حسین خورشیدی

‎A dynamic system consisting of two balls of different masses   located on a line and a perfectly elastic barrier (wall) can be examined by means of a wedge billiard table‎. ‎This issue‎, ‎called Galperin's billiards‎, ‎relates the number of collisions to  π digits‎. ‎In this article‎, ‎we will study this interesting connection and its preliminaries‎, ‎and we will express some famous conjectures in the setting of billiards‎, ‎mentioning a few prerequisites.

Introduction and Goal:

Understanding the role and influencing factors of soil erosion is crucial for effective management and recognition of erodible land areas. Watershed management is one of the most sensitive and complex types of resource and production management. The fractal dimension can be used to examine the complexity of data and simplify complex natural phenomena. This tool enables generating fractal patterns to assess the morphological behavior and power of watersheds. This research focused on the connection and interplay between the morphological characteristics of the watershed and the fractal dimension in the creation of runoff and sediment.

In this research, the necessary data were obtained from the statistics of the country in the water measuring and observation stations of the watershed. The base maps were utilized to determine the watershed characteristics. The calculation of the fractal characteristics was done in Fractalyse 2.4 software by utilizing the box counting method. The factor analysis method was used to identify 85 features related to watershed. In this research, for further analysis, the size of annual runoff and sediment was investigated using different return periods. Therefore, 5 different scenarios were considered based on the homogeneity of the watershed, climatic characteristics, physical and morphological characteristics of the watershed, physical and climatic characteristics simultaneously, and fractal characteristics of the watershed. The correlation between estimated irrigation and sediment size (with different return periods) and different morphological features was also carried out.

The results of the factor analysis technique showed that among the 85 parameters related to the watershed, 18 are the effective parameters of the area, the slope area is 8-12 and 12-20%, the area of the east slope in 9 directions, the length of the 100-m level lines in the watershed, the total length of the stream , the concentration time base Kirpich method, elevation difference, fractal of 200-m level lines, deviation from the moisture standard, temperature difference, average slope, net slope of the main stream, average temperature, average moisture, average precipitation, elongation coefficient and fractal of the basin environment. Also, the fractal dimension of the 200-m horizontal lines and the fractal dimension of the watershed environment were able to significantly explain the overall changes in discharge and sedimentation. This finding explained well the role of fractal characteristics in the relationship between irrigation and sedimentation.

Conclusions and Suggestion:

Based on the results of this research, it was found that almost all the effective factors in estimating discharge and sedimentation in large watersheds are summarized in the area and fractal of the watershed environment, and these two features justify the most changes in discharge and sedimentation. Therefore, with the reduction of the area of ​​watersheds, the role of other factors such as the direction of the slope, the net slope of the waterway, etc., is more evident in explaining the changes, and it can be said that dividing large watersheds into smaller watersheds is the best measure to control the erosion and runoff of watersheds. Implementing watershed management measures in these small sub-watersheds is the next step. The reduction of watershed area in most relationships is sufficient to justify up to 70% of sediment changes. This research findings should be utilized by users and beneficiaries to implement watershed development and management programs.

The family has been introduced as a social institution resulting from the marriage bond between a man and a woman and is classified as individual and personality. Sometimes, couples face problems in their marital relations that cause them to have conflicts. A person's general evaluation of the marital relationship and the fulfillment of the personal needs, desires, and wishes of the couple determines the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the marital relationship; on the other hand, disagreement is normal in any marital relationship and marital conflicts are one of the common problems of couples, in today's world. Therefore, some call divorce liberating in these circumstances. Divorce means the collapse of the most important institution of socialization in human society. This phenomenon is one of the realities that the family institution in today's world experiences widely. However, this does not mean that the family has not faced this phenomenon in the past. Nevertheless, divorce, like all other phenomena in today's world, has changed in nature and is more of an optional choice; therefore, in Iran, due to the rapid growth of the population during the past decades, there have been consequences such as increased rent living, marginalization, selling body parts, malnutrition, increased begging in the city, child labor, increased hand-selling, and finally divorce and the collapse of foundations. In order to plan and organize the situation of people experiencing poverty, one must first gain the necessary knowledge of their location and spatial distribution in Iran and then solve this challenging problem of the provinces with detailed planning so that the complications and negative consequences can be avoided. Poverty at the provincial level, including divorce, was prevented or moderated. Usually, in social sciences, the number of marriage and divorce cases and their causes and results are investigated. However, geographical discussions emphasize the location of damage in the country's provinces and its contexts. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate the geographical distribution. Divorce is in the provinces of Iran. Therefore, it is tried to investigate the distribution of divorce at the level of the provinces so that the country's administration, social institutions, and charitable organizations can help the target groups with precision and proper planning and take effective steps to reduce the social damage of divorce. 

