حسین قدرتی

The aim of this research is to explore the implications of cancer and the subsequent personal and familial changes resulting from breast surgery and amputation in women with breast cancer in Sari, Iran. In contrast to pre-modern times, where threats and dangers were more direct, the modern era is characterized by a more transparent risk. Since risk is conceptualized as a construct shaped within a discourse framework in sociological literature, it is crucial to scrutinize disease as a risk. Doing so allows for a greater emphasis on the social pressures engendered by the disease over the physical affliction, thus deepening our understanding of how disease in the modern context has evolved beyond just physical afflictions. 

Methods and Data: 

The study applied the qualitative grounded theory method to interview 18 women who had undergone mastectomy due to breast cancer. The data gathered through interviews and analysis of the data was conducted in accordance with grounded theory's coding procedures. 

From the data analysis, the main categories identified are: the initial shock and subsequent acceptance, genetic predispositions, feelings of fear and anxiety, the dilemma between hiding and revealing of disease, confronting others' judgments, the burden of shame, the family's dual reactions, sexual repercussions, and economic constraints. The core category emerged as 'Painful encounter and rethinking in relationships between self and others.' 

Overall, the results indicate that the effects of breast cancer extend beyond the physical, profoundly influencing women's self-identity, familial connections, and societal roles. 

This study aimed to assess the impact of public participation on the creation and upkeep of urban green spaces in Quchan City. The data was collected through survey research methods and questionnaire techniques. Using Cochran's formula, the sample population consisted of 384 citizens from Quchan city. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed to collect research data. Statistical methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient and mean comparison test were used to analyze the data. In this study, the development and maintenance of urban green spaces were measured and evaluated in four dimensions: social factors, cultural factors, economic factors, and environmental factors. The results indicated that the strongest correlation was observed between economic factors and the creation and upkeep of urban green spaces (R=0.632). Social factors were ranked second, with a significant relationship with the development and maintenance of green spaces in Quchan City, with a correlation coefficient of (R=0.614). Environmental and cultural factors were placed in the last categories of this study with (R=0.45) and (R=0.418) respectively. The findings of this study suggested that the desire to develop and maintain urban green spaces increases significantly with the increase in the economic power of citizens. In addition to this, social factors, as well as improving citizens' environmental knowledge and culture, can play a significant role in the maintenance and development of green space in Quchan City.

The situation of decrease in rainfall, drought and climate changes in general in recent decades have become increasing problems for our country. These issues are much deeper and more tangible for the dry areas of the country, especially if the way of living is directly affected by the state of rainfall. The present study, seeks to understand the meaning of the water crisis and drought among the livestock farmers of Musa Abad district of Torbat Jam.

Based on the G.T method of Straus and Corbin, data collected from 22 participants using in-depth interview. The criterion for the number of samples was to reach theoretical saturation.

Using open coding stage, 59 primary concepts were extracted, and through converting them into abstract concepts, 22 main categories were obtained. Applying the selective coding stage, a core category - traditional cattle breeding in the dilemma of dual paradoxes - was extracted.

This research showed that from the point of view of cattle breeders, drought and water crisis have a direct relationship with dualities that have manifested themselves in the form of uncertainty leading to the gradual destruction of traditional animal husbandry. It seems that the government, is the culprit and the main actor of the consequences of drought and water crisis for traditional herders due to the dual policies it has taken in relation to rural areas and their way of life.

Innovation: 

Using the qualitative method of grounded theory, this research has for the first time addressed the lived experience and problems caused by drought for livestock farmers in Musa Abad region. Inspired by Elinor Ostrom's theory, it was suggested that the government, should explain its assignment by rethinking the dual policy approach. Whithout considering the noted comments we will observe the acceleration of rural migration during next years.

As various fields of knowledge develop, interdisciplinary studies become more prominent. During the recent five decades, the concept of social capital has drawn high attention in humanities including literature studies. Literature like a mirror reflects the characteristics of social relationships among individuals in a society. The purpose of this research is to reveal the manifestations of social capital in the novel " Sayyidat al-Qamar" written by "Jokha Al-Harithi", a contemporary Omani writer who was born in Oman in 1978, and his novel won the "Man Booker" international prize in 2019. The focus of the novel " Sayyidat al-Qamar" is the life of three sisters, their families, and social changes in Oman. This research was conducted based on the descriptive-analytical method using the content analysis method. Findings indicated that almost all the components of social capital as norms were found in the text. Furthermore, some norm indicators such as cooperation and social support had higher frequency compared to other indicators.

