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 One of the most typical ways of transmitting the infection is by hand; thus, much emphasis has been placed on hand hygiene. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the effect of tea tree oil and lavender on bacterial samples found in nurses’ hands.

 This quasi-experimental study was performed on all nurses working in ICU wards. The samples were selected by an easy non-probability sampling method. The research tools were demographic information questionnaires and a bacterial culture registration form. In the intervention phase, on the first day in the first experimental group, 2 drops of lavender oil, on the second day, 2 drops of tea tree oil, and on the third day, 2 drops of distilled water were poured on the nurse’s palm, and their hands were massaged for 10 seconds. Before and after the intervention, culture samples were taken from each group. The obtained data were analyzed with the Chi-square test, paired t test, and ANOVA in SPSS software v. 20 at a significant level of less than 0.05.

 The most common organisms isolated at the beginning of the study were Staphylococcus epidermidis (76.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.8%), Klebsiella spp. (7.9%), and Escherichia coli (6.5%). The use of lavender oil and tea tree has been effective in reducing the microbial load of the palm. Hand massage with lavender oil had less effect on reducing germs (P=0.003), but tea tree oil had a more significant reduction of pathogens (P=0.001).

 Lavender and tea tree oil reduced the microbial load of nurses. Both methods have been effective, but the effect of tea tree oil was more significant. Therefore, their use in handwashing is recommended to eliminate palm bacteria in ICU staff.

Lower back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder in nurses. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of vibration therapy and that of muscle relaxation methods on nurses with low back pain. In this clinical trial, 110 nurses with low back pain were randomly assigned to two intervention groups (group I and group II). The research instrument were written consent form, demographic questionnare, numeric pain rating scale and pain assessment flowsheet. In group I, the nurses received vibration therapy once a day for 10 minutes for two weeks. In the group II, the nurses performed muscle relaxation once a day for 20 minutes for two weeks. Then, pain rate was measured before and after the intervention in both groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20 and α =0.05 was considered significant. There were no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic information (p>0.05). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the the groups in terms of average low back pain (P = 0.0814). After the intervention, both groups experienced a statistically significant decrease in pain compared to that before intervention (p≤0.001). The nurses’ low back pain in the muscle relaxation group decreased from 5.8 to 4.25 and from 5.9 to 3.1 in the vibration therapy group. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of the average  pain severity after the intervention (p=0.044) so that the pain reduction rate in the vibration therapy group was higher than that in the muscle relaxation group. The results showed that vibration therapy and muscle relaxation reduced the nurses’ low back pain. In other words, both methods were effective. However, vibration therapy was more effective.

Regarding the importance of nursing education promotion, there is a need to use methods that have the ability to create knowledge and skills in students. This study aimed to assess the effect of education (problem base learning, cooperative training and routine approach to clinical education) on critical care nursing student's clinical learning, anxiety and satisfaction.
This quasi-experimental study performed in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Amir Al Moemenin hospital in Arak, Iran, during 2015-2017. The subjects were 60 nursing students who were selected via Fixed blocked randomization method and randomly were allocated into three groups (60 subjects). After the administration of pretest, students in control group were educated using common method; in one of the experimental groups, the cooperative learning and for other experimental group, problem- based learning was used for 9 days. Then, the three groups completed the questionnaires at the end of education again. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 (analysis of variance, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, Fisher).
The mean total score of the learning was significantly difference among three groups after the intervention. after intervention, the mean of learning was in problem based solving and collaborative learning higher than usual method. There was no significant difference between means of satisfaction and anxiety in three teaching methods.
It seems that two methods of problem-based learning and cooperative training enhanced clinical skills of students. Therefore, it is recommended to use these two methods to enhance students’ clinical learning.