The lowest divorce rate belongs to Sistan and Baluchistan, Semnan, Chahar Mahal, and Bakhtiari provinces. On the other hand, the highest divorce rate belongs to Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, and North Khorasan provinces. Graphical statistical models were used based on the mean center test and standard deviation ellipse. The average center specifies the central location as the basis of all social damage locations. The standard deviation ellipse, using the standard deviation of the distance of each divorce to the center of the average, determines its dispersion, direction, and position. The average divorce occurred in Isfahan province. The ellipse of the standard deviation of the total divorce under investigation has much accumulation; this shows that the divorce complex is in the direction of the southeast to the northwest, so with a probability of 99%, 70% of the divorce area is 6.368836.

 The results indicated that most divorce spots in the east are in Razavi, South, and North Khorasan provinces due to the size of the provinces and population. Also, most of the cold spots are in the northwestern provinces. It can be said that in the upper and middle classes, the main issue is not economy and livelihood but cultural factors related to changes in society's values and attitudes, including in the field of marriage, giving priority to the family, and having a negative perception of divorce, which conflicts with the research findings. Akhoi Samrin's research in 2016 showed that the lack of love and intimacy is the central category of Al. It is similar to the research findings. The category of not being ready for marriage and not going through the marriage process is one of the causal conditions for collapsing marriages. Cultural issues and economic issues were placed under the intervening conditions and categories such as addiction, inappropriate current family structure, lack of marital compatibility, sexual factors and problems, inappropriate relationship with the main families, family history, and personality problems were among the background factors effective in divorce. The results showed that the use of ineffective communication and emotional strategies led to consequences such as feeling tired, lonely, hopeless, hatred for one's spouse, and finally, the desire for divorce, which conflicts with the research findings. The main limitation of the research is the non-cooperation of the country's civil registration organizations, the General Justice, and other related organizations and not providing information about divorce constant problems in the geographic information system software (Crack). As a result, the country's hot spots and centers of divorce have been formed in this region of the northeast and east of the country, and it is indicative of the high incidence of divorce in this region. Therefore, to take the necessary measures to reduce the phenomenon of divorce in the province, it seems necessary to plan carefully to reduce the factors.

The foot is crucial for maintaining balance and bearing weight, as it is the lowest part of the movement chain of the lower limb. Pes planus is a common condition where the height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot decreases or disappears. In this study, we aim to determine the effect of kinesio tape and dynamic tape on the balance and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) of men suffering from pes planus following fatigue. In this cross-sectional study, 35 men aged between 18 and 35 with pes planus participated, meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study evaluated dynamic balance and ankle DFROM on three separate days under each of the three conditions: control (without tape), kinesio-tape, and dynamic tape before and after fatigue. The modified low-dye method was used for taping. The data was analyzed using a repeated measure analysis of variance test, with a significance level of P<0.05. No significant differences were found in ankle DFROM before and after fatigue (P<0.05). Additionally, DB results were not significant differences before fatigue (P<0.05). However, after fatigue, a significant difference was found between the dynamic tape and other conditions in all three directions: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral (P<0.05). According to the results obtained, DT is recommended to improve DB in men with pes planus after fatigue.

Legislative transparency is one of the main elements of the rule of law, which is considered the main factor in preventing and fighting corruption. The purpose of this research is to examine this concept in the framework of Iran's legal system and international law. This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. The findings of the present research show that the mechanisms of legislative transparency in international documents have not been defined in a coherent and precise manner, but to determine its examples and scope, it is necessary to refer to the internal procedures of the states that are customary in the international law space. It has been recognized internationally.Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Transparency in the framework of the international law system is closely related to fundamental human rights, therefore, some examples of legislative transparency mechanisms in the space of international law are authoritative. But in the internal law system, the mentioned mechanisms are under normal laws and at the base of the pyramid of normative hierarchy.

Climate Literature is a type of literature that is an outcome of climatic and geographical conditions. Climate Literature, in Iran, contains a number of branches including the Climate Literature of the South (The School of Khouzestan), the Climate Literature of the North (The School of Gilan), Isfahan's Climate Literature (The School of Isfahan), Khorasan's Climate Literature (The School of Khorasan) and Rural Literature. It is essential to remind that these schools usually find their meanings through Fiction. An important part of Climate Literature is Rural Literature. The cultural and social developments of the 40s (Land Reform, arguments on Westernism, and the need to return to the simple and traditional way of rural life) made the authors take a new look at rural problems and led to a new approach which was entitled as Rural Literature. Rural Literature started seriously with the monographs of Jalal Aleahmad and Gholamhossein Saedi, but Gholamhossein Saedi was the actual leader of Rural Literature in Iran. Most of his stories have a rural theme. Azadaran-e-Bayal, Toop and Tars-o-Larz gain their themes from his journeys and research throughout different parts of Iran. Another one of such active authors is Mahmoud Dolatabadi. Although paying attention to rural issues especially the ones of the rural parts of Azerbaijan is seen in the works of Samad Behrangi and Amin Faqiri, the extensive and focal aspect of this type of literature has revealed its echos in numerous works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi.

