خدر فرجی راد

During the last few decades, the number of population and activity in the suburbs of Tehran has grown rapidly and as a result, the buffer zone of the capital city has faced major challenges. Changing the land use, especially natural covers, gardens and agricultural lands in favor of authorized and unauthorized constructions, is the manifestation of these challenges. Factors such as the growing population of Tehran, the extensive needs for land and the inability to respond to these needs as well as the weakness of urban space management have doubled the scope of the negative changes that have occurred. Although different solutions have already been presented to manage the capital's hinterland, they have not been able to match the existing institutional-organizational and spatial structures. Now, the question is, in order to overcome the problems in the capital city, what characteristics should the ideal model have? To answer this question, a qualitative method based on content analysis of documents and interviews with trustees and experts was used. The results show that the appropriate and effective model of hinterland management requires the following: the participation of all management levels from the national to the local, maximizing the role of various departments and organizations involved in hinterland issues, the participation of non-governmental sectors, the provision of a continuous monitoring mechanism of hinterland according to policies, regulations and various programs. If the inadequacies in thehinterland management mechanisms continue, it won't be long before some valuable biological and natural spaces around Tehran metropolis and its surrounding cities will be lost.

Natural crises, in addition to social, physical and economic issues in cities, also affect the incidence of insecurity, crime. So far, crisis management in general and disciplinary crisis management in particular have relied on traditional methods and have used less intelligent methods. The aim of this study was to provide a model and strategies for smartization the police management of natural disasters (earthquakes) in Tehran.

The present study is an applied research. Data were collected using interviews and questionnaires. The research population in the qualitative section were experts in the field of natural disaster management, based on which 34 indicators were extracted. Kendall coordination coefficient was used to validate the findings and then a semi-structured questionnaire was prepared to extract strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and the results were evaluated using the QSPM model.

Smartization in earthquake crisis police management was classified into three dimensions: institutional-organizational, human and technological. These dimensions can be achieved in four areas of managerial, information, logistics and operational integration.

The reason for the limited use of intelligent methods in law enforcement management of natural disasters (earthquakes) can be considered in the lack of a suitable model. Based on the findings of this study, the basic components of the intelligent disciplinary model can be considered as management, information, logistics and operational integrity.

The crisis of lack of adequate housing in large cities, which mainly lacks favorable environmental values to evoke a sense of satisfaction in residents is one of the main problems of government and military organizations and organs in different periods. This study seeks to assess the level of environmental quality of NAJA residential-organizational settlements in various components related to the physical-environmental, social-cultural and economic domains. The method used in this study is based on an objective-subjective approach in which the quality of the environment is measured based on residents' perceptions and existing objective features. In order to measure environmental qualities, quantitative and qualitative methods are used. Therefore, the present study is one of the combined studies in terms of methodology. Mental data analysis was performed using a questionnaire using statistical methods and structured interviews with settlers. The results of evaluations show that in general, the quality of the environment in mental terms, including the analysis of questionnaires and interviews, the third town of Khordad is more favorable than the town of Samen al-Imam and the town of Samen al-Imam is more favorable than the town of Shams. In the third town of Khordad, the lowest level of utility in indicators related to performance-structural and cost and maintenance in Samen Al-A'meh town is the lowest level of utility in indicators of housing and physical-spatial facilities and Shams town also in the index of housing facilities and costs. And maintenance has the lowest level of desirability and satisfaction.

Assessing urban vulnerable Areas to military attacks is one of the most important issues for urban managers and planners, so that many urban thinkers have considered the security of citizens as the most important tasks of governments. The main goal of this research is to evaluate pardis urban areas based on the principles of passive defense approach and identify areas with the highest and lowest degree of vulnerability. Accordingly, by using the location base data from pardis municipal database and the Iranian Statistics Center census data, firstly, the criteria were evaluated using the documentary and library method and then, Normalized with fuzzy functions. In the last step, standardized maps are overlapping with GAMMA technique and a final vulnerability map has made. The outcomes of the research indicate that the areas with the lowest degree of vulnerability are located in the center of the city where its first three phases are constructed. On the other hand, areas with high vulnerability have 28 percent of pardis Areas and low vulnerability areas with 15% have the lowest share of existing areas. In general, about 68 percent of the total area of the city is comprised of areas with moderate to high vulnerability. Sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh phases are known as the areas with the highest degree of vulnerability and consequently the lowest accessibility. The number of residents in each area also indicates the correct distribution of the population settled in the city, with only about eight percent of the population of the Pardis living in areas of moderate to high vulnerability.

participation is the basis of social life and security is the necessary need of the human society. The increasing growth of urbanization in recent decades has created problems for cities such as the increase in social abnormality, identity issues and the decrease in social affiliation, social environmental problems, decrease of security of the citizens, etc. As civil participation decreases, security problems increase. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to examine the relationship between civil participation and urban security in Tehran.

