حسین عسکری

The present study investigates lithofacies and petrofacies in details and also reconstructs the depositional environment of the Paleocene siliciclastics of the Kerman Formation located in NE Central Iran, which is composed significantly of polymictic conglomerate bodies intercalated with some minor sandstone beds. Through detailed sedimentological studies (e.g., dominant grain size, degree of clast rounding and sorting, texture, and stratification), five lithofacies have been identified: clast-supported massive conglomerate (Gcm), matrix-supported massive conglomerate (Gmm), horizontally stratified conglomerate (Gh), horizontally bedded sandstone (Sh), and massive sandstone (Sm). Petrographic analysis revealed three petrofacies composed of petromict conglomerate, volcanic arenite, and feldspathic litharenite; gravels chiefly made up of basalt and andesite, as well as fewer limestone and agglomerated tuff. The lithofacies associations are related to sedimentary gravity flow (SG) and channel-fill sandstone bodies (CH) deposited in alluvial fan and braided fluvial systems. This research provides important insights into the sedimentary environments of the Kerman Formation.

RBD plays a major role in causing SARS-COV-2 infection, because the entry of the virus into the host cell occurs by binding RBD to the receptor of angiotansin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2). RBD is also an important immunogenic candidate in the development of protein subunit vaccines. In this study, expression of recombinant RBD in Pichia pink yeast was done easily and at low cost. Recombinant RBD and adjuvants such as sodium alginate, alum and the combination of the two were tested in a mouse model in increasing the level of neutralizing antibodies and increase the stability of the vaccine. The results showed that the use of an alternative natural adjuvant system instead of alum adjuvant increases the immunogenicity of RBD antigen and its stability, so that RBD formulated with sodium alginate alone and RBD formulated with sodium alginate and alum showed higher antibody titer and stability compared to RBD formulated with alum alone. The increase in immunogenicity of RBD antigen with RBD:SA:AL formulation was determined by serological assays that included direct ELYSA and surrogate Virus Neutralization Test (sVNT). High levels of IgGs and neutralizing antibodies were shown in serum of mice immunized with the RBD:SA:AL formulation. Collectively, our results showed that sodium alginate is as an effective natural adjuvant compare with the alum adjuvant. In ,addition, according to the obtained results, the combination of sodium alginate and Alum is more effective than sodium alginate alone .In order to, visualize, RBD-FC vaccine structure, molecular dynamics simulation was done for RBD-FC with glycan and without glycan modification. The analysis of root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (RG), and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) showed that the construct has stable fold and suitable conformation due to the used linker.

