showed qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation for the study area has been extensive over 14 years، so that، the lands had excellent، good and poor coverage، their area were increased and land area which had good coverage، were decrease. The greatest increase in land area has been occurred with excellent coverage، so that، it had increased from 5069. 76 in 1378 to 7735. 5 hactar in 1392. Also، the most reduction in land area has been occurred with good coverage، which reached from 34061. 4 hactar to 27434. 43 hactar. Finally، regression equation was obtained to show better relationship between the two parameters of vegetation and temperature. These results is confirmed that vegetated has a lower temperature and this surface has the cooling effects on surrounding. Therefore، the destruction of vegetation will follow the warming of city surface and environmental consequences.