The purpose of the research is an applied one and its method is descriptive and correlational. To do the research, the sample size is determined through Morgan's formula and 384 questionnaires are provided and distributed in several stages in the districts 2, 6, 10 and 11 and SPSS software is used for the analysis.

Although the results of the research show a significant relation between civil participation and urban security in Tehran with the Spearman correlation coefficient, the average components of the civil participation are less than the average value. In fact, only the sympathetic participation accounts for the highest participation among the citizens with the mean value 3.22, and the approaches that increase.

Therefore, the participation must be followed in other levels of educational actions, incentive policies, interaction between police and other entities of urban management and using their capacities to create urban security.

In recent years, attention to the productivity is becoming more and more important in policing. Lean Policing approach could be an effective solution for this challenge. Thus, in this research, we are trying to find answer for the following questions: What are the most important elements of Lean Policing? What are the problems of Iran police-courts' structures and processes according the Lean approach? What are some appropriate strategies to make improvement in Iran police-courts' problems in structures and processes by utilizing Lean approach?

This research is done in a qualitative approach and includes two phases: study of the literature in Lean. The second phase includes utilizing the devised model to find the problems in Iran police-courts.

According to Lean approach, we can achieve any level of optimization in any organization by continuously finding and decrease the waste elements as well as finding and increasing the value-maker elements. In this research, we utilized this approach to find the current waste and value-maker elements of Iran police-courts to devise some strategies for making improvements in structures and processes of them.

Lean, as a repetitive and continuous approach can be used either as a stand-alone strategy to make improvements in the organization, or on the other hand, with considering the current infrastructures that is prepared for current active improvement plans, Lean Policing can be used as a tool set in order to help achieving those plans. A strategical layout is suggested in this research for the second approach.

Due to the important role Of the Police Stations in Conserving and maintaining order and security during and after the crisis, these centers, should minimize casualties and losses to play the most effective performance After the crisis. The main purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the planning and Design criteria of the Pardis Police centers with the passive defense approach. The method used in this study due to combined use of quantitative and qualitative methods is considered as a combination method. In order to extract the criteria and valuation of effective indicators in the research, the documentary and library methods were used and the entropy and topsis methods were used to evaluate and weight the indicators. Among the four police centers in the city of Pardis, the Shahid Hojaji Station located in the first phase, scored the highest score, and Shahid Abbas Duran Station, located in the eighth phase, received the last rating. Among the 23 indicators used in the model, the highest weight belongs to the distance from the fire stations, the distance from the Sensitive centers and the distance from the economic centers, the least weight dedicated to the ratio of height to width, the ratio of length to the width and material of the facade of the buildings.

Having a short glance on the management of Iran beaches generally, and in specific in Hormozgan shows that there is not any integration of strategies, policies or activity coordination which are the basis of integrated management. Since the organizations, responsible for governing the coastal zone, mainly are going to achieve and implement their own plans and programs, therefore the main common principles, from the integrated management, cannot be considered as the basis of planning and policy making at the moment in the coastal area of province.   There are many beneficiaries and operators at the coastal zone of the province such as, Cultural Heritage Organization, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, town halls, military institutes, the private sector operators, Ports and Maritime Organization, Fisheries Organization and other organizations who control or work on the coastal zone direct or indirect. Accordingly, there will not a common principle, the principle that has been emphasis by the integrated management. Therefore, the present study is going to find out what are the main factors of inconsistency and non-integration of management at the coastal zone of Hormozgan province.

