فهرست مطالب حمید محی الدین

Modern diagnostic imaging techniques make it possible to obtain an accurate picture of the organs and the position of the structures in different sections and angles. Due to the lack of specialized information about the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Iranian sheep, this study was designed to assess normal morphology and position of these structures through CT scan images. The findings of the present study may help assess the injuries of the nasal cavity and sinuses and perform surgeries such as herniation and sinoscopy. To conduct this study, the heads of 8 male sheep that were healthy in the initial clinical examination were used. Images were taken from longitudinal and transverse sections, and in most cases, the images were taken perpendicular to the palatine bone. Cheek teeth were also considered as an image position guide. This study found that in Sangesari sheep, the maxillary, palatine, frontal, and lacrimal are the sinuses around the nasal cavity. The extent of each of them has been investigated in this study. Also, the position and shape of the nasal conchae and meatuses were studied. The results of this study showed that the nasal cavity is more expansive in sheep than other ruminants. The extent and position of the paranasal sinuses follow their general shape and pattern in other ruminants and other breeds of sheep. CT scan provides a comprehensive picture of the components of the structures in the head, especially the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in sheep. It is a suitable method for diagnosing various types of neoplasms, trauma, infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases in this area.

A 4- month- old domestic short hair (DSH) kitten with malformed, non weight bearing and painful left pelvic limb without any history of trauma was referred to small animal hospital. Absence of bone formation (hemimelia) is a congenital complete or partial absence of one or more than one bone in limbs. All appendicular bones can be affected and many variations have been shown. Radial, ulnar and tibial hemimielia are usually commonplace. In the present clinical report we found terminal hemimelia in left limb and agenesis of tibia, metatarsal bones and phalanges in left pelvic limb and agenesis of metatarsal bones and phalanges in contralateral hindlimb. In the present case ampulation of affected limb was recommended to owner because of severe limb deformities, limb rotation and impossibility of arthrodesis. Castration due to prevention of transmission of this disorder to the next generation and radiography of other sites due to preventation of concurrent disorders were suggested.

Hemimielia is a congenital complete or partial absence of one or more bones. All appendicular bones can be affected and many variations have been showed. There is maximum incidence in radial, tibial and ulnar hemimielia. A 4- months- old domestic short hair (DSH) kitten with deformed, non weight bearing painful left pelvic limb without any history of trauma.  Clinical signs showed hind limb anomaly. Hence, radiographic survey was carried out in lateral and craniocaudal recumbency. Amputation was selected as a treatment of choice because of severity of deformation and pain. In the present clinical report we found terminal hemimielia in left limb and agenesis of metatarsus and phalanges in both pelvic limbs.

A 7-month-old female Persian cat, 2.700 kg body weighting with a history of mandibular soft tissue swelling and an inability to open the mouth has been referred to private small animal clinic. The complications due to trauma to the jaw in three months and the lack of proper treatment, was created in clinical examination. The cat was disable to clean itself and softened canned food was eaten manually. The physical examination revealed the malocclusion of the mouth, the deviation of the mandible and atrophy of the right masseter musculature. Three-dimensional reconstructive CT and radiography were obtained. Under general anesthesia, surgical treatment was performed to remove the ankylosis block with the excisional arthroplasty of head of mandible. After surgery, the cat showed good functional use of the mandible to open its mouth and taking food and water without discomfort.

A seven months old Rhesus macaque monkey weighing 1.800 kg was referred to a private small animal clinic with pain and non-weight bearing lameness of right leg. Anamnesis and clinical examination revealed the presence of trauma in right femoral region. In radiologic evaluation using Medio lateral and ventrodorsal views, femoral long oblique fracture was diagnosed. Based on clinical examination and diagnostic imaging findings, surgical treatment was suggested. Femoral shaft fracture is a common type of fracture and internal fixation with intramedullary pins and cerclage wire are performed in these type of fractures.

Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon in structure of the musculoskeletal system in dog. The rupture of thetendone is treated surgically. A 24 month mixed dog, 36 kg body weighting has been referred to private smallanimal clinic without specifc history trauma. In clinical examination plantigrade stance was obvious with woundscar on the Achill’s tendon skin site. Then based on clinical examination, grade I tendon rupture was diagnosedand surgical treatment of complete rupture of tendon by three-loop pulley was performed. The postoperative carewas antibiotic administration and limb was supported in a cylinder cast at least for 6 weeks. One of the surgicaltreatments is three-loop suture in complete rupture with no loss in tissue of tendon.

