حمید کرمی پور

The historical city of Ujan, located in in East Azerbaijan northwest Iran, has been one of the most important cities of the Ilkhanid dynasty (1256 to 1335 AD). A number of coins were found during the excavation and study of the site by Tehran University’s Archaeological Board in 2017-2020. In this article, 13 coins have been analyzed and reported. The coins were cleaned as much as possible so that the inscriptions and designs were examined and read, whose results are presented in this paper. All of the 13 coins are minted in the styles attributed to the Abu Sa’id period, the last powerful Mongol Ilkhanid ruler born in Ujan. Based on elemental analysis, most coins are copper. Two of them are made of bronze alloy (copper-tin) and the other is made of brass alloy (copper-zinc). The use of lead has been reported in the composition of all alloyed coins. All the coins unearthed from Ujan excavations have been minted in the city of Tabriz. This is probably due to the commercial and economic importance of Tabriz in the Ilkhanid period, because no evidence of minting coins has been found or reported in the Ujan area so far. The analyses of the coins are indicative of important historical, cultural and political facts about the Ilkhanid dynasty.

The political conduct denotes actions and reactions exhibited by an individual toward official polices based on his/her social class and ideology on which it is focused in this paper. Analysis on political conduct taken by Shiite scholars in various eras may present a relatively clear image of their political doctrine versus monarchical institution. Ayatollah Haji Agha Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi is one of these Islamic clerics, who have been leader in Mashhad ancient seminary. His religious influence and authority has been also spread to Tehran and many other regions as well, of course. Review of short-term confrontation of Ayatollah Qomi to some of policies of Pahlavi I regime, as one of the highest religious officials in Islamic clerical institution, will prepare well ground for conducting study on reaction taken by Islamic jurists to political-cultural activities at this period. This paper intends to indicate his political reactions and behavior versus policies in Reza Shah’s era in addition to review briefly academic biography of Ayatollah Qomi. This paper aims to give answer to this question that if Ayatollah The political conduct denotes actions and reactions exhibited by an individual toward official polices based on his/her social class and ideology on which it is focused in this paper. Analysis on political conduct taken by Shiite scholars in various eras may present a relatively clear image of their political doctrine versus monarchical institution. Ayatollah Haji Agha Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi is one of these Islamic clerics, who have been leader in Mashhad ancient seminary.

Cambyses' campaign in Egypt is one of the major issues concerning the Achaemenids, narrated by Herodotus. Further investigation of Herodotus' narratives on this subject, with the help of other sources and modern archeological discoveries, is one of the aims of this paper. Providing different analyses on the historical causes and motivation of Cambyses campaign in Egypt in the two areas of studies about the history of Iran and Egypt is another aim of this article. Here the main question is, can Herodotus be trusted about the causes of Cambyses' invasion of Egypt? The examination of some of Herodotus' narratives shows the occasional Egyptian interference in the affairs of the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Achaemenid colonies, which further contradicts Herodotus' account of the causes of Cambyses' invasion of Egypt. In fact, the understanding of Herodotus' narratives on the Cambyses' invasion of Egypt is possible by analyzing other accounts of Herodotus about the Achaemenid history, before and after the Cambyses' invasion of Egypt; and, one cannot rely solely on Herodotus' direct accounts of the causes and motivation of this campaign.

It seems defective and even impossible to perceive development of Islamic world without conception and recognition of gnostic and Sufi teachings during premodernist era. This claim has been particularly valid, especially among Muslims in Indian subcontinent because Sufis and leading characters (Qutbs) were assumed as the major factors in the fields of intellectual and sometimes political developments at this part of Islamic territory. Punjab land, which was considered as one of the energetic cultural and political bases for Muslims and as one of the important resistant centers against British colonialism before formation of Islamic State of Pakistan (1947), currently witnessed their intellectual and political effort at the end of the 19th century and early years of 20th century. Qadianiyeh denomination was one of the streams emerged at this point in Islamic world during discussed period and it was established by Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani. Primarily and in the process of clerical effort taken in Punjab, Ghulam Ahmad introduced oneself as a non-divinely prophet (i.e. prophet without divine revelation) ad after achieving some followers he called his mission as an independent prophet who possessed characteristics of a divine prophet. Due to the paradigms and doctrines that were called as unconventional and atheist by Muslim leaders in Punjab, he was excommunicated from Muslim community, but his claim could attract some followers among some of Muslim in this region. Reviews on his doctrines may indicate that regardless of expediencies of that time and political interests, the gnostic teaching of ‘Perfect Human’, which was proposed by great mystics in Islamic world and evolved by Ibn Arabi (1165-1240AD), has essentially affected formation of his paradigms. The present paper explains the quality and reason for this effect using descriptiveanalytical method and by means of librarian sources. Historical data have been derived from several references and studies in Urdu, Persian, Arabic and English in this paper.