Elicitors are used more frequently to promote plant growth and secondary metabolites. One of the main challenges for tea producers is the slow growth and poor quality of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) in tea-growing regions of Iran. In many plants, foliar application of chitosan or nano-chitosan (NC) enhances secondary metabolite production. It has a positive impact on plants' physiological and biochemical indicators. This study investigated the impact of nano-chitosan on some biochemical and physiological parameters with and without mineral nutrition (NPK), as well as assessing the quality of green leaves by comparing the relative expression levels of three enzymes involved in the flavonoids pathway in the Kashef cv. tea plant in northern Iran. For this, two scenarios were used: four different concentrations of nano chitosan solution (0, 25, 50, and 100 mgL-1) were prepared and combined with NPK (1%-1%-0.5%), and without NPK were prepared. At the Lahijan Tea Research Center in Iran, two experiments were conducted as foliar treatments applied twice at two-week intervals, after the first season's harvest in 2021. Twenty days following the initial foliar treatment, plant sampling was conducted to examine physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and molecular characteristics. The first and second leaves, as well as the buds, were gathered for metabolic and molecular testing. The third and fourth leaves were collected for physiological and biochemical analyses. Chlorophyll content and relative water content were measured in physiological experiments. Protein content and the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, and PPO were investigated biochemically. Additionally, metabolic properties were determined using the folin-sio-catheo method as well as HPLC to determine catechins, epigallocatechins, and gallocatechins. Molecular analysis was also performed by examining the relative expression of three critical enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, F3H, DFR, and LAR. The results showed that utilizing NC along with NPK significantly increased the content of total polyphenols in tea compared to the control (without NC and NPK). All treatments reduced catechin content 4- to 6-fold. With an increase in NC concentration, epigallocatechin content increased. Gallocatechin content also revealed a slight increase in 100 mg.L-1 NC concentration. Chlorophyll content indicated a significant difference with a falling trend in treatments with low concentrations of NC; however, a significant difference with a growing trend was seen in treatments with 100 mgL-1 of nano chitosan. In comparison to the control, various NC treatments had similar protein content. Except for the 50 mg.L-1 NC+NPK treatment, there was an apparent significant difference in the SOD enzyme activity in each NC treatment, with a positive trend. With increasing NC concentrations, CAT enzyme activity also rose in various treatments. In treatments with insignificant NC concentrations, PPO enzyme activity significantly decreased. In different treatments, leaf water content rose. Only at a dose of 100 mg.L-1 NC+NPK did the relative expression of the F3H enzyme rise nearly three times compared to the control; in contrast, other treatments had no meaningful effect on relative expression. Different NC+NPK treatments raised DFR relative expression, and 100 mg.L-1 NC demonstrated the highest expression (4 times). Compared to the control, LAR relative expression increased at 0, 50, and 100 mg.L-1 NC and NPK. The treatment without NC and with NPK displayed the highest level of LAR expression, with an expression almost 2.5 times higher than the control. In Kashef cultivar tea plants, chitosan nanoparticles in various concentrations coupled with NPK increased the production of catechin compounds. This effectively reduced oxidative stress and enhanced green tea leaf quality. In addition to addressing oxidative stress, NC may play a practical role in green tea quality. Due to its biodegradable properties, nano chitosan can be used instead of chemicals to improve tea plants' green leaves quality and lower environmental pollution.

Aflatoxin is one of the most important causes of contamination in dairy products, which has shown resistance to removal through various methods. This study aimed to molecularly identify yeasts isolated from local cheeses and screen them based on their ability to reduce aflatoxin B1. To carry out this study, 32 samples of local cheese were prepared from different geographical locations of Tehran and Semnan provinces in Shahryar, Firoozkooh, Chetan and Garmsar. Then the yeast strains were isolated from the samples. Aflatoxin stock solution was prepared and added to the culture medium containing aflatoxin absorbing yeast strains. Adsorbed aflatoxin was measured indirectly by ELISA test. The data of this study showed that 3 strains including Code 6, Code 18, and Code 8 isolated from local cheeses had the ability to detoxify aflatoxin B1. Meanwhile, the highest reduction of aflatoxin B1 in the environment with 46.5% was done by strain code 6. In addition, it was found that the optimum growth temperature of these strains was between 28 and 36 ˚C and their optimum pH was 6.5-5.5. Since the biological removal of aflatoxin has many positive effects on dairy products from various sensory and health aspects, it seems that the yeast strains isolated in the present study were microorganisms with the potential to remove aflatoxin from dairy products, especially local cheese, and should be considered for further studies.

Recent studies indicate that environment can modify skeletal muscle gene expression and transcriptional factors in offspring genes. Therefore, exercising can lead to changes in the gene expression of the future generations. One of the important metabolic factors is PDK4, which is known as the main factor in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC). This study examined the effects of maternal exercise on PDK4 expression in slow and fast twitch (soleus and EDL) muscles of male offspring. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to three training groups: before pregnancy (TBP), during pregnancy (TDP) and before and during pregnancy (TBDP) and pregnancy without training (control) group. Training groups were running on a treadmill for four, three and seven weeks, respectively. Two months after the birth of the offspring, 6 male rats were chosen randomly from the offspring of each group. The samples were anesthetized using Ketamine (90 mg/kg) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg) and their soleus and EDL muscles were removed immediately for examine. Gene expression of offspring muscles were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. Fisher test were used to analyze the difference between the training and the control group. PDK4 expression of offspring were significantly increased in all groups except for EDL muscle of the TBP group. According to the results, it seems likely maternal exercise training can affect the metabolic regulation in the offspring by increasing the expression of some metabolic genes.