A seven month male Boxer dog, 15 kg body weighting has been referred to private small animal clinic with left forelimb palmigrade stance. The history of trauma was not reported and patient also did not suffer from any systemic disease. Left forelimb (lateral view) stress radiograph was shown hyperextension at the antebrachiocarpal joint. Then based on history and clinical examination surgical treatment of pancarpal arthrodesis was performed. The postoperative care was antibiotic administration and limb was supported in a cylinder cast at least for 8 weeks. The hyperextension of the carpus is the serious injury to the canine carpus and pancarpal arthrodesis involves surgical fusion of all joint levels. This has been a satisfactory limb sparing procedure in comparison to limb amputation.

Male genital organ in turtles is an internal deep purple to black fleshy structure with two lobes that use in copulationand it hasn’t any role in urination. Prolapse, penile paralysis and paraphimosis are conditions affect turtle’s penis.Paraphymosis is swelling and congestion of penis caused by some factors such as stress in land turtles. It is rarein water turtles. A land turtle was referred to private small animal clinic with a history of falling in a deep wail.When he brought out of the wail, the owner noticed a swelling under his tail. There was a prolapsed deep purplemass with two lobes in anal region in clinical examinations. Dorso-ventral and lateral radiographs were taken.Radiographs showed just a soft tissue mass at the anal regions. Tentative diagnosis of the penile prolapsed weremade. The mass was removed by surgical methods and pathology diagnosed it was penis and confrmed prolapsedwith necrotic tissue of penis. Post surgical complications were anorexia, absence of defecation for fve days despiteof treatment with antibiotics therapy for 3 weeks. Appetite and defecation back to normal after removing thelegated sutures. Prolapsed of the penis can be treated by lubricating the penis and pushing it back to cloacae but inthis case surgical approach was chosen because of ischemia and necrosis.

Avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC) are responsible for significant economic losses in chicken industry,thus identification of virulence genes and their prevelence can be helpful to preventative methods such as productions of vaccine.the pathogenicity of APEC strains is due to a variety of several virulence factors that expressed by several genes.in this study,60 E.coli strains were selected from cases of avian colibacillosis in commercial broilers from Golestan province.DNA was extracted by boiling method and three important virulence genes,iss,opmT and iroN, were detected by multiplex PCR, iss is one of the important gene in creased serum survival.iroN involves in iron acquistion mechanism and opm T encodes protease,which has been shown to cleave colinins.prevalence of iss, omp T and iro N genes were detected in 38.3%,43.3% and 40% of isolates respectively and 35% of isolates were positive for the presence of three genes altogether.with regard to final results and the exiatence of varieties in frequency of these genes in different parts of the world it concluded that virulence factors were different in different parts of the world because virulence factors are multifactorial phenomenon.it seems that these isolates are opportunitic E.coli and because of existence of predisposing factors they could cause disease in poultry.

A12 months male mixed Terrier,6 kg body weight with signs of score 2 lameness(grade 3) and muscle atrophy of both hind limbs has been referred to private small animal clinic.history taking showed that dog did not undergo with any trauma and aslo did not suffer from any systemic disease.craniocuadal and lateral radiographs were shown bilateral hip subluxation,thickening of the femoral neck and deformity of head and a tibial inward rotation(varus deformity).based on clinical and radiological  evaluation,bilateral congenital genu recurvatum(BCGR) was diagnosed.in order to unwillingness of the owner,surgical intervention was not performed and mineral and vitam supplement prescriped to post pone the futher pathological changes.patient assessment has been showed congenital skeletal anomalies in dogs cause changes in gate with severe injuries to affected joints in futhur.the aim of submitting this clinical case is to report the rare incident of such canine congenital stifle anomalies in Iran.

A seven months male mixed Tibetan Spaniel(5.5kg body weight) has been referred to small animal clinic with fore limb lameness.history taking showed that dog did not undergo with any trauma and also did not suffer from any systemic disease.Carniocudal and lateral-medial radiographs were shown bowing of the radius bone cause by permature closure of distal ulnar growth plate.then surgical treatment of partial ulnar diaphyseal ostectomy was performed.postoperative care was antibiotic administration and limb was supported by light splint.this case study showed that local disturbances in bone growth form an important group of orthopaedic problems that occur in young animals.therefore surgeons take the antebrachium deformities into consideration with accurate diagnostic imaging and apply for corrective surgeries.