Peripheral venous catheter installation is one of the most common invasive practices used in hospitals to deliver fluids, drugs, and electrolytes intravenously during emergency events and the most common complication associated with their application is phlebitis. It is a serious complication, which can lead to clot formation, thrombophlebitis, embolism, and reduced use of intravenous catheters.
Therefore, the current study aimed at comparing the effect of clobetasol ointment and sterile gauze dressing on the prevention of phlebitis caused by peripheral venous catheter in patients admitted to a surgery ward.
Methods and The current clinical trial was performed on 96 patients admitted to the Department of Males’ Surgery in Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Arak, Iran in 2013. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of clobetasol ointment and sterile gauze dressing. In the clobetasol group, after catheterization of the venous, the ointment was applied to the distal area and the area was dressed and in the sterile gauze dressing group, after catheterization of the venous, gauze was applied in the distal area after sterilization. The location of phlebitis was investigated three times, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the catheterization, based on phlebitis scale.
The frequency of phlebitis in any degree after cannulation in the two groups showed no significant difference during the first 24 hours after installation (three cases of clobetasol ointment and four cases of sterile gauze dressing) (P=0.059). However, there was a significant difference in 48 hours (three cases of clobetasol ointment and 18 cases of sterile gauze dressing) and 72 hours (27 cases of clobetasol ointment and 42 cases of sterile gauze dressing) after installation between the groups (P Use of clobetasol ointment as a method to prevent phlebitis due to venipuncture is recommended.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, a major cause of death and disability, is increasing worldwide. Considering the data available on folk medicine in Iran, this study aimed to investigate hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of the aqueous extract of the plant, Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen (Thymus. K) in patients with type II diabetes.
This study is a clinical trial in which 64 patients, aged 30-60 years, with confirmed diagnosis of Type II diabetes treated with usual anti-diabetic drugs normally were randomly divided into two groups, 1. (receiving usual drugs) and 2. (Receiving Thymus. K aqueous extracts 20 gr/day with conventional therapy). Three months later, indicators of glycemic control and lipid profiles were reassessed in both groups and compared with baseline values respectively.
Results showed that the groups receiving the aqueous extract Thymus. K (20 gr/day for three months) in addition to usual drugs, showed a significant decrease (p The aqueous extract of the plant Thymus. K in patients with type II diabetes along with the usual anti-diabetic drugs, led to better control glucose levels and also helped lower of LDL-C levels.

End- stage renal disease and hemodialysis dependence affect all aspect of patients’ life and bring them different experiences. The aim of the present study is to explore the perception of illness in hemodialysis patients.
This qualitative research was conducted, using inductive and conventional qualitative content analysis approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interview with 21 patients in the hemodialysis ward of Valiasr hospital, selected by purposeful sampling. All interviews were performed by one researcher within two months. Each interview lasted 40 minutes. The data were analyzed along with data collection process.
During the data analysis process, five categories were extracted, i.e. disabling complications of disease, hopelessness, life dissatisfaction, the sense of dependence, and turbulent thoughts. “Helplessness caused by the disease” was emerged as the theme of this research.
The findings of this research showed that hemodialysis patients often encounter unpleasant experiences, leading to helplessness and a decreased quality and hope of life. Therefore, the physicians and nurses of hemodialysis ward should pay more attention to the problems of these patients.

Insect bites can cause local or systemic reactions. Myocardial infarction is a rare complication that can occur by bee stings.
Case Report: We report a 21-years-old man with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction after bee sting.
In reported case, positive troponin indicated myocardial infarction caused by coronary vascular spasm followed by releasing histamine.

Autism is generaly known as cerebral neural development disorder among children accompany with behavioral disorders. complementary medicine therapy as a new attitude toward autism treatment is common. So this study with the aim of determining of the ffect of super brain yoga on children with autism disorder was accomplished.
This quasi-experimental study was done on 80 children with autism in Clinics of the University of Medical Sciences, in the two groups: experimental group (even number of admissions) and control group (odd number of admissions) , with applying convenience sampling method by ethical satisfaction. In addition to the routine treatment in the experimental group, the intervention done for theoretical and practical training of the super brain yoga, for the children and their parents. And then do the exercises by children on a daily basis was a month for two minutes.
Routine treatment in the control group had no intervention. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 20.
Before intervention there was no significant difference between the mean scores of severity of autism in to experimental (108/6±10/8) and (106/2±8) control groups , but after intervention there was a significant difference between the mean scores of severity of autism into experimental (88/7±11/9) and (106/1±7/8) control groups (P= 0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean scores of severity of autism in control group before and after intervention(P= 0.258).
Conclussion: It seems that exercises of super brain yoga is effective in reducing symptoms of autism in children.

Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common causes of occupational injuries in nursing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of education of occupational safety on knowledge and improvement of employee performance during moving patients in intensive care units of hospitals.
This study is an educational trial and was accomplished in Amiralmomenin and Vali-e-Asr educational hospitals in Arak. 60 subjects (nurses, health workers and services) were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. In both groups, the rates of musculoskeletal disorders are assessed. Then intervention group was trained for safety instructions during moving patients, but the control group was not. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.
Results showed that before intervention, both groups based on demographic characteristics and musculoskeletal disorders did not have significant different (P> 0.05). In intervention group a significant difference between knowledge level of before (12.73± 6.61) and after the intervention (88± 19.27) was seen (P 0.05).
The results showed that increasing the knowledge level of nurses and health workers about correct transportation of patients in intensive care units have had a surprisingly effectiveness on their knowledge levels and performances.

Hospitalization of patients in the intensive care units frequently results in anxiety of the family members. This study was performed to investigate the effect of a family-centered clinical intervention on the anxiety of family members of the patients hospitalized in intensive care units.
In this clinical trail study, eighty family members of the patients hospitalized in the intensive care units were randomly divided into interventional and control groups, respectively. In the interventional group, the family members were allowed to be present at the bedside from the second till the sixth day.The participant's level of anxiety was assessed in the second and the sixth day of patient's hospitalization using hospital anxiety and depression scale. Oral information about the equipment and the regulations and, a daily information card consisting of treatment and care activities, vital signs and patient's level of consciousness was delivered to the participants and their questions were answered.
In the the sixth day, there was a significant difference between the mean anxiety scores in the intervention (11±3.22) and control group (7.05±3.44) (P Providing information, presence at the bedside and participation in the care of their patient increase the anxiety of family members in the first week of patient hospitalization in the intensive care unit.

History taking and physical examination help physician diagnose disease also, plan patient management correctly. Considering the effectiveness of many factors on patient history, this study with the goal of exploration of emergency physician’s experiences on barriers of precise patient history taking and physical examination was done.
This is a qualitative content analysis research. After purposeful sampling, semi structured interviews were held with 18 physicians in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Each interview was recorded and transcribed verbatim and then analyzed using the content analysis method.
Based on the participant’s experiences, primary codes of barriers on history taking and physical examination were obtained . Then after integrating or eliminating the overlapping codes, 5 secondary codes or main barriers including: Educational barriers, Cultural barriers, Economic barriers, no knowledge on legal issues, and defect of supervision and administration systems were found.
The findings showed 5 main barriers of patient's history writing. All participants emphasized that resolving these barriers need to precise supervision on history taking and physical examination in emergency wards and continuing scientific and cultural education for physicians and community.

Delirium is a dangerous neuro-psychiatric syndrome. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) is a suitable tool for diagnosis of this disease. This tool has not been translated and validated into Persian language until now. The goal of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of Persian version of this tool in detection of delirium in intensive care units (ICU).
This study is a psychometric study of the Persian version. All samples were selected from hospitalized patients in ICU and nurses in Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2015. In each case, after 30 minutes of making diagnoses based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Forth Version-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria by a psychiatrist, a nurse makes her diagnoses by using ICDSC without knowing the psychiatrist’ idea. Then all cases of delirium diagnosis according to the tool were compared with delirium diagnosis by psychiatrist and psychometric properties of tool were assessed.
Findings: After doing forward and backward translation, the face validity was confirmed. The mean of content validity index (CVI) in relevancy, clarity and simplicity were 0.83, 0.81, and 0.86 respectively. The construct validity based on factor analysis outputs were above 0.5 for all items. In criterion validity measurement, the cut point of five for Persian version of ICDSC is founded. In this cut point the sensitivity and specificity of the tool was calculated 80% and 93%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value in this cut off was calculated 92% and 88%, respectively. The correlation between an equivalent criteria with this tool for delirium screening was 0.74 (P = 0.001). Internal Consistency for the tool based on Cronbach’s alpha was 0.83 and the correlation between two split half of the tool for delirium screening was 0.72.
The Persian version of ICDSC has a high validity and reliability for delirium screening. This tool in cut point of five can differentiate delirium from normal case with high positive and negative predictive value.