 The security feeling is a psychological-social phenomenon that has various dimensions. The feeling is emanated from individuals’ direct or indirect experiences of the surrounding environment and different people experience it in different ways. The present research is to investigate the role of social capital in the social security feeling in the under study area.

 The statistical population of the research is the population in Kojour city. In accordance with the Cochran formula, 343 people were selected as the sample size. The validity of the research was confirmed according to the opinion of university professors, and the reliability of the research using Cronbach's alpha has been 0.75%.

 Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (single-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and path analysis) were used for analyzing the data. The findings of the research show that, based on the single-sample t-test, among the components of social capital, the cohesion dimension with an average of 3.18 has had the highest average. Also, the single-sample t-test also shows that for the urban development indicators, the desirability number for all dimensions is less than (3) and has been evaluated negatively. Also, the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a positive relationship between the dimensions of trust, contribution and social security at the level of 0.05% alpha, and there is also a negative relationship between the network dimension and social security at the alpha level of 0.05%. Following that, in order to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of indicators of social participation, social cohesion, social trust and social network in social security, the path analysis test was used, and it came out that the dimension of social trust with a rate of (0.459) has had highest overall impact on social security.

Prevention of corruption in political-legal systems is one of the important issues that has been the attention of writers and thinkers for a long time. One of the important solutions that has been noticed in recent years is moving towards a good governance model. Clarification of opinions and negotiations of legislative bodies, including the Islamic Council, the Council of Ministers, experts, the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, etc., are among the indicators of good governance; Therefore, in the present study, the investigation of transparency in the legislative process will be discussed. This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. The issue of the acceptability of laws in a society by its audience is one of the results and consequences of transparency in the legislative system. The more transparency is applied in the legislative process, the more the public will understand the concerns of the legislator.Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. In fact, the common point of the aspects of transparency goes back to "prevention of corruption in the legal system". No matter how clear the text of the law is, there is practically no room for abuse of the law in the implementation phase. On the other hand, transparency in the process of approving laws and the actions of the representatives makes the aforementioned people exposed to public opinion and the resulting evaluations. As a result, practically, both aspects of transparency provide the means of strengthening each other's final goal.

Crisis management not only strengthen existing flexibility in socicty but also promut it in future.social wealthes as a assets in societyby using comfonents liketrast,contribution ,social aid,social insurance and etc cause to reduce management costs like surrilance and formal control and provide the possibility of using time and other resources to do more useful activity.This research was conducted during the period of 2017.the tyoe of applied research is used and its method is descriptive survey. The collected data are obtained through the method of collecting field,library and descriptive information. The sample size is 385 people based on the model of decision making model “krejsi &morgan”.information gathering tool is questionnaire and database use of Internet sites.Questionnaires are distributed among the citizens of the city of Tehran.Data were collected using a questionnaire whose reliability was obtained by cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.70 and its validity was verified by content validity. To test the hypotheses, a t-test and a non-parametric binomial test have been used. The method of analyzing information collected throughthe spss software

This study presents a new hybrid algorithm for treating solid wall boundaries in the context of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model. In this way, the basic concept is to fill an impervious region with some layers of dummy particles for improving the solution accuracy, and a single layer of repulsive particles to impose a no-penetration condition along the solid-fluid interface. The later consists of a new repulsion mechanism that, unlike the well-known Lennard-Jones model, induces no pressure oscillation close to the wall region. This hybrid boundary treatment technique is implemented in conjunction with a parameter-free smoothed particle hydrodynamics scheme to provide a Lagrangian solver for two dimensional Navier Stokes equations. The accuracy of the model is verified by recourse to challenging a numerical test defined for a free falling water jet from a sharp crested weir. The computed nappe profiles are compared with those of a finite volume method. Satisfactory agreement is found between all these results.

The Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution has been considered as a policy maker, strategy determiner, decision maker and direction of cultural, educational and research affairs of the country, in the context of general policies of the Islamic regime, decisions of which being binding and considered as law. With this approach certain assignment such as “correction and elevation of culture and alignment of cultural affair in order to maintain and enhance the religion-based culture of the people, and to realization of the new Islamic civilization, is defined.The mentioned council in order to fulfill its duties has close relationship with the triple institutions as provided by the 57th principle of The Constitution (Parliament, Executive and The Judiciary) and also other institutions such as The Leadership Office and The Expediency Council. Because these institutions are the key decision making centers and the principle organs in governing of the country. Thus every particular role of every institution has to lead to these organs. This paper after the exact expression of The Council in the context of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, will discuss the relationship of the mentioned council with the triple institution(as provided by the 57th principle of The Constitution) and with other organs.