فهرست مطالب حسین مجتبی زاده

World experience has shown that urban development is closely related to the development of governance, and it is the same in Iran. Meanwhile, the metropolis of Tehran, as the capital, is facing many problems and District Four, which is one of the most populous areas of Tehran, currently lacks a balance in the level of development between different areas. Discovering the relationship between these conditions and the governance situation in the regions is a research issue. The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method with a survey strategy. Indices were first obtained by Delphi method (DELPHI). Indicators that scored higher than average (3 out of 5) in SPSS environment and their standard deviation was low (which in most cases was obtained below 1) were finalized. Therefore, the final indicators of governance were obtained.

Today, the urban problems and the ineffectiveness of municipal services in developing cities, including Iran, is caused by the lack of stable financial resources, lack of proper management and planning cost. On the other hand, municipalities with stable sources of income play a more effective role in the urban environment and respond appropriately to the needs of citizens. Therefore, studying more sustainable resources of municipalities will bring a bright future for the development and realization of sustainability.  

The current research aimed at investigating the revenue stream of municipalities based on sustainable urban development.

The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The data collection was done with library methods and field studies to investigate the reduction of revenues and the increase of expenses of the municipality. Also, the performance of the income and expenses of Nazarabad municipality in different periods was obtained from it.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical area in this research is the city of Nazarabad of Karaj.

The results showed that the annual growth, expenses, and incomes were equal over ten years. The highest income growth in 2010-2011 was equal to 78.6%. The growth of incomes has been positive in all years except 2013-2015, and on the other hand, the expenses growth has also increased. Expenses in the administration in 2011-2012 increased to 96 percent, and in the periods of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, they decreased.

In general, it can be stated that sustainable (continuous) incomes have a downward trend during different periods and unstable incomes have increased significantly.

In today's world, the urban management set of series should seek to establish sustainable incomes to improve the administration of the city environment, and this is possible in the first step by reducing unsustainable financial resources. Undoubtedly, creating income in the municipality has a great impact on providing services and comfort to citizens along with proper quality. But all the incomes are not sustainable and the unsustainability in the incomes increases the municipal costs of the region due to the disproportion of the population, the heterogeneity of the urban spaces and the uneven distribution of the population. The governing model of research is “cognitive” in terms of goal, “field and documentary-analytical” in terms of method, “temporary” in terms of time, and “quantitative-qualitative” in terms of data type. The statistical population of the research includes experts in the field of urban management and urban economy. The research tool is the Cross Impact Analysis questionnaire, which has been given to experts as drivers. Micmac and Scenario Wizard softwares have been used to determine key factors and desired scenarios, respectively. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by evaluating it through university professors, and its reliability is completely utility based on the indicators and with two stages of data rotation. The findings of the research show that five indicators 1) green economy, 2) urban tourism, 3) foreign investment, 4) optimization in the field of technology and 5) development of cultural spaces and industries are key factors and among them, factors 2, 3 and 5 have the highest compatibility in sustainable income creation for the municipality of Region 22.

Delinquency analysis is an important executive process for identifying and understanding criminal activity, and this process includes the steps of collecting and analyzing data reported from delinquent events, delinquent and victim profiles, and information developed in this field, which is related to prevention and Discovery is used. The present analytical-descriptive research and the information required for the research have been prepared by two methods library and field. In this article, by summarizing the types of crimes of the last three years in Qazvin and its adaptation to the special environmental and social conditions of this city, we have tried to examine the types of criminological tendencies in specific places that create a special atmosphere combining crimes. With the analysis done in this research, it can be pointed out that the effect of spatial conditions in each of the urban areas that receive a certain population of the city causes a special type of urban space that a certain category of crimes that are of the same type in those areas. They are more likely to occur. In this paper, the average center for total crimes is used as a criterion for comparing four data sets of different types of crimes. The average home burglary center is more northerly than the average crime center and two other crime centers. The middle center for car-related crimes is the southernmost point compared to other crimes, and street robberies are located almost like home burglaries in the north of Qazvin city,

Today, urban livability reflects a powerful discourse on urban development and urban design that has emerged in the urban planning history. Such a discourse points to the desirable relationship between the urban environment and social meaning. In the general sense,livability is the concept of achieving life capability and are in fact the quality of good planning or sustainable placement. The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate urban livability in the six districts of Islamshahr. The present study is applied in terms of targeting and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess its livability with a reliability of 0.940. The statistical population of the study was 6 districts of Islamshahr and the sample size was estimated based on Cochran formula with %940 error rate of 384 persons which was allocated according to the population of each region. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman tests, path analysis and Shannon entropy methods, WASPAS Multi-criteria decision making technique in Smart Pls and Arc Gis software environment. The results showed that economic index (2.5) was the most important and environmental index (2.20) had the least importance in the livability of Islamshahr. Other findings showed that zones 3, 2 and 1 had a score of 0.2319, 0.17610, and 0.16530, respectively, in terms of biodegradability indexes among the 6 zones. Ranks first to third. On the other hand, Zone 6 was in the last position with the lowest amount of 0.0436.