Noticing to high prevalence and complications rates of Diabetes Mellitus and its effect on quality of life, and also considering low quality of life, can cause low self-care and increase complications among these patients. The goal of this study is comparing the effect of multimedia education with live successful experiments on quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients.
This is a semi experimental study. First 160 type 2 diabetic patients were selected First 160 type 2 diabetic patients were selected and then randomly allocated into two tests and one control groups. Research tools were self-statement demographic and WHO-QOL Brief questionnaires which were completed before interventions. For first test group educational classes with multimedia method (group discussion, educational film and slides) were hold in 5 sessions each in 45 minutes. For second test group education was based on narrating of live successful experiments by the patients who controlled their diabetes and answer to questions of the patients. After 3 month WHO-QOL Brief questionnaires which were completed again. All data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 software.
There was no significant difference in means of quality of life among three groups before interventions (p= 0.194). There was significant difference in means of quality of life among three groups after interventions (p= 0.04). There were significant differences between the means of quality of life in first test group (P≤0.001) and second test group (P≤0.001) before and after interventions.
Qualities Of Life in first and second test group were increased more than control one.

One of the most important needs of hospitalized patients in intensive care units is patients visiting by their family members, but it is very limited in these units. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increased visiting to patients’ time on pain and level of consciousness of hospitalized patients in intensive care units. In this clinical trial, 60 hospitalized patients in intensive care units of Vali-Asr Hospital in Arak City, Iran, in 2013-2014 were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Each visiting was done for 10 minutes, 3 times a day (9- and 12am and 15pm) in the intervention group and for 10 minutes once a day (15pm) in the control group. Then patients’ pain and level of consciousness was measured before, during, and after 10 and 30 minutes of visiting by family. Data was analyzed in SPSS 20 software using Chi-square, paired T, independent T, and repeated measure ANOVA tests. There was no significant difference between pain and level of consciousness between 2 groups before intervention (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the means of pain and level of consciousness before and 30min after the visiting at 15pm in control group (p>0.05). There were significant differences between the means of pain before and 30min after visiting at 9am, 12am and 15pm in intervention group (p<0.05), but no significant differences were seen in the level of consciousness (p>0.05). Increasing the time of visiting to patients decreases the pain of the hospitalized patients in intensive care units.

Weaning from mechanical ventilator due to the direct effect on patient’s physiologic indices is very risky action and if it is unsuccessful, it can lead to re-intubation of patient. The aim of the current study was to compare the effect of two weaning methods from mechanical ventilation “SBT” method with “SIMV” on physiological indices of ventilated patients.
In this clinical trial study, 44 intubated patients in intensive care units of one of the hospital in Arak in 2014 were selected through convenience sampling and then were randomly allocated into two intervention and control groups (each group 22 persons). In intervention group SBT method and in control group SIMV were used as weaning method from ventilation. Data collection was done thorugh using physiological indices and GCS score before, during and after the intervention Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20, paired T-test, independent T-test, repeated measures ANOVA and Greenhouse-Geisser.
In SBT group, the means of systolic blood pressure was (107.90 ± 5/2), heart rate (70.27 ± 7.2), respiration rate (14.90 ± 1.06) had significant reduction after intervention (from 9 to 12 Am) (p The results showed that “SBT” method leads to improvement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, Pao2, O2sat and level of consciousness of patients in intervention group. It is recommended to apply of this weaning method in intensive care unit.

Sleep disorders in hemodialysis patients have been reported over 80%. Due to its sedative effects, Matricaria Chamomile may be effective in promoting sleep quality of these patients. This study was done with the aim of investigating the effect of Chamomile on sleep quality of hemodialysis patients.

This is a randomized clinical trial. 110 hemodialysis patients were selected by convenience sampling and randomly allocated in two groups. Patients in intervention group received 400 mg Chamomile syrup every day up to 4 weeks and patients in control group Saccharin syrup with the same order. Data was gathered with demographic questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22 using paired and independent t- tests.

