فهرست مطالب حسین خانی

The production of pure H2 for polymer fuel cells was studied by the chemical loop reforming of methanol in the presence of 0.3CoFe2O4-0.4ZrO2 as an oxygen carrier in a micro-channel reactor. The results of this study showed that the production of pure H2 is possible only if the coke deposition is controlled. By optimizing the reduction time to 7 minutes, the coke deposition controlled and pure H2 flow was produced with an average yield of 2.6%, which was an interesting result and so far this degree of purity of H2 has not been reported by the chemical loop reforming of methanol. To increase the yield of pure H2 in this study, a two-layer catalyst concept is proposed in the form of an additional layer coating with high resistance to coke and suitable reactivity with methanol from NiO/MgAl2O4 to 10% on 0.3CoFe2O4-0.4ZrO2 layer. Optimization of various parameters using the concept of double-layer oxygen carrier showed that the use of 20% nickel concentration with a reduction time of 11 minutes increased the yield of H2 with 100% purity, which increased by 42% in the double-layer arrangement compared to the single-layer state, and it is a promising result for the concept of bi-layer oxygen carrier in this process.

With the beginning of Iraq's military invasion, the management of the holy defense continued with Imam Khomeini's guidelines. He stated that the principle of defense against aggression is obedience to God's order and defense against this imposed war is the defense of pure Islam and an obligatory principle and a shari'a duty. The main question of the article is "How was the soft power campaign of the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the holy defense era?" The hypothesis of the article is that, while explaining the causes of war and the necessity of defense, he has formulated the basic slogans in the war of initiative and the components of the defense policy based on soft power. The main lines of Imam's policies, influenced by; "Imam's (RA) jurisprudential thought about Jihad in Islam", "Imam's (RA) historical experience of the behavior of the system of domination and arrogance in Islamic countries and Iran", "His understanding of Saddam Hussein and the Ba'ath system of Iraq" and "Statements and actions of Iraqis" against Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. This research, with qualitative method, examines the defense policy of Imam (RA) against threats and defense against the attacker with the aim of confronting it in three components: "Imam Khomeini's (RA) jurisprudential thought about Jihad in Islam", "Imam Khomeini's historical experience" has recognized the behavior of the system of domination and arrogance in Islamic countries and Iran", "prominence of "holy defense" in order to "issue the values of the revolution".

Planning is one of the basic tools to achieve optimal living conditions. In the meantime, negotiation is one of the most important approaches in the new planning systems, which has a special place in the current era of urban planning and governance. Negotiation planning or in other words discourse is one of the new methods in urban studies that is widely used, especially in advanced democratic societies. Jane Hillier, as the author of this theory, has used the theories of thinkers such as Habermas and Foucault to explain the principles of this theory. In the Islamic perspective, consultation and negotiation have a sublime and special place. In the verses of the Qur'an and the school of religious leaders, the role of consultation has been very important and people and their views on various social, governmental and other issues have had a great place. This research seeks to study the theoretical roots of the negotiation planning approach and extract its intellectual processes to study its structure and finally the characteristics and principles of this type of planning from the perspective of teaching. To study Islamic theories and theories of contemporary Islamic thinkers on the subject of government and religious democracy and democracy. According to the overlapping topics in this case study, from the method of document analysis and content analysis and logical reasoning, as well as qualitative and descriptive methods and conducting interviews with experts (interviews with 14 academic experts in the fields of urban planning and sociology, as well as Field professors) has been used to express the research results. Finally, by comparatively comparing the principles and rules of this type of planning with the criteria of Islamic urban planning and the principles and rules of democracy and the council from an Islamic perspective, the strengths and weaknesses of this type of planning are examined and stated in the planning approach. Negotiation relies solely on the views and opinions of the people and has nothing to do with religious norms. Therefore, it seems that this approach can be effective only in those parts of urban management that have people-centered plans. On the other hand, the approach of religious democracy is more focused on religious values ​​and the opinion of the people is of secondary importance. On the one hand, this issue makes sure that the plans and programs are based on religion and Sharia, but on the other hand, it has nothing to do with humanist and humanistic plans. Therefore, it can be said that if in urban studies, it is based only on the opinions of the people, its competence can not be confirmed from the perspective of religion, but if in the management of urban issues, the opinion of the people along with religious and jurisprudential principles and rules and based Formed, they can help run a city and an Islamic community.