Human resources are the main factors of development in every organization. Those are more important in education system, because this institution trains skilled human resources for other organizations. Therefore, education needs interested people to be more effective in the education system. If a society wants to achieve industry and technology development it should pay attention to different occupational groups of the society, especially teachers. Hence the purpose of this study is to reconstruct female teachers’ semantic understanding of their jobs in Babol. Grounded theory was used to conduct the study. The participants in the research were female teachers in Babol (Mazandaran, Iran) in 2021. Through purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people, which continued until the saturation of data. The theoretical implementation and coding of the text of the interviews led to the extraction of eight categories: interest, preservation of human dignity, satisfaction, lack of respect for rights, appropriate feedback, structural problems, values, unchangeable educational system, high social values, low material values. Contrary to popular belief, teachers considered their jobs to be respectable and of high social value, and at the same time dissatisfied with financial issues and lack of facilities and equipment. Accordingly, the core category was “contentious job satisfaction and burnout due to anomic structure”. Due to the emergence of the core category, it is necessary for education managers to implement programs to promote and improve job motivation and a sense of self-efficacy.

Today, despite the extended awareness and knowledge of the public in the various fields, early marriages are still common in the world and Iran. North Khorasan is among the provinces with the highest number of early marriages in Iran. The current research aims to study the causal, contextual, and intervening factors affecting early marriages among under 15 year old women in Titkanlu city in North Khorasan province. The research method is a qualitative method and the grounded theory approach is also applied. The participants of the present study include 24 under 15-year-old married women from Titkanlu City, who were selected using purposeful and theoretical sampling methods. The data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed through the systematic procedures by Strauss and Corbin (1990) in three "open", "central" and "selective" coding phases. The research findings indicate that the causal conditions affecting early marriages are: individual factors, family factors, social factors, cultural factors, and economic factors. The importance of the body and the use of mass media are also known as contextual conditions affecting early marriages. Religious and traditional beliefs and hegemonic masculinity are also intervening factors that have been effective in early marriages in Titkanlo city.

The increasing rate of divorce in Iran has turned this phenomenon into a social issue. This study exammines the assoication between tendency to divorce and alienation among a sample of women in the City of Mashhad. The statistical population of the research is all married women of Mashhad and the sample size is 384 people. Cluster sampling method was used to select the samples. The findings of the path analysis show that the impact of alienation on marital intimacy, family involvement, conflict over decision-making power and tendency to divorce is significant. Also, the effect of spouse's unemployment on marital intimacy, conflict over decision-making power and tendency to divorce is significant. The findings suggest that the alienation variable along with the mediating variables explained 53% of the factors of tendency to divorce. Since the feeling of alienation is rooted in individual and social "lack of integration" and "lack of cohesion", policymaking is necessary to increase and improve the methods leading to proper communication action in the public sphere of society.

In this research, we try to investigate the tendency and access to voluntary activity opportunities through a case study of the Rehabilitation Charity Complex in Mashhad with the aim of identifying barriers to access to voluntary activity opportunities among people with special needs aged from 15 to 40 of the educational complex rehabilitation charity in Mashhad. The approach of the present study is qualitative- quantitative integration method and for data collection we used in-depth individual interview with 15 people have special needs and researcher-made questionnaire based on theories, previous research and qualitative paradigm model of present study. Sample selection in the qualitative section is the snowball method and in the quantitative section is all the members aged from 15 to 40 of complex rehabilitation charity in Mashhad-Iran. The number of respondents is 137. In this research, after extracting the categories from the field of study, we looked at a statistic of personality and demographic characteristics, access status in urban space and public transport system, the performance of government officials and institution and media, economic conditions, access to course content suitable and educational facilities and the negative attitudes of the community. The results show that income level, economic conditions, access status in urban space, access to course content suitable and educational facilities and the negative attitudes of the community is affect the status of people with special needs tendency and access to voluntary activity opportunities.