A 1 year male English bulldog, 20 kg body weight had been referred to the small animal clinic with refractoryhematuria. History taking showed that two operations were carried out for umbilical herniation within 2 months.Owner claimed that hematuria was relapsed after second operation on recurrent umbilical herniation and has lastedfor two weeks. In clinical examination fever, venerial tumor, and urethral prolapsed was noticed. Diagnosticimaging studies showed no caliculi on upper and lower urinary tract both on radiographical and ultrasonographicalinvestigations, but sediment in urinary bladder was detected ultrasonographically. Eexploratory operation wasrecommended. Surgery was performed through celiotomy. Vesicourachal diverticulum was found incidentallyand diverticulectomy was performed. Postoperative care was consisted of antibiotic administration. Hematuriawas stopped 24 hours postoperatively. This case study showed that a rare anomaly as vesicourachal diverticulumcould be coincident with other anomaly as umbilical herniation. Therefore clinicians must take the anomalies intoconsiderations and have meticulous caution for treatment in congenitally disordered patients.

Today, the treatment of patellar luxations using current techniques has become a very common procedure as part of the surgical treatment. Nevertheless, there are some doubts about such procedures in restraining the patella in lower grade cases. The purpose of the present retrospective clinical study was to determine the efficacy of the soft tissue and bone reconstructive procedures used for various grades of patellar luxation. Forty small and toy breed dogs between the ages of 6 months to 7 years have been used in this study. Following the medical examination, it was seen that all dogs suffered from knee pain and unilaterally or bilaterally intermittent to constant non-weight bearing lameness. All dogs with the exception of two, recovered back to the normal movement within three months. Re-luxation was observed in two dogs that were treated for patellar reconstruction using soft tissue techniques in grade I. These findings suggest that improvement can be achieved in patellar luxation, following appropriate soft tissue and bone reconstructive procedures. However, re-luxation limits the validity of the use of soft tissue reconstructive procedures in operated dogs with grade I luxation. Therefore, the authors have suggested considering a surgical treatment that utilizes combinatorial techniques, in which soft tissue and bone reconstructive techniques are integrated to achieve definite improvement in grade I, surgery before the maturity in grade IV, and no delay on undergoing an operation in grade I, II, and III.

Corneal ulceration is a common and important condition in domestic animals. One of the most common causes is trauma. Regard to histologic structure of cornea, losing of epithelial and stroma result in descematocele, perforation and iris prolapse. Thepresent clinical report is about surgical treatment of descematocele with corneal perforation in one dog. A four-year-old casterated shih-zu dog was referred with pain, belpharospasm, epiphoria, keratitis ulceration, descematocele and perforation of cornea.Fluorescein stain showed deep ulcer of cornea. No lens dislocation, retinal detachment, anterior and posterior synechiae were seen, but diameter of anterior chamber was reduced obviously in ultrasonographic survey. Immediate medical treatment wasperformed with Atropine sulfate (ocular agent) and antibiotics (ocular and systemic agents). Pre-operative preparation of patient and surgical team were performed. Then surgical treatment was carried out using conjuctival pedicle grafting. Post-operative care was performed routinely. Clinical examination of cornea revealed acceptable healing at end of eight weeks.

The present study introduces a rare case with secondary glaucoma due to anterior chamber lipoma and uveitis in a Pekingese dog in Iran. A four-year-old castrated male Pekingese dog was referred to the private clinic with impaired vision of the left eye, pain, rubbing the left eye onto carpet, presence of a milky-coloured mass into the anterior chamber, and loss of appetite. The clinical examination, haematological and biochemical tests, fluorescein staining, measurement of intraocular pressure and ultrasonography were conducted. Based on all results, medical and surgical treatments were carried out. The mass was removed surgically and its histopathologic study revealed lipoma. The eye appearance became normal within 6 weeks. Authors concluded that the milky-coloured mass in the anterior chamber may have caused secondary glaucoma due to obstruction of the aqueous outflow from iridocorneal angle and uveitis.