The city as a social and living phenomenon has received special attention in the religion of Islam. A religion that was born in the city and had a special look at it. Therefore, Islamic scholars and urban scientists throughout history have sought to create Islamic and ideal cities, and in this way have had a deep look at the principles of jurisprudence and Islamic religion in creating and recognizing the city. The city of manifestation of Islam is a suitable city for the believer. The Islamic city is constantly looking for appropriate ways and means of time and place to manifest the respected values of the Muslim community. The purpose of this study is to recognize the place of Islamic laws and ethics in the planning and design of Islamic urban spaces, which is done by research method analysis of the content of texts and logical reasoning and my methods of reading libraries and documents. In this regard, the most important research question is what are the Fiqh” s laws for urban spaces? Fiqh” s laws are among the important factors in the management of cities. These laws define the generalities of each subject, how it works, and the important principles that must be considered in the design and planning of cities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of competition in the product market and the weakness of internal control on the auditor's conditional comment due to the moderating role of auditing fees of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample of the research included 1016 years-observation companies (8 financial years and 127 companies) during the period 1391 to 1398 from the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were analyzed using logistic regression method using Eviews10 econometric software. In this study, the analysis of hypotheses showed that competition in the product market has a negative and significant effect on the auditor's conditional comment, so with increasing competition in the product market, the auditor's conditional comment decreases. Weak internal control has a negative and significant effect on the auditor's conditional statement, so with increasing internal control weakness, the auditor's conditional comment increases. Audit fees do not have a significant effect on the relationship between competition in the product market and the auditor's conditional comment. Audit fees do not have a significant effect on the relationship between poor internal control and the auditor's conditional comment.

To understand why and how Moscow's internet capabilities are being used to defend against Western attacks, the present paper attempts to answer the following questions: Why Russia resorts to cyber weapons against Western targets? What are the characteristics of Russia's cyber war against the West and how is it pursued?This study is qualitative (descriptive-analytical) and is of Ex-Post Facto (causal) research category. An Inferential methodology has been utilized to analyze data in the context of the concepts of cyber warfare and political cyber-attacks. The Findings show that Moscow uses cyber weapons against Western targets to counter the West's hostile actions, especially in post-communist territories, considering high denial possibility and weakness of its kinetic components.  The most important feature of Russia's cyber war against the West is the development of the concept of cyber deterrence in this country to create a balance under the condition of normal military and political competition. On this basis, Russia's hybrid war against the West is mainly waged through distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, hacking, and utilizing malware.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important infectious diseases in the recent century caused by Mycobacterium (MB) tuberculosis. Despite new medical technologies and effective drugs, it still causes human deaths. This study aimed to investigate the trend and factors affecting TB prevalence in Yazd city from 2005 to 2014.

In descriptive study, the medical files of TB patients referring to Yazd health and treatment centers from 2005 to 2014 were investigated. frequency, mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence interval were calculated and reported for quantitative data, and the frequency and percentage are reported for qualitative data.The patientschr('39') demographics and disease features were recorded in a checklist and analyzed using SPSS version16 software.Its confidence Level was 95%.

In this study, 882 TB patients were studied, out of which 51.9%(458) were male 57.7%(509) were Iranian, 42.3%(373) were from other nationalities, and 33.8%(298) Of  Them were over 80 years old . The average age of TB patients studied was 49.32±17. The percentage of patients with pulmonary TB and patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis was 71%(626) and 29%(256), respectively.

This study shows that health officials must pay more attention to TB disease in Yazd city. Enhancing life standards, active case-finding among prisoners, increasing physicianschr('39') and peoplechr('39')s awareness about the health and treatment system services, and taking samples from suspected patients can play a crucial role in decreasing this disease.