The corona epidemic had many consequences for all people in all societies. The present study examines the experiences of older women and seeks to identify the consequences they perceived and the strategies they adopted. The research method is qualitative, based on "Grounded Theory". The samples were purposefully selected through the snowball sampling method and the interviews were continued until reaching the theoretical saturation stage. The research findings show eight categories, of which four are about the consequences and four are about the strategies. Consequential categories include changes in daily life for the post-corona period, difficulties in adhering to health tips, stigma and notoriety for corona disease, and psychological distress. Categories related to strategies include disease control and prevention, increasing the spirit of responsibility, trying to adapt to the situation, and performing risky behaviors.

The research aims are to know the status of social vitality (happiness) in Birjand and investigate the role of individual and social factors in this variable. Since social happiness and vitality is one of the main and ultimate goals of all city development programs, understanding this phenomenon and the role of various factors in its improvement can create a context for building capital and social cohesion and improving the quality of life of citizens.

 Methods and Data: 

This research was conducted in six neighborhoods with three different types of urban textures. The research method was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population was citizens over 15 years old and the sample included 400 people. 

The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between the age variable and social vitality. No significant difference was observed in the social vitality of women and men. Single people had higher social vitality than married people and working and student people had higher social vitality than other occupational groups and there was a significant difference between them. A positive and significant relationship was observed between the three variables of social justice, social capital, and social participation with social vitality. 

Based on the findings, it can be said that having suitable housing and better income and living in privileged areas are not necessarily related to increasing happiness and social vitality, and many socio-cultural and spatial factors should be considered. 

Key Message: 

Considering that place and space define primary manifestation of every human activities, individual and social changes in different locations can influence social happiness. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the role of spatial variables in the formation and continuity of happiness and social vitality.

The historical study of the crime of witchcraft in ancient times reveals the historical roots of the criminalization of this behavior. It also determines the type of punishment and its feedback in societies, responsibilities and the ruling procedure in ancient religions and regimes. While recognizing the social contexts of crime, the reasons for its discontinuity throughout history are revealed. In this study, by studying the ancient laws and examining the articles of different laws, while briefly stating the criminal law prevailing at that time, regarding the crime of witchcraft in a centralized manner, the reactions of ancient religions and regimes and why and how criminalization It is checked. The ancient religions and regimes studied include laws attributed to the ancient regimes of Mesopotamia, ancient Iran, Egypt, Rome, Greece, Judaism, and Manichaeism in India. Non-social use of magic has been condemned in ancient times and has been banned by various ancient religions and ethnicities and punishable by death. Despite the fact that the punishment for witchcraft is not stated in some laws, the death penalty for witches is still conceivable at that time. They were often punished for their ignorance of the surrounding sciences and phenomena and for creating panic among the people, and sometimes for the actions of witches, which were a sign of unbelief, impiety, and blasphemy.

Returning to the origin of immigration or staying at the destination are two options that have been ingrained in the minds of immigrants since the beginning of migration. The purpose of this article is to investigate the rural attractions and urban repulsions related to the motivation of return migration and to recognize the importance of each in the formation of the motivation of return migration. For this purpose mixed method was used and the data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of this study comprised of people aged 20 to 65, resided in neighborhoods of Baharestan Pa'in, Baharestan Bala, and Tazehabad in Saqez. The findings of the qualitative part were used to gain a deeper understanding of the study context and to develop a questionnaire. In the quantitative part, the variables of education, urban relations network, rural relations network, domestic attachment and rural facilities showed a positive relationship with the return motivation, while the variables of age and number of children did not have a significant relationship with the return motivation. Finally, in multiple regression analysis, it was found that the motivation to return is more a reflection of rural attraction than urban repulsion and underlying characteristics of migrants.

In the last four decades, the commercialization of scientific research has ‎become a common discourse in the world science and technology ‎management. In Iran, too, the proponents and opponents of this discourse ‎have been debating in terms of theory and operation for nearly a decade. It ‎seems that a trans-temporal and trans-spatial view of science and its ‎commercialization has dominated this discourse. This paper shows that the ‎commercialization of scientific research is a context-based phenomenon. This ‎phenomenon has taken place over a hundred years of evolution in the ‎organization of science in the United States and the world. From this, we ‎conclude that the appropriate theoretical framework for entering the discourse ‎of commercialization, and also analysis of the situation in Iran, should pay ‎attention to the Time-Location dependent of that. In this regard, we propose a ‎suitable conceptual framework for analyzing the situation in Iran. The method ‎used in this paper is the theoretical-philosophical analysis. Finally, to the ‎extent that the available documents and information allow, we will assess the ‎context conditions for the commercialization of scientific research in Iran.‎