Results showed no significant difference between means of sleep quality in control (10.21± 1.85) and intervention group (10.52 ± 2.2) before the intervention (P=0.430). After intervention a significant difference was seen between means of sleep quality in control (10.12± 2.09) and intervention groups (8.07 ± 1.96) (P=0.0001).

Oral taking of Chamomile resulted in promotion of sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. Consumption of Chamomile in similar conditions is recommended.

Hand hygiene is the most effective strategy to combating nosocomial infection. Although previous studies have explored the importance of hand hygiene among nurses, no attention has been paid to hand hygiene among nursing students. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the goal of exploring the experiences of nursing students in regard to hand hygiene in training environment.

This qualitative research was performed using the content analysis approach. Data were collected through interviews. The study was started with purposive sampling and continued with theoretical sampling during categorization. The 26 participants were interviewed during 3 months. The data were analyzed using the constant comparative analysis method.

Through data analysis, individual factors (hand health belief, knowledge, amnesia, skin problems), environmental factors (physical space, facilities and equipment, and time limitation), and motivational factors (individual interest and motivation, reactions and behavior of instructor and staff, and reaction of classmates) were achieved as third codes of the experiences of hand hygiene. Moreover, “hand-washing in hospitals as an obligatory conditional practice” emerged as the main theme; meaning hand-washing was performed in favorable conditions in terms of individual, environmental, and motivational factors.

The main theme indicates that to implement this important issue and eliminate the challenges to its implementation it is necessary to pay attention to different factors and provide all the prerequisites. Thus, in order to conventionalize repeated hands-washing among students in the hospital, holding regular workshops, seminars, and journal clubs in hospitals and in schools is recommended. Keywords:

Occupational stress in nurses, especially those working in intensive care units, can cause a variety of problems such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin problems. Among these problems, gastrointestinal symptoms have a high prevalence. This study was done to investigate Zataria multiflora effect on gastrointestinal symptoms in nurses working in intensive care units. This is a randomized double- blind clinical trial. 70 nurses working in intensive care units of educational hospitals in Kashan city were selected to participate in the study. Informed consent forms were completed by nurses. They were randomly allocated into two groups. Intervention group received Zataria multiflora and control group placebo, three times a day. The intervention duration was one month. Data was gathered using a questionnaire consisted of two sections; demographic information and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale. Data was analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in demographic characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms. Before and after taking the drug, gastrointestinal symptoms score in Zataria multiflora group was 23.00±3.95 and 18.25±2.09 respectively, which showed a significant difference (p<0.001). But gastrointestinal symptoms were not significantly different between the two groups after the intervention. It seems Zataria multiflora can decrease gastrointestinal symptoms, so it can be offered to those nurses suffering from gastrointestinal problems.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was considered firstly in 1981 by the report of the diseases such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi''s sarcoma among Homosexuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the care of immunodeficiency virus infection in the past decade and necessity of more attention to religious teachings.

This study is descriptive and cross-sectional study according to official data published by the Ministry of Health of Iran and World Health Organization statistics in the recent decade. The incidence and ways of transmission were reviewed and then the variety of religious teachings associated with disease transmission was mentioned based on Quran and narrations.

In this study، the number of patients was annually increased 29. 2% from 2001 to 2011 averagely. The average number of deaths annually was 1936 people، and at this time the most important ways of transmission in the country among all those in 2011 were recorded injection with common device in drug users (62. 5%)، sex contact 21. 2%) and transmission from mother to child (3. 9%)، respectively. Transmission way was unknown in 12. 4% of this group.

By considering the increasing trend of infection and change in the pattern of transmission، more attention and adherence to religious teachings and practical commitment to these doctrines can be effective in controlling the AIDS and preventing its spread.