Foundation and management of the newly established Islamic Republic of Iran system based on Imam Khomeini’s intellectual bases, including God-centeredness, obligation- centeredness attitudes, and association of religiosity and politics, gave rise to the formation of a specific model on the lofty religion of Islam by him. In Imam’s view, Islam does not ignore anything, and jurisprudence is the real and complete theory for the management of human and society from the cradle to the grave. On this basis, jurisprudence has useful and practical functions, which, due to its divine inspiration roots, holds power to detect the expedition and interest of the nation. In this way, in Imam’s practical stances during and after the formation of the Islamic government, the creation of political structures proportional to the Islamic commandments to supply the interests of the society is observed. In this writing, the experience of the managerial first decade in the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran period. It is possible to pose four indicators for Imam Khomeini’s political action including "giving shape to the political organization of the government," "compilation of the Constitution," "orientation and leadership of the holy defense" and "establishment of the Expediency Discernment Council" which shows the Islamic Republic Founder’s politics in the domestic arena.

Currently, many efforts are directed toward functional Hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment. This is achievable by suppression of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion. In this regard, use of natural products has been the areas of interest by scientific communities.

Dried Honey Bee venom was extracted for assessing its anti-HBsAg secretion potential. Hepatoma cell-derived PLC/PRF/5 was propagated in complete medium. The cell line was treated by a serial dilution of Bee venom. Cell cytotoxicity (IC50) was measured by MTT colorimetric assay at three post-treatment times. HBsAg secretion was evaluated from PLC/PRF/5 supernatant treated by under-cytotoxic concentrations of Bee venom by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The results indicated that dried Bee venom extract is able to reduce secretion of HBsAg from the cell line with Selectivity Index (SI) of eight. Reduced levels of HBsAg were in dose-dependent manner and it was in its lower concentrations at 8 ppm after 12 hr post treatment. The IC50 was observed to be 63.78 ppm.

The Bee venom has anti-HBV activity. The way we used under-cytotoxic concentration of Bee venom, the HBsAg secretion was restored after 24 hr post treatment. Furthermore, mechanism of action of Bee venom in reducing HBsAg level needs to be further investigated.

Traditional arts such as plaster, tiling and brickwork are very important in Iranian architecture especially in mosque architecture. With the arrival of Islam in Iran, we have witnessed a great transformation in the form, content and place of the implementation of these arts in architecture, which is the result of the socio-religious context of the societies. Since the advent of Islam in Iran, we have witnessed extensive physical and non-structural changes in the architecture of mosques. Formation of arrays in different historical periods has affected the various factors, including the socio-political context of societies. The present study describes and studies the arrays of the Jameh mosque in Varamin in order to understand the thoughts of Shia religion and the process of changes in its form and content and to examine the effect of social context as one of the factors involved in this transformation.
The questions raised in this study are:- What are the motifs attributed to the Shia religion in the main mosque of Varamin?
2. The social context and historical events of the seventh century. Is it involved in the use of Shi'i arrays in the comprehensive mosque in Varamin?
The goal of this article is the study of designs which their symbolic aspects contain Shiite thinking. The research method is descriptive-analytical and published material is used. According to research finding we conclude on how to change the method of execution (plaster casting and color tiling), the use of natural plant designs in a complex and semantic geometric form, the theme of inscriptions (using Quranic verses, holy names Imams,and Hadiths), and the location of the use of arrays in the interior of the sanctuary to the outer space, and further elaborates and reinforces Shiite thought in calligraphic arrays to emphasize the rule of the time on Shi'a religion.

The growth of New- Salafism and the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon in the Middle East show a new kind of threat that spread not only in a particular country, but also unprecedentedly in the Middle East. The purpose of the present paper is to study the threat of regional security in Iran as a result of the emergence of new security threats in the light of the emergence and expansion of New-Salafism. The main question is: "What are the drivers that affect the survival of New-Salafism and the formation of regional security threats?" In response, the main hypothesis of this paper is based on the fact that the above-mentioned process, at three levels and under the influence of crisis drivers, includes "action of international actors," Divergence in the coherence of the social structure of the Muslim world "And" ideological competition and the disparity of interests of rival regional actors." Research findings include globalization, increased security of Israel, The duality of order / irregularity during the transition period, the proletarian wars, nostalgia, and the emergence of Takfiri Salafist groups,, Anti-Shiite and jurisprudence, ethnic cleansing, identity crisis, and overcrowded governments.