The debate of commercialization of scientific research is all of arguments, theories and ideas written ‎in ‎defending or rejecting this contemporary phenomenon in management of science and technology. A review ‎of ‎this debate in Iran and the world shows that most scholars has assumed the space ‎of scientific research to ‎be ‎similar and homogeneous; allowing one general rule to all kind of ‎researches. In this paper, we show ‎their ‎presupposition is not correct. The space of scientific research is heterogeneous and the kinds of ‎scientific ‎researches can be drawn in a spectrum from fundamental to applied. The economic characteristics of ‎science ‎such as excludability, rivalry, indeterminacy and divisibility change by moving on this spectrum. We ‎formulate ‎one possible answer to the debate of commercialization of scientific researches, by ‎using the ‎achieved ‎comments, spectral look at science and changing economic characteristics.‎ The using method is ‎philosophical-theoretical analysis. The analyses in this paper show that ‎although the government should entrust ‎financing of a part of ‎scientific researches to the invisible hand of ‎market, it must intervene in the spectrum ‎of ‎fundamental and compensate for market failure.‎

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social problems of female students focusing on a comparison between the dormitory lifestyle and living together with their family. Based on qualitative approach and through the grounded theory method and snowball sampling, 14 students were interviewed. Analysis of data started from the first case and collecting data continued until theoretical saturation was realized.  Analysis of data resulted in 8 categories: social tags in living place, controlling norms of family, environmental limits, lack of independence and freedom, contradiction of traditional norms with present social values, conflict of ideas with family members, distance from real self, normalization of social pathologies as social problems of dormitory life. The extracted concepts indicate that the dormitory lifestyle has some individual positive consequences for female students including more personal independence in the dormitory, management of economic costs, achieving more tolerance and improvement of social interactions. In sum, this research indicated that freedom and independence of the students in the dormitory are more than when they live with their family. Despite the difficulties in the dormitory, most students prefer dwelling life to family life.

The creation of urban space so that all segments of society can benefit from its facilities, provides opportunities for community participation and social activity and prevents their social isolation. In this study, we investigate the status of people with special needs access of urban space and its impact on volunteer activity in Mashhad. The approach of the present study is qualitative-quantitative and data collection tools, in-depth individual interviews and researcher-made questionnaires based on theories, prior research and qualitative sector paradigm model. The sample age range is 15-40 years and the sample was selected in qualitative part through snowball method and interviewed with 15 people whit special needs and in the quantitative section, a whole number of members of the eductional charity complex rehabilitation in Mashhad. The number of respondents is 137. The categories extracted from the qualitative sector paradigm model showed the additional pressure that people with special needs have to indure in irban space and in their personal and administrative affairs. People with special needs have difficulty accessing in various parts of the urban space such as banks, offices, parks, sidewalks, transportation, educational places, etc. Therefore, we extracted from the qualitative part of the research, with the aim of investigating the access of people with special needs to an unobstructed environment in urban space, the variables of accessibility in workplaces, public transport system, office space, organizational and public space, educational places and residence for statistical analysis in the quantitative section. The results of Pearson correlation test and linear regression show that the level of accessibility of urban space to people with special needs has an impact on the accessibility of them to voluntary activities. But the frequency distribution of responses indicates that 70% of respondents rated the urban spece access medium downward.

“Local consumption” or tendency to consuming products outside the conventional mass production system, with its abundance and easy access to industrial goods, is a new phenomenon in consumer research. This phenomenon is affected by various socioeconomic factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between this phenomenon and social and economic capital. Through a survey and using questionnaire and multi-stage cluster sampling, 383 individuals were interviewed in Sabzevar. Findings showed that there were no relationship between mass media and dependent variable, however, cultural capital and education had direct and significant relationship with dependent variable. Also it is notable that social capital influenced dependent variable negatively. Multi-variate analysis by entering all independent variables indicated that personal and generalized trust as well as organizational trust had the highest reverse impact on the tendency to local consumption of food.