Cellulose nanofibers are widely used in medical materials, aerodynamic structures, and building industries. The lightness and heat-resistance are the most significant features of these nanofibers that result from the molecular mechanism of their assembly. Cellulose fibers are built of d-glucose monomers that are connected by glycosidic linkages. Synthesis of cellulose nanofibers in the living cells (Mainly plant cells with the cell wall) is known to be carried out by the Cellulose-Synthase enzyme. Yet the molecular mechanism of the fibers assembly that leads to large building units that are used in cell wall or other medical/industrial applications is poorly understood. Herein, atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to investigate the molecular mechanism of cellulose nanofiber assemblies. The simulations showed that hydrogen binding is the major interaction between these fibers. Two types of “cylindrical” and “plane” assemblies were formed by the fibers. The cylindrical assembly was shown to be the first building unit that is formed by the fibers and is maintained by a network of hydrogen bonds. While the plane is the second type of assembly that requires more than two fibers to stabilize. These in-silico findings could unravel the molecular mechanism of cellulose microfibers assemblies that could be engineered for industrial purposes.

According to the controversy about the role of ATF3 as a non-inflammatory index of myocardia in metabolic abnormalities as diabetes, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity interval versus progressive resistance training on ATF3 myocardial gene expression of male diabetic rats.

Sixty male six weeks rats with a weighing average of 150 g were randomly divided into five groups: diabetic (D), diabetes- high intensity interval training (DIT), high intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance (RT), and diabetes- resistance training (DRT). High intensity interval training included 10 repetitions of one minute running on a treadmill with two minutes of rest. Progressive resistance training included four climb of a resistance ladder with weights. The training program was performed three days a week for six weeks. Data analysis was performed using Fisher's and M-ANOVA tests at a significant level of P ≤ 0.01.

Significant increase in expression of ATF3 in diabetes- high intensity interval training group was observed between diabetes and diabetes- high intensity interval training (P <0.001). Between two groups of diabetes and diabetes- resistance training (P = 0.001), there was a significant increase in expression in diabetes- resistance training. In comparison between DIT and DRT groups, progressive respond were observed in DIT versus DRT (P = 0.03).

high intensity interval training has been shown to be more effective in comparison with the progressive resistance training, because it activates more different molecular cell mechanisms, perhaps, significantly reduces the negative effects of diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular disease.

In "Knowledge Management", four outputs for the existing humanities are listed: 1. Enhancing knowledge; 2. To function; 3. Application; 4. Commercialization. The late concept of commercialization, with its fundamental problem of "material and commodity view of knowledge" and the direct influence of "neoliberalism", "theory of knowledge economics" and "concept of knowledge industry", has caused deep earthquakes in world knowledge. In the logic of commercialization, knowledge and the university serving free economic markets and commercial companies are described in such a way that the center of gravity of the two is often referred to as "material gain" rather than "understanding" and "truth". The present research has been done with a qualitative approach and with a "descriptive-analytical method" and the authors have used two research strategies "summary of documents" and "end to beginning thinking" to achieve the research results. This study has evaluated the epistemological foundations and non-epistemological factors of commercialization of humanities according to the "principle of prioritizing the understanding of theory over its study" and using the "fundamental methodology of the development of scientific theories". Explaining the benefits and pests of commercialization of humanities is another goal of this research. In the six epistemological foundations of the commercialization of the humanities, the traces of the fundamental problem of commercialization, namely the materialist view of knowledge, can be seen. Therefore, "application of humanities" and related concepts cannot be reduced to "commercialization of humanities". Also, among the non-epistemological and contextual factors of commercialization of humanities, three areas of "knowledge", "university" and "education and research" that are seriously in the commercialization radius were selected and examined. In these areas, too, a commodity, object, and tool view of knowledge can be seen.