  The integrated management of coastal zone is almost a new issue and has its roots in 1990's. Due to the novelty of the issue, the relevant management approach has not been known completely. However the integrated management of coastal zone has been discussed as a new approach, the relevant concepts and factors should still be found at the macro level of patterns and governing methods. Many concepts and aspects of the integrity have been discussed the point that the main factor of the integrated management includes fragmentation and inconsistency among the policies and rules about the usage of coastal area, inconsistency among the management institutes and organizations, inconsistency among the local programs, inconsistency between the local institutions and regional institutions, also between regional institutions and national institutions, and the lack of participation of the people and the private sectors in management and planning of coastal area. In general, the integrity in management of the land space, including coastal zone, can be concluded at three levels: -The functional integrated level which means an integrated management and coordinated economic, framework, social and environmental functions. Also, an integrity in policies, programs and the relevant procedures to the existing resources in the coastal area (including the land and water); -The integrity of management layers which is about the coordination in policy making, planning and their implications; and -The territorial (special) integrity level which mentions the integrated management of the territory space; the level of integrity is a link between the functional integrity level and management integrity levels, and the integrity can be seen clearly at this level.

The qualitative research method has been used at the present study. To recognize the management system of coastal area of Hormozgan province, which has been influenced by the province management system, also the rules and policies of management and operation of coastal area, the following methods have been used: 1. The content analysis of documents: One of the main goals of the present study is the recognition and analysis of the rules and policies of management, also the operation style of coastal area, and the duties and options of the different organizations and institutions at the national, province and local levels. 2. Questionnaire: To have a better cognition of the existing official-political structure and the province organizations, especially the workgroup and councils, the beneficiary people and non-governmental organizations (including private and public) in management at the macro level, there is a need to find out about the viewpoint of the relevant institutions and responsible people. Therefore, the statistical society is included the logistic workgroup members, environment and sustainable development of the province. Results The content analyses of documents, relevant to the coastal area, and the data from the questionnaire show that the problems and issues of coastal area institutional and organizations of Hormozgan province can be divided into four main groups: 1.First, considering the focused system of administration in the country, the problems and inadequacies at the national level, which have been prevalent in the country in governing the problems, especially at the territorial management, it has been extended to Hormozgan,too. 2.Second, the institutional-organizational problems and inadequacies due to the rules and regulations of coastal area, especially the rules and regulations about the duties and responsibilities of coastal areas' institutions and organizations. These kinds of institutional-organizational problems led by weakness and insufficiency of legal aspects of management and operation of coastal area can be studied, especially about the insufficiency of duties and responsibilities of the relevant institutions and the unclear duties and responsibilities and the interference of duties. 3.Third, the problems and weakness led by the lack of clear definition of specific position for the private sector and the non-governmental and public institutions, and the local society in administration in general, and operation and management of Hormozgan province coastal area in particular. 4.The fourth group of organizational-institutional problems relevant to coastal areas, which have been more objective in comparison with the other problems and can be seen in more real form at the area, is the aspects led by political dividing at Hormozgan coastal areas which can be seen in the form of growing down of the country division.  

  Hence, the results from the management of Hormozgan province coastal areas system show that there is not any integrity in strategies and policies and activity coordination and the procedures which are supposed to be the basis of the integrated management. Considering the point that every responsible organization, relevant to coastal area administration, is going to implicate and achieve its own goals and plans, the common aims and fundamentals of the integrated management of coastal area would not be considered as the basis of planning and policy making in the coastal areas' planning. The objective samples of not considering these principles in official programs and regulations in coastal area can be seen in the existence of a significant number of development documents such as, the logistics pattern of Hormozgan province, the logistic pattern of Hormozgan's shoreline, the south regional framework and some other similar patterns and plans which have been planned without any connection and coordination together, and some of them are going to be implemented by the administrative. In addition, the wide range of beneficiaries and operators in coastal regions of the province illustrates the regional beaches have been controlled and operated without a comprehensive program and coordination by some military institutions, Cultural Heritage Organization, Handicraft and Tourism Organization, coastal area municipalities, the private sector operators, Port and Marine Organization, Fisheries Organization and some other organizations, direct or indirect. As a result, the background factor of scattering and non-integrity in the coastal areas of Hormozgan can be concluded in 1) the lack of an independent and comprehensive legal approach to an integrated management of coastal areas, 2) the lack of a particular and independent approach about the management of coastal regions, 3) the lack of division of labor among the relevant organizations and institutions in integrated management of coastal areas, 4) the lack of covering of the whole subjective and spatial aspects of integrated management of coastal areas and 5) the lack of effective and fair support for the whole elements and beneficiaries relevant to integrated management of coastal areas.