Architecture as a human achievement is considered as a cultural phenomenon. Hence, it provides a rich duct for anthropologists and sociologists to understand cultures and societies. Meanwhile, mills in general as a part of the culture of the iranian people and in particular as one of the iranian vernacular architecture structures can provide specific cultural and social implications of their societies and culture. The present study seeks to display a cultural and social reading of the architecture of this structure by focusing on the study of the mills in one of the southern villages of Sabzevar, which has a special prominence in the field of milling culture. In this regard, it also attempts to introducing and discussing the mentioned structure and some architectural values, identify and conceptualize the main organizer of the architecture of the mills, by using the ethnographic method. As the results of this study suggest, we can use the concept of introversion as a concept that explains the organization of the building here. Regarding social and cultural explanation of this concept, results of this study implies that introversion in mentioned mills more than any factor can be analyzed with the tension in rural societies structure at desert margins and spreading secrecy as a cultural value in the thought and action of the miller.

Socio-economic impacts of small damsthatCompliance with economic geography geographical, climatic and economic rural complianceless attention has been programmed and researchers.This paper investigates the social and economic consequences of the Kamiz dam in a rural area of Sabzevar city. For this through a survey and using questionnaire,the answer to question 34 complete and 146 questionnaire a sample of inhabitants Kamiz village was interviewed randomly. Findings show that respondents, satisfaction with the dam establishment is higher than average. Furthermore there are significant and positive relationships between income, education and number of vehicles of respondents with dependent variable- satisfaction with dam establishment. However there is no significant relationship between productivity per hectare as well as amount of dam water used by respondent with satisfaction variable. In sum this study shows that the dam has increased the income of residents, developed agriculture of village but has not declined the process of migration from the village.

As far as comfort and well-being of a person with a maximum of life quality can be achieved, therefore the quality of life today is highly regarded managers and urban planners. The quality of urban life due to social, economic, physical, environmental and psychological etc. In both objective and subjective. Modern cities, especially in developing countries, due to population growth and ongoing urbanization, more than any other period requires the consideration of spatial justice in desirable urban services are having. Research ahead to assess the impact of spatial justice in the quality of life for the citizens of the city of Hamadan. In this study, data collection through a questionnaire with a sample size of 510 numbers and producing the necessary information by visiting municipalities and institutions were prepared. Data analysis using spss software and gis and there has been little models. Results show that levels of satisfaction with the quality of life in neighborhoods studied, with an average of (13.3) percent more than the average more Democrats. Survey findings related to spatial justice using TOPSIS model shows that the region as a region having an area three spatial justice is the distribution and spatial justice in higher satisfaction results show that quality of life affect.

The present research aims at explaining the deficits and expectations in political science’s researches and yielding of recommendations to solve deficits.
This study has been conducted to composite manner by qualitative and quantitative methods. Statistical population is M.A. and Ph.D. students in state or national universities.
The important results of this research consist of: student,s evaluate of deficits and their expectation is relatively high and in view point of students the most basic deficits of researches are as follow: low applicability, little attention to basic problem and challenges of Iran and mainly theoretical and historical orientation of researches. There is a significant relationship between civil membership and participation in political debates and type of students’ research expectations and deficits.
The author of the research concludes in present era, human life in political, economic and socio-cultural dimensions has been dependent increasingly to knowledge and basic applicable researches and both of them have important role in national authority. Designing and fulfillment of methodological, basic and applicable researches have had much importance in development of countries. In spite of attain to nearly good advances in political science’s research in recent years, but there is nearly much distance with ideal state that ought to be solved the deficits.