Mental Health of Nurses in recent decades, attracted more attention. therefore strategies to reduce stress level is essential. Ginkgo biloba is one of thes herbs that has widely usage in complimentary medicine.With regard to the these points and consider of positive effects of Ginkgo biloba, this study aimed to assess the effect of Ginkgo biloba on nurses stress levels. This clinical trial was a double blined cross sectional study that nurses eligible to participate in the study using sampling methods were selected and Then randomly given drug or placebo to nurses. The medication and placebo was 40 mg, twice a day. After the two -week, the experimental and control group were switched. In this study 62 nurses for two weeks consume ginkgo. Sum score of occupational stress questionnaire in case group after intervention was 40.15 with standard deviation 10.26. sum score of occupational stress questionnaire in control group after intervention was 34.55 with standard deviation 12. With regard that stress in nurses has problems such as decrease quality of care and unsatisfaction and unefficacy and fatigue and these factors lead to emotional disorder then intervention for control them is necessary. Therefore with regard that this research identify positive effect of ginkgo on stress levels and ginkgo is a part of complimentary therapy has a wildly application then we can use that for increase quality of life in nurses.

The growing elderly population in Iran and the association of aging with the high prevalence of physical and mental disorders have increased the necessity of determining quality of life of this age group. The quality of life of elderly women is affected by several factors due to their vulnerability. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the quality of life of elderly women in Arak. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 271 elderly women who lived in Arak in 2013 using classified sampling. Data were obtained via general QOL (SF-36) questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 67.5±7.02 years. The mean (±SD) total scores of SF-36, mental health, and physical health dimensions were 50.22±18.39, 58.54±19.38, and 46.35±20.82, respectively. The mean (±SD) score of eight dimensions of QOL were: general health 45.52±10.79, social function 56.58±24.94, physical pain 47.60±28.27, physical function 51.46±27.05, physical limitation 38.10±42.67, emotional problems 46.22±42.11, vitality 50.16±19.09, and mental health 58.54±19.38. There were significant difference between QOL, marriage, and income (P<0.05). The results showed that the quality of life in this study was average and some factors, such as education, income, marriage, and residential situation, have a direct influence on QOL. Keywords: Elderly, Quality of Life, Women, Study the quality of life among elderly women in Arak in 2013 Print Persian Abstract Author(s): davood hekmatpou1, farzaneh jahani *, fatemeh Behzadi1 1- arak- Basij Square- Payambar Azam academic callage Bachelor of science Arak university of medical sciences, arak- Basij Square- Payambar Azam academic callage, jahani@arakmu.ac.ir Study Type: Original Atricle | Subject: General | Receive: 2013/12/25 - Accept: 2014/02/26 - Publish: 2014/04/20 Article abstract: The growing elderly population in Iran and the association of aging with the high prevalence of physical and mental disorders have increased the necessity of determining quality of life of this age group. The quality of life of elderly women is affected by several factors due to their vulnerability. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the quality of life of elderly women in Arak. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 271 elderly women who lived in Arak in 2013 using classified sampling. Data were obtained via general QOL (SF-36) questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 67.5±7.02 years. The mean (±SD) total scores of SF-36, mental health, and physical health dimensions were 50.22±18.39, 58.54±19.38, and 46.35±20.82, respectively. The mean (±SD) score of eight dimensions of QOL were: general health 45.52±10.79, social function 56.58±24.94, physical pain 47.60±28.27, physical function 51.46±27.05, physical limitation 38.10±42.67, emotional problems 46.22±42.11, vitality 50.16±19.09, and mental health 58.54±19.38. There were significant difference between QOL, marriage, and income (P<0.05). The results showed that the quality of life in this study was average and some factors, such as education, income, marriage, and residential situation, have a direct influence on QOL.

Test anxiety، a common phenomenon among college students، is one of the problems of educational systems. According to the Islamic religious doctrines، spiritual relationship with Allah (God) comforts the hearts and prevents anxiety. Therefore، this study was performed with the goal of exploring the experiences of the effect of Holy Quran reading on students test anxiety in Arak University of Medical Sciences، Arak، Iran.

In a qualitative research، 23 participants were interviewed in Arak University of Medical Sciences during 2 months. The study started by purposive sampling and as the categories evolved it was continued by theoretical sampling. The data were analyzed based on the content analysis method.

Data analysis has shown that the third codes of the effect of Quran reading on participants’ test anxiety were controlling test anxiety، strengthening the capacity of the individual، the effect of sounds and meanings of the Quran، and final effects of Quran reading. Moreover، “the effect of holy Quran reading on all dimensions of test anxiety and strengthening the capacity of the individual” emerged as the main theme of the present study.