The overpopulation and rapid expansion of cities and the growth of automobiles have created many challenges, with the consequences of the loss of agricultural land as well as environmental pollution. Thus, achieving smart growth can pave the way for sustainable development. This descriptive-analytical study investigates four indicators: transportation and access, environmental, natural resources and green space conservation and physical planning in the region. For analysis, models such as Shannon entropy model, single sample t-test and regression coefficient were used. The results show that physical land planning and direct and indirect access have the greatest impact on smart growth in region 22.. Socioeconomic indicators have not been taken into account in the context of urban smart growth in planning. Public transport, access and environmental conditions at the regional level are also very low. in The region is little in of wear and tear and most of it has new construction which is one of the benefits of the area. The green space index is in good condition, but the indices considered in the physical planning of the neighborhoods are poor, meaning that housing construction for different income groups is very poor. Finally, measures such as: improving accessibility and public transport indicators, promoting environmental indicators in the region with emphasis on pedestrian movement and route development, minimizing personal vehicle use, increasing green spaces and locations. To improve citizens 'sense of belonging, it has been suggested to take advantage of citizens' ability to make neighborhood decisions.

The present study has been written with the aim of investigating the major challenges of urban management in urban transportation in the seventh district of Karaj. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The data collection method was a survey using a questionnaire technique with a survey of citizens and experts. The sample population of the study was 383 people in the group of citizens and 15 people in the group of experts. The sampling method was random for the group of citizens and purposeful for the group of experts. SPSS software and network analysis process were used to analyze the data. The results show that all indicators used in the study had a significance level of over 99%. According to the T test, the service index with an average of 3.62 had the highest average rank. Spearman correlation coefficient also showed that there is a significant relationship between the five indicators and the level of education and income of individuals at the level of 99%. Finally, based on the prioritization of the network analysis process, the challenge of "urban management policy" with the highest score (A: 0.357:) was identified as the first priority and in fact the main challenge of Karaj urban management in public transportation.

The metropolis of Tehran, as the capital, is facing many problems, and District Four, which is one of the most populous areas of Tehran, is currently unbalanced in terms of development among different areas. Discovering the relationship between these conditions and the situation of governance in the regions is a matter of research. The research was performed by descriptive-analytical method with survey strategy. The indicators were first obtained by Delphi method (DELPHI) and then distributed among two statistical communities of citizens and municipal managers. The results of calculations in the Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial analysis showed that the areas that ranked better in terms of governance were better in terms of sustainable urban development (areas 1, 2 and 3) and the areas that ranked better. They were worse off in terms of good urban governance, and in terms of sustainable development, they are in a weaker position (areas 6 and 7), so there is a relationship between good urban governance and sustainable development in urban areas.

From the beginning of the formation of the Islamic government, this religious school has always emphasized in the sacred books and the narrations of its elders about respect for Muslim communities and the necessity of communication between them. The outstanding manifestation of these concepts has emerged in the cities of the early centuries of Islam. This has led the Islamic city as a space for the development of other Islamic fundamental principles and principles. However, with the emergence of modern thinking and the emergence of numerous movements, we see that many of these concepts have been met with considerable damage. This is considerably more significant in neighborhoods with a rich historical, religious, and civilian background, and its inhabitants can face the challenges of identity. The 20th district of Tehran is also one of the most valuable areas for this study, with the aim of measuring the readings of its inhabitants from the perspective of the Islamic city. Following the extraction of indices and sub-indexes related to the Islamic city from the opinions of experts and the conceptual modeling of the research, using the design and distribution of 50 questionnaires in the spectrum of 5 likert options, the characteristic The findings of the Islamic city were derived from the perceptions of the inhabitants of the 20th area using inferential statistics. The results of the findings suggest the fact that from the viewpoint of citizens, the most vulnerable factors that led to the deterioration of the quality of the 20th district of Tehran from the Islamic point of view were physical and environmental factors, and social and value factors are at a later stage. have.