Growth of neo-Salafism and the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon Which has grown increasingly in the Middle East and has influenced several countries, Indicates a new chapter in security issues in the area. Accordingly, the main question of this article is that In the light of ISIS threats in recent years, what is the regional security vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of the paper shows that due to the continuation of the drivers of these threats, Iran's regional security lies in a confrontation with the Salafist-Takfiri flow. The present paper, using qualitative methodology, and the bibliographic-descriptive technique divides into two parts. The first section examines research texts related to the emergence of ISIS and its impact on regional security in the Islamic Republic of Iran And the second part also seeks to provide an analytical framework based on the presence and continuity of critical factors (drivers) of crisis Which recognizes them provides a perspective on regional security for the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The internal crisis in Syria, which began in 2011, continues to have devastating consequences for its people. In addition, Syrian conflict and violence have led to the displacement of people, the expansion of terrorism, and the escalation of political and sectarian differences, and thus creating increasing instability throughout the region. It is worth noting that almost half of the Syrian population has left home because of the war. With the onset of the refugee crisis, Europe considered the crisis as a strictly confined issue to the Middle East, but after a wave of refugees, European governments inevitably admitted that this issue could not be left exclusively to the Middle East or the border states, so they attempt to share the burden of this responsibility to find common solutions to the crisis. The current question is: “How has such a situation been created for Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in the Middle East and Europe?” In response, the hypothesis of the paper, utilizing Diaspora theory, sees this incident as the result of territorial displacement between governments and large-scale transnational migration, which has been carried out by ISIL in accordance with "political requirements" and "structural violence", and the consequence of its transnational environment would result in the disperse from the main core and going forcibly to several places. Hence, using qualitative method and library technique in dealing with the Syria crisis, the present study found the components of genocide, women's bondage, slavery and bondwoman as the main reasons for this dispersal.

Following appearance of Islamic revolution and, consequently, dominance of the discourse of Islamic revolution, political fiqahati Islam, dominating its opponents, acquired sovereignty. As inter discourse competences began, however, sub-discourses including radical, conservative, reformist and just seeker ones became dominant during different periods after revolution. What mentioned here forms the basis to answer the question of the paper; how was the sub-discourse of justice seeker political Islam, called here as sub-discourse of justice, formulated and acquired power? The paper, using qualitative method, discourse theory and library techniques, has intended to prove the claim: spread of those attractive elements of the sub-discourse including self-confidence, opposing corruption, opposing managers` welfare-seeking and luxuriousness on the basis of justice appeared and acquired sovereignty.

Concept of «Lifestyle» in general implies a type of living modus operandi، but as any concept in humanities as it needs to know what the life mode is and how it related to others concepts and topics too. As the «Western life mode» comes to follow from the Western social theory، it would be possible to introduce the Islamic life mode from the Islamic one. For investigating this research question it engages with many concepts such as the civil society، later modernity، estate system، pattern of consumer، entertainment and leisure time. The both epistemological and the methodological achievements made differently by which they come the vary life- world indeed.

One of the most important factors for disease risk is the undesirable health condition of the houses. The dark, damp and unsanitary house exposes residents to TB. As the housing status is crucial in establishing the conditions for the transmission of TB, this study was designed to survey the situation of housing environmental health of tuberculosis patients in Yazd on transmission of communicable diseases according to World Health Organization standards in 2010. In this descriptive study, the housing status of all TB patients of Yazd in 86 cases were collected through a questionnaire survey, observation, and measurement. Results showed that the houses in 22.1 % of cases were made of adobe and mud, 3.55% having average density of room, 50% of houses had insufficient natural light, 54.7 % had unfavorable natural ventilation, and 26.7 %, inadequate heating appliances. Also 32.6 % of the floor, 32.6 % of the walls, 37.2 % of the ceilings, 22.1 % of the sewage disposal, 12.8 % of drinking water, 20.9% of garbage collection, 11.6% of keeping-pet places, and 20.9% of waste disposal were in unhealthy conditions. In addition, 2.3% of these houses lacked toilet and 7% lacked bathroom. Comparing the housing condition of people with TB via the existing standards, the status is assessed as unfavorable. Thus improvement of the tuberculosis condition calls for the education programs to inform people of such disadvantages. Also the attention of housing stakeholders and relevant agencies should be drawn to help low-income people.