This article provides an overview of major application areas of geographic information systems (GISs) in police departments and policing practices, mainly in the United States. It begins with a quick review of historical evolution of GIS applications in law enforcement from prototype computerized crime mapping to sophisticated spatial analysis and its integration in policing practices. Six major areas of GIS applications in police and policing are discussed with case studies to illustrate the value of GIS as (1) a partner for field officers, (2) a crime investigation and prevention tool, (3) a policy implementation and evaluation tool, (4) a police force planning tool, (5) a tool for testing crime theories, and (6) a communication tool. The article is concluded with an outlook for some emerging trends.

The game theory an interdependent decision-making theory in which, decision-makers have conflicting preferences and the outcome of their decisions cannot be determined by one party or actor alone. The roots of this theory is derive from the decision theory (Samsura, Van der Krabben, & Van Deemen, 2010: 565). However, there is a clear distinction i.e. the decision theory usually analyses decision-making processes from the one player’s point of view, while the game theory emphasizes its analysis through the interaction among many players. Since the game theory focuses on situations in which interactions and interdependency play a role, it can be seen as an extension of the decision theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 564). In other words, the game theory, or the so-called ‘‘interactive decision theory’’, is derived from the decision theory (Tan, Liu, Zhou, Jiao, & Tang, 2015: 17). The term ‘game theory’ stems from the resemblance of collective decision-making situations to well-known parlor games like chess, poker, and monopoly (Aumann, 1989). Because of its focus on conflicting preferences, the game theory is often defined as a theory of conflict. Aumann has even referred it as ‘Interaction Decision Theory’, since this accurately describes the content and focus of the theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 656). The game theory is a powerful tool in understanding the relationships that are made and broken in the course of competition and cooperation. It has been widely used in the fields of natural and social sciences, especially in economics after the 1920s, with the groundbreaking work of Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), which is considered as ‘‘the classic work upon which the modern-day game theory is based’’(Von Neumann & Morgenstern, 2007: 14). The increased interest in the game theory among social scientists is partly due to the fact that it can solve social problems through finding out optimal solutions in a conflict situation (Tan et al., 2015: 17). Since then, the game theory has been profoundly influencing other fields in natural sciences, such as biology, physics, and computer science, as well as social sciences, including anthropology, psychology, sociology, politics, and philosophy. The increased attention to this theory especially in social sciences is based on the idea that it can provide solid micro-foundations for the study of collective decision-making processes and structures and social change (Samsura et al., 2010: 565). Urban planning and, in particular, metropolitan and urban management is also one of the branches of social sciences in which the proposed theory is capable of playing a vital role. As such, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: How is the narrative of the game between actors of urban management field producing and reproducing? What are the most likely possible outcomes and remedies of the current situation?   Methodology The problem structuring methods, among new approaches to operations research, believe that the most important step in solving a problem is to identify it. As such, they try their best to investigate the problem by identifying various factors, revealing and hidden relationships between them, and avoiding simplicity and unrealization. Since the game theory is one of the most important of these methods, the present research applies it to introduce and describe the gaming in the field of metropolitan management. By completing the initial assumptions, analysis and determination of the stable status is done using the GMCR+ software.   Results and Discussion In the first step, people active in managing metropolitan areas are identified and categorized into four main groups: state-government institutions, public-government institutions, public institutions and private sector institutions. Thereafter, alternative metropolitan management actors are listed and finalized with initial reviews and their limitations. In real terms, all theoretical situations and conditions of games (i.e. 512 games) are not possible, and limitations make it to reduce the possible status. The final step in the field of game modeling is to determine priorities and possible preferences for each actor, for which, the prioritization of alternatives was used. The model analysis is based on the stability and balance of the actors. Based on the results of 24 statuses, 4 are equilibrium and 2 statuses are semi-stable.   Conclusion The results show that there are 24 statuses, 4 equilibrium statuses, and 2 semi-stable statuses among different mode of actions in the areas of metropolitan area management. Status 15 is considered as the most stable one. Based on Nash Equilibrium (R), General Metarationality (GMR), Symmetric Metarationality (SMR), Sequential Stability (SEQ), Limited-move Stability (LM), and Non- myopic Stability (NM) all actors are most beneficial. State-government actors with structural reforms, gradual changes and the necessity of reviewing laws and regulations, as well as recognizing the concept of metropolitan area with respect to political divisions of the country, can provide a structure and an effective state for managing metropolitan areas. Public-government actors can help improve the current state of affairs by facilitating and organizing structural reforms or setting up a regional metropolitan management council. This should be done by removing the weak horizontal interactions among stakeholders in metropolitan region and unhealthy competitions of cities and settlements located in the metropolitan region. People's institutions can also play an active role in managing metropolitan areas with their attempt to participate and influence the management. Furthermore, the principle of confidence as a link between social elements that makes social capital essential, and this can be achieved through decentralizing and distributing powers among all actors and stakeholders.

