حمیدرضا صادقیان

The legislator has a high sensitivity towards the crimes committed by government employees and the violation of the rights of the treasury, so that sometimes some prescribed punishments are very heavy for people who are somehow attributed to the government in the sense of sovereignty. Although according to Article 173 of the Constitution, the interpretation of the law is the responsibility of the Islamic Council, but the judicial authorities can also give personal interpretations to what is close to the legislator's interpretation of the legal texts. But sometimes the legislator leaves the way for interpretation by using words similar to "other" and "like" and sometimes by removing similar sentences for the sake of brevity in writing legislation; However, this issue causes ambiguity in the text of the law and creates different interpretations. The thirteenth chapter of the Islamic Penal Code is the section on punishments as violations by government officials against the government, which in the first article of this chapter, under article 598, by including non-governmental organizations, creates a contradiction in the title of the chapter with the texts of the articles, but what causes different interpretations. becomes

The legislator has a high sensitivity towards the crimes committed by government employees and the violation of the rights of the treasury, so that sometimes some prescribed punishments are very heavy for people who are somehow attributed to the government in the sense of sovereignty. Although according to Article 173 of the Constitution, the interpretation of the law is the responsibility of the Islamic Council, but the judicial authorities can also give personal interpretations to what is close to the legislator's interpretation of the legal texts. But sometimes the legislator leaves the way for interpretation by using words similar to "other" and "like" and sometimes by removing similar sentences for the sake of brevity in writing legislation; However, this issue causes ambiguity in the text of the law and creates different interpretations. The thirteenth chapter of the Islamic Penal Code is the section on punishments as violations by government officials against the government, which in the first article of this chapter, under article 598, by including non-governmental organizations, creates a contradiction in the title of the chapter with the texts of the articles, but what causes different interpretations. becomes

Judicial interpretation is one of the methods of interpretation of the law, in which the judicial authority interprets the provisions of the law by studying a legal article, using different methods to resolve a dispute, and in other words, chooses an interpretation to preserve the same text of the law. and can somehow achieve the ultimate goal of the legislator. In legal affairs, the judicial authority does not face any special limitation for interpreting a law, but when the discussion of criminal laws and subsequently the punishment of a person is raised, a special framework for interpretation emerges. The principle of legality of crime and punishment, the principle of acquittal, the narrow interpretation of criminal laws and the interpretation in favor of the accused are the most important frameworks for interpreting the law, and the judicial authority should interpret the legal article by considering these principles. But sometimes the judicial authorities go to extremes or make miscalculations in the use of some these principles in such a way that when they come across an incomplete or ambiguous law, they immediately cling to the principle of acquittal and narrow interpretation and acquit the accused; Although this method has merits in many crimes, but in some crimes, including economic crimes, where the legislator's view is strict and as a result, the occurrence of such crimes creates sensitivity among the people, the view and method of the judicial authority should be in the interest of the society and It should also include the protection of the rights of the Treasury and not in such a way that people make a mockery justice and fair judicial proceedings committing economic crimes and avoiding legal loopholes.

Over the past decade, researchers have used the existing knowledge about pathways messaging protocols to successfully stimulate stem cells to generate neurons. Due to the ease of access to adipose tissue-obtained stem cells rather than other sources, whereas estrogen factor could be used to improve neural differentiation, antilogous transplantation of differentiated neurons would be widely used for certain degenerative neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen on expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Nestin markers. After the isolation of stem cells from adipose tissue, the neural induction was carried out through neurosphere construction; then, final differentiation of the cells was performed. Neurosphere-singed cell were transferred to neural induction medium (control group). In the estrogen-treated group, estrogen was added to the culture medium until the end of the day of distinction. Then, evaluation of the expression of neural markers, was performed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. In addition, MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was performed to assess cell viability. The mean expression of GFAP and Nestin markers were down regulated in treated group compared to controls (P < 0.05). The difference between the mean of MAP2 expression was not significant between the two groups. In addition, the difference between the mean of cell viability was not significant between two groups, too. In this study, we found that estrogen can decrease the expression of neuronal markers. However, to determine the effect of estrogen on neurogenic differentiation of stem cells, next studies should be done broader using other precise techniques.

One of the most problems among hospitalized patients in intensive care units is infectious diseases that lead to high usage of antibiotics. The study was designed to evaluate the antibiotic usage in ICU before (in 2010) and after (in 2014) infectious disease specialists presence. In a cross- sectional study we measured the total rate of antibiotics usage in ICU in 2010 and 2014. SPSS 22 was used for the analysis. Of the 39 antibiotics that evaluated, use of 23 antibiotics (53.8%) were increased and 16 antibiotics (46.2%) were decreased after infectious disease specialists arrival. There wasn’t a significant statistical difference between the mean of antibiotics consumption in 2010 and 2014 (P = 0.29). We suggested that additional studies will be performed to evaluate the causes of increasing usage of some antibiotics and decreasing another antibiotic consumption for example price, indication and contraindications and access of antibiotics.

Various devices have been offered to reduce the time of channel preparation. One of these devices is a modern handpiece (TEP-E10R) which is known as endogripper. This study was conducted to determine canal displacement rate of mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar after the preparation by two manual and rotating methods using stainless steel hand files. In this laboratory experimental study, 50 teeth taken out from human maxillary first molar were selected and divided into two groups. After access cavity preparation and placement of original files in mesiobuccal canal, digital radiography was done as the relationship between film and emission angle, and samples was fixed. Then, canals were prepared using stainless steel manually in group one and by endogripper in group two. The technique for preparing canals in both groups was passive step back in both groups. After preparation, radiography was done using master apical file as the first radiography was done. Canal displacement rate of primary radiography and original file-assisted radiography was calculated in millimeter (mm) according to adaptive images by photoshop software and radiologist assistance. The data were compared by t-test. Mean deviation from original canal route in group one was 3.45±1.36 mm, higher than 1.75±1.69 obtained in group two (P=0.045). Also, mean time for canal preparation in group one was 19.36±1.53 min, higher than 12.03±1.55 min in group two (P=0.0001). Using stainless steel files with reciprocal handpiece keeps on original canal route better compared to stainless steel files alone.

Hygiene is such a broad concept and subject that is influenced by a various factors such as geographical, cultural and social - economical.\ This concept also conceptually has got a very close relationship with the similar concepts, which adds to the complexity of the topic. On the other hand the public health (as the main purpose and essence of public hygiene) next to the concept of national public security and public order, public morality (or right moral circumstances) public welfare and rights and freedoms of others as justified restrictions on the exercise of the individual rights in international documents is listed in “Article 19” of the “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” and “Article 29” of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. Social policy and social factors are concentrated in two areas of services and welfare state, as the most important factors that influence on the improvement of lifestyle conditions, people highly associate with public hygiene; Because one of the main features of the physical and spiritual health status of individuals is to improve the lifestyle conditions. In this paper, governments are handled different systems (social policy and determinant social factors of public hygiene) for the promotion of public hygiene and health of community, such as social security.