The attitude taken by religious forces toward Modern Teachings has been discussed and explored in many studies relating the period from time of incumbency of Abbas Mirza as Qajar Crown Prince and ruling over Azerbaijan through the end of Qajar era (1214-1304hs/1835-1925AD). This issue has become doubly important, especially for clarifying complex and ambiguous aspects of tradition- modernity relationship during discussed period, but this important subject has been overlooked by some researchers in Pahlavi era. One of the reasons for such a defect should sought for focusing of political and historical studies on political and economic challenges during above-said period. It is natural in this process that the cultural effort made by political activists to be on the wane. Publishing of documents from gendarmerie and SAVAK organization as well as diaries of political and cultural characters during several decades has partially compensated for this defect. Focusing on reason and quality of active presence of religious forces in educational scene in this decade the present research examines them by emphasis on evidences from gendarmerie. Based on this study, religious forces possessed the largest chain of Private Schools using legal potentials and particularly rule of National Schools (private). The persons graduated from these modern educational centers gradually acquired Islamic identity and about two hundred thousand schools were built by religious groups, especially marketers and clergymen so it was a great stride taken toward Islamization of community. Among several religious organizations, Islamic Teaching Association Institute, managed by Sheikh Abbasali Eslami, overtook other educational activists and it was known as the most active educational organization in the public from this time to the end of Pahlavi regime

Ujan covers about 90 hectare area, where locates 5 Km away from modern Bostan Abad. Earlier construction of the urban center dates to 4-6 AH centuries that coincides to Seljuqs era. It developed during 7 and 8 AH centuries and reached to summit during middle Ilkhanid to Safavid period. It collapsed and destroyed during Qajar period. Here, there is an attempt to study effective elements in formation of Ujan and its consequent function, using descriptive-analytic view and historic research method, based on archaeological-environmental landscape. Finally, it is involved in reasons of collapse of the city. Bibliographic and field studies indicate that construction of the city was for midway positioning. In addition, present paper presents subjects about political and social history, architectural remains, urbanization, cultural remains, and different districts of the city including cemetery and administrative center.

The chivalry and knighthood conduct (Ayyāri) have been found in histories of many nations in different forms and types and had high status and important position. This phenomenon has played different roles and functions in the Iranian history in urban and rural communities from the pre-Islamic era to the recent time. During time, this tradition has lost some characteristics and achieved other elements due to social changes. Pursuant to Mongol Invasion (Ilqar) to Iran in 7th AH/13th AD century, political, economic and social institutions lost their previous effectiveness for a while and Iranian Community was exposed to a great challenge for the first time in the Islamic Period. The new sociopolitical conditions prepared new roles and functions for champions (Pahlivānān) and knights (Ayyārān) in the social and political scenes of this era. The Subject of the current investigation is to analyze the formation and later developments of chivalry and knighthood conducts during the aforesaid period and attempts to answer this question that why and how champions and knights achieved the social and political significance in the society at this period. The quality of the given development has not been examined in the current literutre,  thus the present paper intends to review and analyze this issue using descriptive- analytical method and via  written sources. Based on historical sources, the current paper tends to prove this point that the aforementioned period is the formative period for developing chivalry conduct.

The author of this book, Dr. AliAkbar Velayati, has examined Iranian history from advent of Islam to Mongol Invasion in ten chapters. As it characterized from titles of chapters of the book, this work has referred to Iranian political history during aforementioned period and economic and social issues have been dispersedly discussed. The book author has shown his religious and value-driven interests even in decription of events and taken his own specific approach in discussing about reasons of events by enjoying of historic texts. The important point is that an ideological attitude governs heavily over all chapters of the book so that Shiite and related teachings have been turned into the major discourse of Iranian nation in all historic eras. Regarding critique and analysis of this study, it is tried to reveal how much the author has been abided by research principles of historic knowledge whether by method or by content.

The importance of recognizing and criticizing the opposing groups and parties with the Pahlavi regime is undeniable in the studies of the history of Islamic revolution in Iran, a factor that has not been mentioned in the history of current research, or an error has occurred in its analysis. Through a descriptive – analytic method, the present paper has concluded, as an answer to the question why and how the Hezbollah group split and collapsed, that serious dilemma inside the group that had reduced the loyalty and commitment of many members. On the other hand the social, strategic and tactical attractiveness of the MKO (Mojahedin Khalq Organization) for the majority of the members of Hezbollah group changed the integration proposal of organization to a point of blasting the Hezbollah intergroup disputes which resulted in its split and then collapse.