Branding the megacities brings city image that causes the city has competed with other cities at the national and international levels and ultimately maximizes the benefits of citizenship. In addition, branding of megacities strengthens their brand position and image and creates a climate of competition between cities that will eventually lead to the flow of material, spiritual and social capital into urban structures, and increase the level of welfare and quality of life to its inhabitants. Although disparate researches has been done on brand and branding, but their output did not come up with a systematic and enforceable program. In this research, the underlying model of megacities branding in Tehran was tested and validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling by means of SPSS and LISREL softwares. The structural model has indicated the relationship between brand dynamics components, the need for a large number of visitors, and the country's need with branding process as well as the relationship between branding process with income generation, tansforming the city into a potential destination and sustainable urban development. The structural model in the standard estimation mode showed that the greatest positive impact is the country's need for the branding process and the least impact is brand dynamics on the branding process. Also, the greatest impact on consequences by branding process is on revenue variable.

City as the greatest achievement of human beings, in addition to providing life facilities and requirements, should prepare its citizens through education to take appropriate and positive roles in the scenes of urban life. As the level of people’s awareness in lifestyle increases, a dire need for a life-long education becomes significant. However, the need to learn cannot be simplified solely in the form of formal education; in fact, the training should be conducted through innovative methods always available to the citizens. The trained citizen can have various effects on the social changes of their city. To gain aaccess to the basic principles in the training cities and evaluating its values, first a precise definition of concepts such as education is taken into account. This is followed by the effect of education on society, communication in training, its function in the urban environment and its role upon the participation of citizens’ in urban areas to present a comprehensive definition of the training city. Therefore, this article uses a combined approach (Descriptive-correlational) to discuss the principles of training spaces in the city's criteria. This is an attempt to reach onto new principles in the layout of the urban fabric and redefine a new role for urban spaces with a training approach.