With the advent of the modern government and directing plans and investments towards cities, the formation of metropolitan complexes was inevitable in Iran and the number of such phenomena was increased in country's land areas over time. Nevertheless, observing the studies and reviewing the structure and mechanism in governing city-regions in the country show that lack of integrative outlook and capability of sectional consideration and operation in the structure of split management in each working and residential centers in country's city-regions is one of the most important institutional and directional problems and challenges that country's city-regions are facing. Despite approval of several city-region’s plans in the country (the approval of Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, Isfahan, Qazvin City-Region and etc.) their proposed institutional and systematical mechanism have not come off yet. Therefore this record seeks to find out the answer to the question: what are the reasons for un-fulfillment of proposed schema of city-regions in the country?
The approach to answer the question above has been qualitative. The results show that in proposed schema for managing metropolitan complexes throughout the country, disregarding some issues such as indetermination of the legal position of metropolitan complexes in country subdivisions system and consequently the indetermination of specific structure and managerial mechanism of these regions, sectional and centralized governance system in Iran, suggestion of developing new administrative structures, adherence of the proposed schema to the single management approach are amongst the most important reasons for the un-fulfillment and non-achievement of

Institutional organizing of metropolitan regions is one of the controversial topics in political science, regional economics, and regional management that many problems in the management of metropolitan regions depends on it. This study with recognizing new need for global processes as well as isolated thoughts, policy- program segregation, functional segregation and territorial segregation metropolitan regions in Iran, has studied the structure of this system (metropolitan regions). In fact, this article with analytical method analyze management structure of metropolitan regions, and investigate modern and optimal structure for metropolitan regions. The results indicates vacuum of metropolitan regions management and the need for a restructuring at the local and provincial governments for formation of this management level, that this restructuring can be described as government of metropolitan region within a range of regionalism.

Contraband in all economic have been seen as a problem. Prevention of the contraband, therefore, is a necessary policy for countries. In Iran, every year a vast mass of foreign commodities enter as contraband. In this arena, the institutional backgrounds have a main role in prevention or facilitation of contraband. So, this article is trying to analysis the Institutional backgrounds of the contraband. This article uses the quality method to analysis the Institutional backgrounds of the contraband. Organizational insufficiencies like low supervision, low cooperation and coordination between organizations, and lack of the common database, and also legal insufficiencies like weakness in executive bail of laws and regulations, and legal void in responsibilities and authorities of organizations are the most institutional important factors of contraband. The results if this article shows that the laws and regulations have not been act as a background for interventional plans and actions in prevention of the contraband. The results also shows that insufficient responsibility division between organizations, lack of mechanisms for coordination between organizations, lack of the privative and public participation, lack of integrated plan for prevention of the contraband, and etc are the main institutional problems in prevention of the contraband.

Based on the findings of the paper, continuous uneven development in Iran has led to problems as follows: continuation of migration from less developed regions to developed regions, inequality in population density, growing density of the population in developed regions, rising of marginalization around metropolitans, increasing risks for biosphere centers and tensions in utilization of the resources. These problems, in the medium and long term can lead to threat of social solidarity and cohesion, fragile national economy and political divergence which pose a threat against national security.