Baluch people were displeased Sunni people who were living at the eastern borders of Safavid. Supported by Ghalzaee Afghans, they paved the way for collapse of Isfahan in 1135 AH. The collapse of Afghans with the name of Afghans took place by warlike power of Baluch people. The reason that encouraged Baluch people to join Afghans to attack Isfahan, in addition to their common religion, was the oppression of Shia government of Safavid on these disgraced people. Therefore, Baluch people decided to attack Isfahan to take revenge of several years rancor, and they gave positive response to request of Afghans and they caused the collapse of Isfahan. The present study aims to investigate the factors led to Baluch people move toward Isfahan and cause the collapse of Isfahan. It also aims to respond the question that which factors and incentives caused that Afghans and Baluch people cooperate and why this cooperation and alliance collapsed. This study aims to solve the complexities and provide right and appropriate response to these questions relying on resources and studies, and studying factors caused attack of Baluch people to Isfahan and its impact on collapse of this city.

Historically, Bandar Lengeh has been the main seaport of Larestanand the transaction hub of the import and export of goods in the Persian Gulf since 1834. The port maintained its authoritative position until 1897, but from then onward,the social and business dynamism of Bandar Lengehdevolved. Studies done on the issue emphasize on the economic factors in the social devolution of Bandar Lengeh but it seems that factors affecting the social devolution of Bandar Lengeh were not merely economic, but rather equally political and ideological in turn. The current descriptive-analytic study analyses the two other factors, i.e., political and ideological structure of Bandar Lengeh, besides its economic structure,via application of Louis Althusser’s over-determination theory. The tested hypothesis is: “Structural contradictions (political, economic, and social contradictions) led to the social devolution of Bandar Lengeh”. In fact, since 1899, political, economic, and social contradictions had invaded Bandar Lengeh. New customs duties or tariffs of 1899, imprudence ofnone-native and governmental officials of customs, social and political insecurity in the coasts of Lengeh after the Constitutional Revolution, the monopoly law for government business, the compulsory military service law, the command of “mandatory unveiling”, and the ways of escape from these contradictions (human and capital migration, smuggling, and bribery) all led to the social devolution of Bandar Lengeh.

Chivalry rituals، is one of the lasting traditions in Iran’s history، from old ages to now. In spite of influence and expansion of this way of life، most of researchs relevant to this issue mainly ignored social-economical features of it. Here we try to prove its combination with Sufism. We can find this features only scarcely in Baghdad chivalry tradition. Only at abbasid caliphate (naser) we see it in an organized form. In this paper we use descriptive-analytic method.

It is enlightening to study the relationship between religious intellectuals and clergymen (ulama) in Pahlavi Period. Muslim students as an important body among the religious intellectuals contributed to this relationship by instituting a society called Muslim Student's Association (MSA) with branches inside and outside Iran. MSA for the Iranian students abroad was most active in establishing ties with Imam Khomeni and the clergymen، mainly due to the inability of the Iranian Intelligence Service in limiting their activities. Based on John Forren's theory، namely culture and agent، this essay intend to prove the theory that MSA adopted different discourses of the revolutionary Shia during its activity and on the eve of Islamic Revolution، adopted Imam Khomeini's discourse as the guiding ideology.

Max Weber is one of the most important sociologists who has great influence on researchers in different fields of social sciences. Historians have also been affected by his thoughts and beliefs both in methodology and explaining historical events. The extent of these effects has been increased by the translation of Weber’s works into Persian. Those historians who choose to explain historical events especially contemporary history are engaged in terms such as “understanding”، “legitimacy”، “rationalisation”، and etc which Weber introduced in sociology. His influence on subjects like “the origin and function of government”، and revolution is even greater compared to other subjects. In this article by the use of an analytic approach the extent of his influence on these two subjects are discussed in detail based on facts.

The study of various periods of Iran is very important for a researcher who studies the Iranian identity and national identity. Abbas Iqabl Ashtiani, one of the greatest historians of Iran, relying on his historical and literary studies about the Iranian identity is of the view that although the Iranian identity has undergone changes throughout the history, particularly after the advent of Islam, its whatness and nature, that is, Persian language and literature and Iranian manners and customs, have remained Iranian. Overall, Iqbal maintains that the Iranian identity is based on the heritage of ancient Iran and teachings of Islam.