Using qualitative method، the experiences of the effect of Quran reading on students’ test anxiety were more deeply recognized in comparison to using quantitative method. On the other hand، the main theme of this study (“the effect of holy Quran reading on all dimensions of test anxiety and strengthening the capacity of the individual”) is an important finding which is completely in agreement with Allah’s speech in the Quran. Therefore، in order to benefit more from divine grace and blessing of Allah manifested by the verse of the holy Quran، Quran reading is recommended for all students، especially during exams.

No doubt death and life after death and human attitude is considered as one of the main subjects in all religions. This study is aimed to determine the concept of death from academicians´ point of view.

This qualitative study was performed through content analysis method، and the data were collected through interviews. Sampling was conducted through purposeful sampling method. 21 individuals were interviewed in Arak University of Medical Sciences for 2 months. Constant comparative analysis was utilized for data analysis.

Data analysis has shown that six main codes were identified; certain reality، cognition، necessity، anxiety، death memory، and death quality. In this study the theme of “Death as a spiritual and positive point of view originated from participants’ belief in resurrection” emerged.

In this study the persons’ views about death، which originated from their belief in resurrection، were positive and spiritual. From participants’ point of view death is a stage in the evolution of mankind. Thinking of death prevents humans from committing sin and has a main role in human maturity.

Previous studies and reports show that majority of motorcyclists do not use helmet in Iran. The aim of study was to evaluate the performance of motorcycle helmet use based on health belief model in Markazi province in Iran. This cross- sectional study was carried out on 384 subjects selected based on convenience sampling. Participants completed a designed questionnaire on attitudes and behaviors relevant to bicycle helmet use. The mean age of participants was 28. 9 ± 8. 5 years and 42% of drivers were single. There were significant association between performance with perceived severity، benefits، barriers، and motorcyclists’ action (P<0. 05). The barriers of using helmet reported by participants were sweating، hearing disturbance، expensiveness، heaviness، and visual limitation، respectively. In time of study، only 16. 2% of motorcyclists used helmet. Based on our health belief model، 61. 4% of participants believed that education and information are the best method، 22. 7% believed that not users of helmet should pay a penalty، and 15. 9% believed that confine of motorcycle could be effective actions to encourage them to use helmet. According to the results، the helmet use practice was poor and should be increased Meanwhile، the perceived severity should increase especially in young people. The community - based health education programs accompanied with police harsh treatment is necessary.

A major reason for lack of pain control is inadequate training and skills of the staff. Nursing is intervened in order to provide patients with more comfort and pain control. Nurses can maximize the control of patient''s pain through pain assessment. In this line، this study aimed to investigate the effects of pain assessment workshop on the knowledge، attitude، and practice of nurses working in Valie-Asr Hospital of Arak. This quasi-experimental study was done on 80 nurses in the operation، orthopedics، emergency، and burn wards of Valie-Asr Hospital of Arak. The tools included demographic، knowledge، and attitude questionnaires and practice observational checklist. Validity of the tools was evaluated using content validity، and their reliability was assessed by test-retest (for the knowledge questionnaire)، Cronbach''s Alpha (for the attitude questionnaire)، and interrater reliability (for the observational checklist). Intervention occurred during four 45-minute-long sessions for nurses. The knowledge and assessment questionnaires were completed by nurses، and the checklists by the researcher’s colleague for the second time. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 16) by paired t-test and Pearson. Scores means of knowledge increased from 9. 2 ± 99. 7 to 5. 2 ± 71. 13، of attitude from 5. 7 ± 9. 22 to 6. 7 ± 5. 37، of practice concerning asking the patient questions from 4 ± 3. 8 to 5. 4 ± 1. 16 and practice concerning using pain assessment tool from 7. 1 ± 7. 1 to 8. 1 ± 3. 5. (p≤0. 001). Pain assessment workshop can be effective on enhancing the knowledge، attitude، and practice of nurses. Therefore، periodical training، provision of pain assessment equipment، and proper policies and procedures for monitoring and evaluating pain assessment can be effective.