There has been a lot of attention to the role of Social and cultural factors in regional spatial planning and development in two recent decades and concepts such as social capital are considered attractive in this arena. Investigating and analysis the role of social and cultural factors, therefore, is a basic step in regional development planning. According to the above discussion, this article is trying to answer the question: how the situation is in terms of social and cultural factors as driving force or obstacle in regional development in North Khorasan Province? To answer the above question, we have used a survey and qualitative method. Data gathering was done by questioner and formal data delivered by organizations.
The results demonstrate that the counties of North Khorasan Province show different condition according to the social and cultural factors. The results, also, demonstrate that there are some social and cultural factors such as working as a value, the important of working, and social capital that act as driving forces in the process of spatial planning and development of North Khorasan Province. The results, in the other hand, show that the factors such as declining social status of working, various conflicts and opponents, social problems and unemployment are acting as obstacle in the process of spatial planning and development of North Khorasan Province.

Due to the various traffic problems in the cities and the momentary changes in the traffic situation, there are always specific traffic problems for the police cars that are critical for the time of arrival of the crime. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design intelligent systems for optimal control and management of police cars. In this research, firstly, the factors influencing the motor behavior of the police cars were identified, then, in order to reach the desired system, these factors were analyzed in the GIS environment through the network analysis capability. Research findings show that the Intelligent Police Vehicle Management System is quite efficient in areas such as referring the nearest police car to the accident site, referring the most trusted police car to the accident site with regard to traffic, referring several police cars to the accident site with regard to traffic, imposing travel restrictions in the referral of police cars, the simultaneous referral of police cars to the location of several incidents, and the identification of the areas covered by each police car. Considering the system's efficiency in the aforementioned areas, the establishment of a wide database within the country is one of the requirements for the establishment of this system. Also, due to the complexity of the urban road network and the momentary changes that occur in the streets, it is necessary to provide passage information in an integrated database.

Business tourism as a kind of tourism have been attractive because of its economic impacts. Business tourism have been attractive in urban and regional development in Iran. This phenomenon has been increased in Baneh as a border city of Iran. The growth of business tourism in this region, nonetheless, has been occurred in an unplanned way. This article, therefore, try to answer this question that what are the challenges of business tourism development in Baneh from the perspective of facilities and infrastructures?

Crime is one of the social abnormalities and his phenomena occur in environments known as places capable of crime. Formation of these areas depends on several different factors which the environmental characteristic has the most important role. Therefore, this study attempts, using crime prevention through environmental design, to analyze one of the most important reasons of the population out going, and changing the social and cultural characteristics of the historical texture of Yazd City and reducing the environmental security of this texture .
The method used in the recent research, was a surveying method using a questionnaire for data collection. The data obtained analyzed using the Freeman and T tests.
Findings: The findings show that satisfaction of the residences in the context of security condition of the historical texture is not in a good condition and condition of the land use factors, urbane furniture, components of environmental coordination, health condition, passageways and accessibility, vegetation cover, possibility of informal monitoring, and the species associated with it is, are in many cases lower than the average level indicating conditions far from the relatively ideal life conditions in historical textures .
The results obtained from the research indicate that condition of land use factors, urbane furniture, components of environmental coordination, health condition, passageways and accessibility, vegetation cover, possibility of informal monitoring, and the species associated with it is, are in many cases lower than the average level indicating conditions far from the relatively ideal life conditions in historical textures. The obtained results also indicate that the coordination, vegetation cover and informal monitoring have more non suitable conditions therefore more attention should be attracted on these factors to increase the environmental security in the historical part of Yazd.