Diversifying economy, increasing human development index, industrialization's problems, beyond standard pollution especially in metropolises, rural immigrations, boosting efficiency and human resource effectiveness, employment, cultural communications, protecting environment and generally constant development are of this world's concerns. All countries in different developmental levels are trying to respond this concern. Meanwhile those who are interested in diversifying economy and try to get away from single basis economy, try to create new methods or path. One solution is tourism. Most of the countries especially those that have environmental potentials have long term programs in their national development program. Today tourism as a vast service industry has gained a proper status in economical, cultural, social and political matters. Tourism is the phenomenon of the twentieth century and cannot be disregarded.
Population growth especially in youth generation in the recent decades has made us think of new ways of employment and economic development. Utilizing different tourist attractions for income creation and improving country's economic status is one of thesis ways.
Considering Kandovan village's location and its unique structure and also tourism effectiveness in economic development as economists call it "invisible export" by thoughtful insight and also by training natives and tourists we can show this industry's results in the area. According to this study's findings that are gathered through field study and library research, and is practical, in order to have effective programs in rural areas, and ultimately due to the fact that Kandovan has tourist attractions, it can have important effect on family economic status and village economy improvement.
Method and materials:This study has a descriptive- analysis method and practical goal. It is conducted to help organizing in rural areas and have effective role in activities.
Tourism development in rural areas is an important element and a solution to help the village from poverty, immigration, economic and social problems. Besides tourism is an effective variable in enhancement of infrastructure, promotion of social and cultural exchange, attracting capitals and using it in the village is an economic development. Wilson points out that: tourism development is a solution in attracting foreign currency, employment and comprehensive growth. Netherland believes that tourism development can help rural restoration. Hall states that Development of rural tourism can improve the performance, production efficiency, and helps increase rural income.
Ivana believes that rural tourism development has an important effect on economy diversifying. Some believe that rural tourism is a facilitator in rural area revitalization. Studies prove that there is relation between rural tourism development, and expanding production support and promotion of the indicators of health and well-being. Development literature indicates that in development of tourism in rural areas, including diversification of the local economy, development and social progress and development of the rural character in light of their own cultural values. Din believes that between prosperity of the tourism industry by strengthening the role of rural women, strengthening the efficient use of natural resources in rural economic revival there is meaningful relation.
Based on the findings that are gathered through field study and library research and by survey and analysis, we conclude that this area has the potentials for tourism development which can have noticeable economic effects. This village has lots of tourist attractions such as: Natural, historical, cultural, economic attractions, etc. each is a factor for attracting tourist. Among economic attractiveness of the village we can name garden and dairy products and honey and mineral water.
One of the results of this study is the presence of the culture of tourist acceptance by people who want internal and external tourists from all study groups (women, youth, those working for municipality, men, etc.). As a result providing the basic facilities including transport, construction of places for tourist accommodation and necessary training for women and youth in the groups can act in this field is required.
Health services at an advanced level are of issues that are of interest to tourists and the absence of which can have negative effect on village development and Kandovan's family economy improvement.
On the other hand based on the findings and in light of the fact that Kandovan is located in a region that is dominant by cold weather in the second half of the year, Tourists visit accurse only in the first half of the year. So there should be solutions for the first half of the year to protect the village from environmental damage and for the second half of the year for financial and economic matters so that lack of the tourists is compensated for residents.
Of other outcomes of this study is that most of the tourists are from different provinces and less foreign tourist, the number of which even reaches a hundred in a year. Job creation is another outcome of tourist attraction which even promotes hand craft making in the area. Due to the arrival of tourists during the past 7 years, more than half of the residents are employed in the service sector, this also can decrease immigrations comparing to other cities. Of other positive effects of tourist attraction is resident's cultural communication and improving government's attention to the area. All mentioned can distinguish Kandovan from other villages. Kandovan village's development in the last decade was due to tourist presence, we can also point out the construction of rock hotel.
Given the theories provided in this research and also a summary of relevant theories mentioned in the chapter on theoretical framework, and comparison of these theories with the results of test of hypothesis, significance of hypotheses were concluded, it can be concluded that there was a direct relationship between hypotheses of this research and theories provided by scholars, and there was no conflict between them and can complement each other
Test of hypotheses:Hypothesis one: It seems that tourism has an effect on development of Kandovan rural area.
Table 1 – Chi2 test of role of tourism in development of Kandovan rural area
Chi2 test Degrees of freedom P value
48/4 4 01/0
Given the above table, hypothesis one showed significance at chi2 difference value of 4.48 and 4 degrees of freedom and alpha level of smaller than 0.05 and equal to 0.01. This means that tourism has an effect on development of Kandovan rural area, which was consistent with literature. Data analysis using SPSS software, which showed significance of hypothesis one, we found out that the said hypothesis was confirmed.
Hypothesis two: It seems that tourism is a directing factor affecting economy of Kandovan.
Table 2 – Role of tourism in economy of Kandovan rural area
Chi2 test Degrees of freedom P value
95/14 8 04/0
Given the above table, hypothesis one showed significance at chi2 difference value of 14.95 and 8 degrees of freedom and alpha level of smaller than 0.04. This means that tourism has noan effect on development of Kandovan rural area, which was consistent with literature. Data analysis using SPSS software, which showed significance of hypothesis two, we found out that the said hypothesis was confirmed.
Table 3 – Test of reliability of questionnaire
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient Standardized Cronbach’s alpha Number of items
.457 .423 16
Given the results of the study, for calculating reliability of questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha test was used. Cronbach’s alpha was estimated to be 0.457, which was an average coefficient. This value shows the extent to which the results of questionnaire are reliable and the extent to which the questionnaire can give the same results. None of the items were excluded based on the results of this test
Solutions

If the purpose is creating sustainable economy and symmetrical urban development, urban branding in scale of mega-city is necessary. Since there is no comprehensive strategic model and performing methodology for urban planning, the main purpose of this research is presenting a new model for mega-cities branding based on Tehran city case study concerning the Iranian singular features. The research's statistical population is all the experts who have relevant scientific backgrounds in urban planning and branding. In this research, as for grounded theory methodology, at first purposive sampling method and then for analyzing data, theoretical sampling are used to gathering information. The data gathering method is based on survey methods specially partial-structural profound interviews. Also, the analyzing method is grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin's systematic approach for coding and classifying conceptions. In this field, SPSS 16 for analyzing quantity of demographic data and also MAXQDA 12 for managing and organizing qualitative data, are used. The research results exposure a comprehensive model for mega-cities branding with explanation of dimensions and main variable based on local approach.

The tourism industry is one of the most profitable industries that attracted countries and relevant expert’s attention in the world, so that tourism already has become a major economic activity. Our country according to the rich natural, historical and cultural identity, with proper planning we can attract a lot of tourists. Twelfth District is first place fort in terms of place and contains 80 percent in the second fort, which can be important historical heritage Odlajan neighborhood and consequently the Area 2 This area is one of the oldest sector city Tehran Are In this paper, the relationship between the revitalization of the historical texture and development of tourism in this area dealt with the goal is functional and cross-sectional In terms of value And in collecting information with regard to the importance of research, library and field method is used. The result is the close connection between restoring the worn out tissues and the development of tourism in this place there is the shape and protect the historic nature of the buildings As well as increased transportation and easier access to historical sites can be damaged further development of tourism and better pay.