With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and Adoption of "Exportation of Revolution" Approach, Iran's foreign policy objectives were outlined three types of goals, including "due to the nature of the nation - state", " Arising from the ideological nature of the political system" and " Based on the religious nature of the system". Imposed by the war and the events of September 11, we are onlooker the formation of two doctrines: "Umm Al-Qura" and "increasing engagement" in Iran's foreign policy. In this paper, we have tried to answer the question how to approach the "Exportation of Revolution" with trends Ummah standard oriented has been manifested? Accordingly, the paper's hypothesis Claims "the Islamic Republic's foreign policy is influenced by environmental conditions (regional and international) to preserve the ideals of realism and pragmatism inclined and yet it the vehicle has the right to achieve their ideals". Accordingly, we evaluated "doctrine Umm Al-Qura" and "increasing engagement" which have dealt with Iranian partnership with international institutions, and by means of the two principles of "justice" and "fair peace", its confrontation with threats and hidden and half hidden violence of September 11 aftermath.

The developments taking place in some Muslim countries in the Arab world in 2011 changed the political geography of their earlier. Three main features of totalitarianism، Islamophobia and cooperation with the West and Israel''s internal politics، regional and international levels had published in numerous literary analyses on the events. We believe one of the «Islamic awakness» in «Arabic spring». In this piece we are following inquiry that: Islamic uprisings in the Arab world or regional opportunities and threats to the Islamic Tendency «Shiite community oriented» Islamic Republic of Iran will bring. The hypothesis in response to the article subject is an assessment of the opportunities and threats and takes account of pattern in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran which considers three components: confidence and regionalism discourse of principles forming the pattern of counts.

Cardivascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in the world contributing to one third of entire mortality in the world. This disease also has significant consequcnces. To prevent it implementing instructional programes is needed. Health volunteers are of potential capacity to improve mothers'' knowledge، attitude، and performance. The aim of this study was is determining the effect of instruction of health volunteers on knowledge، attitude and performance of mothers

This study is clinical trial conducted on 310 mothers learned by health volunteers. Mothers and health volunteers were selected randomly. The effect of the instruction on mothers was controlled 6 months after implanting the research spss 16 was used to analyse the data.

The results of study showed that the mean score of mothers knowledge before implementing the plan was 26. 4 [from 38 (69/4%)] and after it، arrived at 31/2 (82/1%) (p=. /…). mean score of mothers attitude was 24. 2 [from 30 (80. 6%)] and after instruction becom 27. 6 (92%) that is satisfactory (p=. /…). The averge score of mothers on performance was 14. 7 from 40 (37/7%) and after instruction become 17/2 (44/1%) and the result of Tpaired test with p=. /… showes significant relation.

In this study، the effect of health volunteers'' instruction on motheres was 12/7% increasing in knowledge، 11/4% increasing in attitude and 6/4% increasing in performance it seem، we need more studies to bring chage in performance of the subjects.

The paper aims at analyzing the elements of national authority, in the field of foreign policy, based on Imam Khomeini’s doctrine and thinking. Utilizing documentary and descriptive methods, this paper examines the main hypothesis based on Imam Khomeini’s thinking. In fact, the paper shows how Imam Khomeini, as a politician and jurisprudent has raised the elements and general principals of national strength in the field of foreign policy. Based on the main elements of Shite social thinking, namely, “God Oriented” and “Task Oriented”, Imam Khomeini’s views in the field of foreign policy comprises the following components: Nafy –e- sabil (Denial of Rule of Infidels), Anti-oppression, Islamic Dignity and Religious Lordship, and Invitation to Muslim Unity.