ality of the green areas distribution. As a result, in order to answer the needs of urban residents in our country and overcome such problems mentioned above the urban managers and decision makers need to apply modern analytical tools. This article attempts to offer a new combinational method in to propose suitability map for distribution of region 15th of Tehran Municipality’s green space to the urban managers and decision makers using FAHP and TOPSIS techniques. Nowadays integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and geographic information system (GIS) is commonly used in order to solve spatial problems. Different multi-criteria decision making techniques present different methodology with certain limitations and advantages. Our proposed methodology considered 8 green space related criteria to evaluate and prioritise urban green space suitable sites. Proposed methodology has two steps: in step 1, AHP is improved by fuzzy set theory. In this regard, by using fuzzy set theory in AHP method the qualitative judgment can be qualified to make comparison more intuitionistic and reduce or eliminate assessment bias in pairwise comparison process of urban green space criteria. In step 2, obtained results have been used as input weights in TOPSIS algorithm. TOPSIS algorithm by considering ideal and non ideal solution helps decision maker to evaluate ranking locations and select the best one.To deal with vagueness of human thought, Zadeh first introduced the fuzzy set theory, which was oriented to the rationality of uncertainty due to imprecision or vagueness. A major contribution of fuzzy set theory is its capability of representing vague data. The theory also allows mathematical operators and programming to apply to the fuzzy domain. A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership. Such a set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function, which assigns to each object a grade of membership ranging between zero and one. Essentially, the uncertainty in the preference judgments give rise to uncertainty in the ranking of alternatives as well as difficulty in determining consistency of preferences. These applications are performed with many different perspectives and proposed methods for fuzzy AHP. In this study, Chang’s (1992) extent analysis on fuzzy AHP is formulated for a selection problem.A triangular fuzzy number (TFN), M, is shown in Fig. 1. A TFN is denoted simply as (m1, m2, m3). The parameters m1, m2 and m3 respectively denote the smallest possible value, the most promising value, and the largest possible value that describe a fuzzy event. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is one of the extensively used multi-criteria decision-making methods. One of the main advantages of this method is the relative ease with which it handles multiple criteria. In addition to this, AHP is easier to understand and it can effectively handle both qualitative and quantitative data. The use of AHP does not involve cumbersome mathematics. AHP involves the principles of decomposition, pairwise comparisons, and priority vector generation and synthesis. Though the purpose of AHP is to capture the expert’s knowledge, the conventional AHP still cannot reflect the human thinking style. Therefore, fuzzy AHP, a fuzzy extension of AHP, was developed to solve the hierarchical fuzzy problems. In the fuzzy-AHP procedure, the pairwise comparisons in the judgment matrix are fuzzy numbers that are modified by the designer’s emphasis.An extension of TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution), a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) technique, to a set of criteria which are investigated. TOPSIS is a practical and useful technique for ranking and selection of a number of externally determined alternatives through distance measures. TOPSIS is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest geometric distance from the positive ideal solution and the longest geometric distance from the negative ideal solution. It is a method of compensatory aggregation that compares a set of alternatives by identifying weights for each criterion, normalising scores for each criterion and calculating the geometric distance between each alternative and the ideal alternative, which is the best score in each criterion. In our study, we categorized suitability value of geographic locations for urban green space in region 15th of Tehran Municipality to, very low suitability, low suitability, moderate suitability, high suitability and very high suitability. Comparison of categorized suitability classes in related to final suitability map indicates that the two suitable category (High and very high suitability) of the proposed suitability map together occupy about 20% of study region. AHP is an effective problem solving methodology. Decision problem may contain spatial social, economic, technical and politic factors that need to be evaluated by linguistic variables. Then AHP is one of the most commonly used techniques for such situations. The Criteria set is determined at the beginning in many multi criteria decision making methods and modelled depending upon to these criteria. Multi criteria decision making techniques based on the linguistic evaluations like FAHP helps to make a best selection decision by using a weighting process within the current alternatives via pair wise comparisons. In this methodology by utilizing improved Analytical Hierarchy Process by Fuzzy set theory, weight of each criterionfor urban green space site selection has been calculated. Finally this article introduces an approach that integrates improved AHP with TOPSIS algorithm to support related decisions of urban green space site selection.FAHP is AHP improved by fuzzy set theory which is a useful approach for evaluating complex multiple criteria alternatives involving subjective and uncertain judgment. By using fuzzy set theory in AHP method the qualitative judgment can be qualified to make comparison more intuitionists and reduce or eliminate assessment bias in pair wise comparison process. In further step, TOPSIS algorithm considered ideal and non ideal solution in combination with obtained expert results which have been deducted from FAHP algorithm.

