فهرست مطالب خدیجه قربانی سی سخت

Overshadowed by the leading and well-known theories in the history of philosophy, some of the ideas of philosophers have always been neglected or less considered. The passage of time and the emergence of modern issues reveal new dimensions of such thoughts. Thinkers of this movement claim that transhumanism holds deep historical-philosophical roots, and above all, they seek historical aspects of transhumanism in the era of modernism and modern philosophy. In this paper, we examine the evolution of transhumanism in the history of philosophy from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Our results show that there have been many thinkers in the history of philosophy who have firmly believed in the advancement of man through technology, and have combined it with their philosophical ideas. They believed that many aspects of human nature, biology, and culture could be changed, strengthened, or eventually overcome using technology and human ingenuity. Although the capability of science and technology of the time was not such as to allow them to experiment most of their transhumanistic ambitions, put forwarding these ambitions made a historical-philosophical evolutionary trend that transhumanists use today to justify their ideas.

The need for philosophy in science and utilizing philosophy in research works have been emphasized consistently by many experts. In recent decades, with the increasing growth of new technologies, the explanation of the relationship between these technologies and philosophy and the situation of philosophy in identifying these technologies have become vital. Transhumanism is a technological and futuristic movement its experts acknowledge their ideas to be the philosophical inheritors and revivers of the ideals of the Enlightenment. The present study aims to understand and analyze the philosophical origins and hotbeds of transhumanism in the context of humanism and the Enlightenment, as two significant intellectual-philosophical west currents, and perfectionism as a philosophical idea. Considering this origin, one can also find the philosophical foundations of transhumanism under humanistic ontology, pragmatist epistemology, and technological values; which are the basis of their attitude toward man and the enhancement of his nature.

Transhumanism has emerged as a modern scientific and intellectual-cultural movement with futuristic approach relying on its scientific researches to propose biological enhancement for human beings and to increase life quality. This research is aimed at elucidating the scientific and futuristic aspects of this movement, and highlighting the significance of conducting futuristic studies in this field. The study follows a qualitative research approach employing documentary-interpretive method.The main finding of this study is to explain the framework and scope of scientific and futuristic research which transhumanists focus on. In this way, some of the issues and challenges following the fulfillment of the notions of this movement, are identified, which are in need of future studies. Although there is a long way to achieve the ultimate goals of this movement, indeed it seems impossible to achieve them, some steps have been taken in this way, and we can observe a degree of transhumanism. The realization of some part of the ultimate goals of this movement will surely brings about great outcomes in various aspects of human life. Hence, it is of special importance to address transhumanism from the viewpoint of futures study and its different interdisciplinary aspects.

According to some theories about the nature of moral concepts, these concepts can be included into four categories: objective (external), philosophical, emotional (affective) and constructional (contractual). To solve some of the philosophical problems, Allameh Tabatabai suggests the new theory of constructional perceptions. Dividing the constructions, he considers ethics as a part of the constructional concepts. Some of the features he considers for moral conventions such as relativeness, originating from the feelings and needs, the lack of truth and falsifiability, etc., puts this theory in close similarity with the theory of moral emotionalism from Ayer, contemporary positivist philosopher. Aside from the commonalities of the two theories, there are fundamental differences between them that should not be ignored, including that by suggesting this view, Ayer seeks to reject the metaphysics, but by suggesting conventions theory (as a whole), Allameh seeks the consolidation of rationalization and philosophical principles.