Background and Purpose:

Ethnopharmacology has been one of the important sources for drug discovery from ancient times. The principles of ethnopharmacology research include compiling a list of plants used by an ethnic group and explaining how these plants are utilized by individuals. Basht and Gachsaran regions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, residence place of Bavi tribe, are the habitat of different plant species that used for therapeutic purposes.

Information was obtained via interviews and questionnaires from eleven local healers. Subsequently, the plant samples mentioned by local healers were collected by a researcher and identified by a botanist. The results were arranged in tables based on therapeutics uses, plant families, part of plant used, route of administration, and disease categories according to the 2019 International Classification of Diseases. Finally, the informant consensus factor was analyzed.

56 herbal therapeutic agents are used in Bavi tribe. Most therapeutical recommendations were for gastrointestinal diseases with a frequency of fifty herbs. Lamiaceae was recognized as the most used family with seven plants. The main plant parts used in this tribe were aerial parts. The most used mode of administration in this tribe was decoction with a frequency of 72 instances. The highest informant consensus factor in plant species was related to skin diseases with a value of 0.35 and the highest informant consensus factor in plant families was in the category of pregnancy, childbirth, or the puerperium with a value of 0.75.

Given the wide range of herbal medicine use in this tribe, the urgent need to preserve this indigenous knowledge, use it for the benefit of the ethnic group, and protect intellectual property rights of this knowledge for this ethnic group is essential. In this regard, it is recommended that appropriate cultural, legal, and regulatory actions be taken to preserve and expand the ethnopharmacology of ethnic tribes.

Nowadays salt tolerance of crops is becoming more and more important, owing to the constant increase of salinity in arid and semi arid regions. This research was carried out in order to test of different salinity levels effects on yield of barley (Hordeum Volgar L.) genotypes, in split plot experiment on the base of Randomized Completely Block Design with 3 replications. Salinity treatment involved 5 levels: S1 (control)=EC 4.5 ds/m, S2=EC 7.5 ds/m, S3=EC 10.5 ds/m, S4=EC 13.5 ds/m and S5=EC 16.5 ds/m as main plot and subplots were 9 genotype involved promising lines and varieties. The effect of salinity treatments studied by sampling on yield and tolerance indices, such as geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance index (TOL) and yield reduction ratio (Yr). Result showed significant decrease in yield by increasing in salinity levels. The best performance belonged to ValFajr and MBS8715 genotypes, and MP, GMP and STI were determined as major and suitable indices for selecting cultivars with high yield under different levels of salinity stress and non- stress conditions.

Diabetics have many disabilities, including neuronal damege hippocampus, and BDNF is an effective factor in this field. This factor has the most impact on the hippocampus, also TNF-α is an inflammatory factor that increases in diabetes, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of High Intensity interval training on the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats.

For this study, 48 male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) with 150± 10 g weight were categorized in 4 groups of: diabetic rats (n= 12), exercise diabetic (n= 12), control (n= 12) and exercise control (n= 12). For induction of diabetes, peritoneal injection of STZ solution (50 mg/kg) was used. After a week of familiarization with the environment and practice, high Intensity interval training protocol consisted of 3 days of training per week for 6 weeks with 50% to 110% of maximum oxygen consumption was performed. 24 hours after the completion of the exercise, the functional test was taken and the animals were autopsy 48 hours after the functional test. Finally, BDNF gene expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR technique.

Regarding the results, it was found that the high Intensity interval training intensified the expression of the BDNF gene and decreased the expression of the TNF-α protein. also The weight gain of the hippocampus has been observed along with increased expression of BDNF gene in the diabetic high Intensity interval training group.

Exercise can help prevent hippocampus tissue loss, and also prevent memory damage that caused by diabetes. Also, high Intensity interval training are effective in maintaining the physical fitness of diabetics, therefore high Intensity interval training are recommended for improvement in the physical condition and life of diabetics.