Today، new approaches have set the stage for thorough and deep understanding of unsustainable and unbalanced development in a way to pave the way for balanced and sustainable development in the local and regional scale. Institutionalism is a novel approach to regional development that while criticizing the traditional paradigms، introduces new ways toward the local and regional development. Accordingly، this article tries to adequately answer the strategic question “What are the causes of unsuccessful policies of regional development in Iran?” A qualitative and documentary method was applied to answer the question.. The results of the study demonstrated that despite having enjoyed many decades of experience in the regional policy making، the regional development policies in Iran have failed to consider the environmental، social and economic capacities; moreover، they have disregarded boosting the regional leadership and devising the due policies based on the local conditions، local and regional management and the participation of regional elements. In addition، vague definition of region and regional development، centralized decision-making and administrative structures، along with neglecting new methods of regional development such as knowledge development، learning promotion، socio-economic development and entrepreneurship at the local level have all curbed the grounds for regional governance، leading to unsuccessful regional development.

The city center is a multi-functional width that is placed on top of your most important functions of urban، and Compared to other parts of the city plays more and more important role in the field of functional. This paper has been developed the aim Prioritization Patterns and indicators Management and development Part of the city center bukan city. The study is descriptive and analytical. Is used to collect data from field studies and Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data and techniques TOPSIS. Statistical population is the city authorities، groups and families Owners and business units within the city central part of the Bukan. Results show that the resultant set of factors (historical، economic، demographic، socio - administrative، traffic، physical - Spatial Index activity center)، shall be determined as specified within the town، that can be learned from the central part of the city. Findings Show that each of the above factors are somehow involved in the city central part of Bukan. Final results of the data analysis techniques using indicators to assess the management and development of the city central part of the Bukan by TOPSIS show that it was found that the separation is calculated as the minimum distance from the ideal high diversifying economic activities and the activities of financial institutions with the largest positive distance from the positive ideal. Also standard is far too anti-ideal combination of land use patterns and certain hours of the day has the highest population density and distance from the lowest to the anti-ideal. The final ranking is obtained by combining the land use pattern of the rank and priority. Is the benchmark indices and symbolic elements of the priority ranking of 25 cities in the index have gained the least among other indices

In two recent decades there has been a main and important concept in institutional approach to local and regional development named as institutional capacity. This concept includes a range of factors in individual, organizational and gregarious level and has rapidly moved from being an analytical concept to a prescriptive one in local and regional development. In this article, we have used a combination of survey-quantitative and qualitative methods to study the relationships between institutional capacity and sustainable development based on mainstreaming it in decision-making and activities of the region's institutions. To determine the amount of the institutional capacity effect on the sustainable development with regard to the concentrated structure of the Iran's administrative system and to determine the effect of such concentrated system, we studied the existence of such relations at the regional level, in from of case studies in Boukan and Orumiyeh counties. The results show that there is a significant correlation between institutional capacity and sustainable development and according to the regression analysis results, mainstreaming sustainable regional development has correlation of 0.725 with the constituent factors of the institutional capacity. In addition, the results of the path analysis reveal that the constituent factors of the institutional capacity have different share in the mainstreaming sustainable regional development; so that appropriate legal arrangements, integrated institutions, abilities of institutions, learning and knowledge are effective on the mainstreaming sustainable regional development with 0.604, 0.356, 0.354, 0.248 and 0.074, respectively.

Dealing with major challenges that many of the regions in Iran are faced with that, it is necessary to analyze the capacity of regional institutions and enforce their abilities. This article, therefore, tries to assess institutional capacity in the studied regions to demonstrate their institutional capacity. The article, also, aims to respond to this fundamental question: what are the appropriate strategies to enforce institutional capacity in Boukan and Orumiyeh counties? In order to reach the above aim and also answer the posed question, the surveying method is used. The paper also applies the strategic planning framework to determine appropriate strategies to enforce institutional capacity in the studied regions. The results demonstrate low institutional capacity in Boukan (by the average 2.46 out of 5). The results also demonstrate medium institutional capacity in Orumiyeh (by the average 3.04 out of 5). The appropriate strategies also include creating legal mechanisms to improve the relationship between institutions, improving the circumstance and necessary and appropriate legal arrangements to improve the performance of institutions, providing the necessary circumstance to enhance the accordance of the national and provincial regulations with their regional counterparts, enhancing the role of technical committees, devoluting of the local affairs to local institutions, creating a legal context for cooperation of existing institutions in regional governing process, improving institutions’ access to knowledge and learning resources, paying attention to viewpoints and wills of local people, and enhancing the institutional abilities.