During two recent decades, family as a fundamental institution has faced great challenges in a way that divorce rate has increased dramatically. Various causes may lead to divorce in different societies. According to official statistics, Khorasan Rezavi has the second place of high divorce in the country after Tehran. In 1390, ten percent of the total divorces in the country have occurred in the province. Mashhad is the most populous city of Iran after the capital- Tehran. It challenges with many problems that metropolitans of developing countries are facing with. It has the highest divorce rate among cities of Khorasan Razavi province. This paper aims at reconstructing the meaning of divorce experience of divorcees through grounded theory approach. Grounded theory tries to offer a theory based on inductive strategies about a phenomenon by using systematic procedures whereas result is a theory based on realties of the case study. The following research tries to reach fellows understanding from a new aspect and explore their ideas about divorce conditions to perceive them in a more concrete manner The main question is that what is the meaning of divorce in the eye of divorcees? Therefore, this research tries to find causal and conciliator conditions¡ strategic and mutual acts as well as divorce consequences.
The method of Grounded theory helps researcher to see the phenomenon from the viewpoint of actors. According to induction and some systematic trends, it tries to study subject matter in a natural context and in permanent relation with those who involved in the problem. Twenty two women who had been involved in divorce process during 1381-1390 were interviewed. Participants were selected through theoretical and purposive sampling. Data were analyzed by coding techniques. The method of coding in grounded theory is theoretical which includes open coding, axial coding and selective coding.
Theoretical considerations : Like many other social problems divorce can be studied through both positivist and interpretive approaches. In spite of positivist views, interpretive approach sees the phenomenon as constructed by social actors. Knowing the meaning of the action and its social context may be fulfilled through interpretive approach. According to this perspective, actors reconstruct and understand reality based on what they create not based on preexisting laws. In doing qualitative research we use sensitizing concepts instead of theories. Sensitizing concepts do not precisely refer to what is common to a class of objects; instead it provides the researcher with a general sense of reference and guidance in approaching empirical instances. While definitive concepts in positivist methods provide prescriptions of what to see, sensitizing concepts merely suggest directions along which to look. Finally, a grounded theory is generated by themes which emerge from data during analysis, encapsulating the essence of meaning or experience drawn from varied situations.
Findings: Data analysis led to five main categories. One important category, which reconstructed was “destroyed relationships”. Being weaken in making sane and stable relationships with each other explains many problems in family including divorce. In spite of many activities in this area, yet couples need more skills to make healthy and safe relationship together. Another finding is that most of the women after divorce suffer from economic problems. Lack of job and sufficient income lead them to be dependent on their parents so that it is compulsory for them to live with parents. This results generally in some challenges like feeling of disturbance and discommode. The other problem of divorce for the women is social pressure, which is of great importance. Most of the time divorcees face suggestions for sexual relationship from the side of men legally or illegally. Although divorce generates many difficulties for women, it also has some positive consequences for them. For most of them divorce implies freedom not in the sense of promiscuity but being free of suffering life. After divorce women need support and feel alone so that most of them intend next marriage. This indicates that they are loyal to family in spite of their suffering from previous experience. It seems that some features of Iranian culture like family value, women’s socialization based on tender and passivity drive them to remarry. On the other hand, women who have a child and are responsible for his or her care, devote themselves to their children. This provides them to have an acceptable excuse against social pressure for being single.
Conclusion and The main core category which emerged through subcategories was “hollow relationships”. All participants stated that after so many conflicts and challenges leading to divorce, they have felt that there is no meaning to continue their marital relationship. Grounded theory and Paradigm model were represented in the frame of causal and intermediate conditions¡ strategies as well as consequences. In sum, it seems that the meaning of divorce is under the influence of sexual discourse of the broader society than any other thing.

Family as an informal network is the most eminent in-groupingsocial capital that may lead to security in the society. The current research has been done with the aim of investigating the relationship between social capital in family and feeling of social security among the inhabitants of Sabzevar city. Theories of Coleman and Weaver have been used to clarify the subject. The research has been conducted through survey research method. Questionnaire was utilized as the instrument of research. 400 individuals aged 18-65 in Sabzevar city were selected through cluster sampling.
Findings of the research show that the mean of dependent variable is lower than median and most of respondents feel a social security of less than average. Moreover family members trust old people more than the middle age and youths. This indicates that older generation own more social capital than younger ones.  
Results also show that, there is significant relationship between trust in young generation as well as mid generation and feeling of social security. There is no relationship between trust in old generation and feeling of social security. Furthermore, there is no relationship between the objective social capital and feeling of social security.

This study aims at investigating women’s employment trends in Iran between 1335 and 1385. Results show that in spite of some changes in women’s participation in labor force, the employment rate is still very low. Another feature of women’s participation in labor force is transformations in age patterns of employment so that in three last decades women’s participation in labor force has decreased in all age groups. Except 2006, a great number of employed women did not return to work after marriage and childbearing. Using decomposition method for crude activity rate of women, we conclude that most of changes in crude activity rate are due to changing in age specific activity rates and age composition has low effects. Along with macro level factors such as social and economic problems, other factors like fertility decline, rise of life expenditure and higher education had great impact on women’s employment rates.