Salinity stress has an important role in reducing crop production. There is a possibility of cultivar diversity use in desirable traits selection under stress. This research was carried out in order to test of different salinity level on yield of barley (Hordeum Volgar L.) genotypes, in the split plot experiment on the base of Randomized Completely Block design in 3 replications. Salinity treatment involved 5 levels: S1(control)=EC 4.5 ds/m, S2=EC 7.5 ds/m, S3=EC 10.5 ds/m, S4=EC 13.5 ds/m and S5=EC 16.5 ds/m as main plot and subplots were 9 genotype involved promising lines and varieties. The effects of Salinity treatments studied by sampling on yield of genotypes and using stability parameters. That based on Shukla stability variance, Wricke ecovalance and Eberhart and Russell regression model the STW82153, MBS8715 and Valfajr genotypes and based on Romero environmental variance the MBS8712 genotype exhibited the most stability. The best performance in all salinity levels was shown by genotypes STW82153، MBS8715، ESBYTM8910 and Valfajr. Genotype MBS8712 showed the least change with increasing salt concentration and with the improvement of environmental conditions, genotypes MBS8715 and WB7910 had the highest production capacity. The results indicated that used stability parameters would be useful for simultaneously selecting for high yield and stability under salinity conditions.

The most common causes of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus are cardiovascular disorders; and one of their reasons is inflammatory factors. Given that physical activity can reduce inflammation, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of progressive resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) gene and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in male diabetic rats.

 In this experimental study, 72 male rats were divided into 6 groups of 12 diabetic rats, control, diabetic + intensity interval training (DIIT), HIIT, diabetic + resistance training (DRT), and RT. Progressive resistance training was performed in 6 week, 3 sessions per week, as climbing a vertical ladder with additional weights of 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% the body weight of the animals. After successful completion, 30 grams were added to the weights, to the extent that the rats could not carry the ladder. HIIT were also performed at in 6 week, 3 sessions per week, with an intensity of 50% to 110% of the VO2</sub>max. 24 hours after the completion of the training, the hand grip and time to exhaustion functional test was taken, and the animals were autopsied 48 hours after the test. Finally, the expression of NF-κB gene was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) technique and ANOVA statistical test.

 The expression of NF-κB gene in HIIT group increased more than RT group (P = 0.0007), and serum TNF-α decreased significantly after both types of exercise in HIIT group (6/13) which was more obvious.

 6 weeks of HIIT and RT training can play an important role in significantly reducing inflammation, and adapting to strength and endurance.

In diabetic patients, cardiomyopathy leads to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, increased cardiac hypersensitivity to ischemic injury, and heart failure. Following the onset of diabetes-induced inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor4 (TLR4) is activated. Protective factors, including the Activated Transcription Factor 3(ATF3), are activated by hearth in response to such inflammation. Exercise, especially High Intensity Interval Training, reduces the effects of diabetic cardiomyopathy through reducing inflammatory factors. This study aimed to determine the effect of High Intensity Interval Training on TLR4 and ATF3 gene expression in cardiac muscle of male diabetic rats. A total of 48 Rats (6 weeks old) weighing 150 g were randomly divided into four groups of 12 consist of: Control group(C), Diabetes group (D), Diabetes –High Intensity Interval Training (DIT) and High intensity Interval Training (HIIT) groups. Six weeks of High Intensity Interval Training included 10 repetitions of 1-minute running on a treadmill with 2 minutes of rest between sets, 3 days a week. Gene expression was performed using the Real-Time PCR technique and the calculation of the changes using the 2-ΔΔCT method. The data were analyzed by Fisher and M-ANOVA tests at a significant level of P ≤ 0.01. The findings of the present study showed a significant increase in the expression of Activated Transcription Factor-3 gene and a significant decrease in the expression of Toll like Receptor-4 gene. As a result, High Intensity Interval training by activating the pathway and different molecular cell mechanisms dramatically reduced the negative effects of diabetic cardiomyopathy.