راضیه پاک

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the most common anxiety disorder. The majority of individuals with social anxiety have a bias toward threatening signs. The present study was designed aiming to compare attentional bias in socially anxious, subclinical, and normal university students in Tabriz universities.

The present study is descriptive and the statistical population included all university students in Tabriz in the academic year 2021-2022. Among the participants, 90 individuals were selected via purposive sampling. The measurement tools in this study were Connor's Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Beck's Depression Inventory, Spitzer's Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Attentional Task (Dot-probe Task), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results of MANOVA on attentional bias toward emotional faces showed that the members of socially anxious group spent significantly more time paying attention to emotional faces of sadness, anger, disgust, and fear compared to the normal group (P<0.001). Also, subclinical individuals spent more time paying attention to the emotional face of anger than the normal group (P<0.001).

The results obtained from the present study showed that socially anxious and subclinical individuals show attentional bias towards emotional faces. Knowledge about attentional bias in socially anxious individuals can lead to an increase in understanding and awareness of their behavior for counseling and psychotherapy.

Various factors affect individuals’ mental health, including psychological well-being which is defined as satisfaction and positive perception of life. The present study was conducted aiming to investigate the role of life expectancy, happiness, and mindfulness in predicting psychological well-being. The research method was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all students of University of Tabriz in 2019 academic year, of whom 228 individuals were selected by convenience sampling. The Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales (RPWBS; 1980), the Schneider Life Expectancy Questionnaire (1991), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006), and the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI; Argyle, 2001) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression was performed using SPSS software version 23. The findings revealed that there is a direct and significant relationship between life expectancy, happiness, and mindfulness with psychological well-being. Multiple regression analysis showed that life expectancy, mindfulness, and happiness are able to predict the changes in psychological well-being, respectively. The results indicate that factors of positive psychological approach along with mindfulness improve the psychological well-being of individuals.

Interpersonal problems are the main criteria of some psychiatric disorders and are among the most common problems that most patients report during clinical interviews. So they are the main reasons for people to refer to psychotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between interpersonal problems in social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The present study was a descriptive study in which 300 people participated through online sampling. Interpersonal problems questionnaire, rumination, social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder were used as research tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Pearson correlation coefficient test and structural equations. The findings of this study showed that; there is a direct and significant relationship between interpersonal problems, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder symptoms, and rumination. In addition, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) depicted that rumination can mediate the relationship between interpersonal problems, obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder symptoms. According to the results of this study, rumination seems to be a facilitating factor between interpersonal problems and emotional disorders; thus, people who experience emotional disorders and have high levels of rumination are more prone to interpersonal incompatibilities.

The main feature of Social Anxiety Disorder is a persistent and unrealistically intense fear of those social situations in which a person may be exposed to the harsh assessment of strangers, or just encounter them. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation and quality of life in the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and psychological well-being. The present study was a descriptive method and the statistical population included all students of East Azerbaijan in 1399 that 210 people answered the questionnaires online. Questionnaires of social anxiety, Reef psychological well-being, short scale of fear of negative evaluation and quality of life were use as research tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equations. Symptoms of social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and quality of life showed a negative and significant relationship with psychological well-being. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that fear of negative evaluation and quality of life can mediate the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety disorder and psychological well-being. As a result, the convergence of social anxiety symptoms, fear of negative evaluation and low quality of life affect the psychological well-being of socially anxious people.

Psychological well-being and happiness describe the components that refer to mental health or positive functioning. Thus, the definition of happiness is not limited to emotional well-being; because other elements such as cognitive elements are involved in happiness. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of psychological well-being components in predicting happiness.  

This is a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Tabriz University in the academic year 1397-98 that 174 people were selected by judgmental sampling. The Reef Psychology Welfare Scale and the Oxford Happiness Scale (OHI) were used to collect research data.

In this study, 119 (68.4%) females and 55 (31.6%) males were present as a sample. The mean and standard deviation of the subjects were 22.00 71 3.71 years, respectively. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of psychological well-being and happiness (P <0.05). Based on the results of hierarchical regression analysis, 19.7% of the variance of happiness was explained by the components of psychological well-being. Also, according to beta coefficients and t value, self-acceptance component, mastery of the environment and positive communication with others were significant at the level of P <0.05.

According to the results, students who have experienced more psychological well-being, in other words, have reached a degree of self-acceptance, are able to control stress and stressors to some extent, and have acquired the necessary skills to communicate effectively with others. They have more inner self and as a result they will experience more happiness.

Various psychological vulnerabilities such as uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease, psychological vulnerability background, anxiety, and worry can contribute to the fear of the coronavirus disease. One of these factors is anxiety sensitivity that refers to the fear of the feelings associated with anxiety arousal due to perceived physical, psychological, or social consequences. There is evidence that anxiety sensitivity plays an important role in the persistence and progression of anxiety symptoms in all anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance in predicting the severity of coronavirus disease anxiety. For this purpose, a descriptive correlational study was conducted on 128 volunteers assessed in terms of Covid-19 disease anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and uncertainty intolerance. The results of multiple regression analysis showed the existence of a significant relationship between disease anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and uncertainty intolerance (p <.001). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that 30.1% of the variance of coronavirus disease anxiety was explainable by anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance. According to the results of this study, anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance can be considered appropriate predictors of coronavirus disease anxiety.

Social anxiety is a prevalent and distressing disorder whose key features include fear of evaluation and shame in performance and social situations. The present study was conducted aiming to investigate the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between self-focused attention and the severity of social anxiety disorder symptoms.

The design of this study was descriptive and the population included all students of Tabriz University in 2019, of whom 296 individuals were selected by convenience sampling. Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) by Connor and et al., (2000), Focus of Attention Questionnaire (FAQ) by Chambless, & Glass (1997), and Rumination Response Scale (RRS) by Nolen-Hoeksema, & Morrow (1991) were used as research tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (the mean and standard deviation), Pearson correlation coefficient test, and Structural Equations Modeling (SEM).

Self-focused attention and rumination showed direct and significant relationship with the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that rumination can mediate the relationship between self-focused attention and symptoms of social anxiety disorder.

The results revealed that rumination can affect the relationship between self-focused attention and symptoms of social anxiety and increase their severity. Therefore, these findings can be used in intervention.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of perfectionism, negative affect in the relationship between behavioral inhibition system and severity of social anxiety disorder symptoms. The present research design was descriptive and the study population included students of Tabriz University in 2018. Using convenience sampling, 333 university students were selected, and were assessed through Personality Inventory for Social anxiety, the brain behavioral inhibition and activation systems (BIS/BAS) questionnaire of Carver and White, Multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS), as well as Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales. Data were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results showed that perfectionism and negative affect could mediate the relationship between behavioral inhibition system and social anxiety disorder symptoms. Hence, findings suggest that perfectionism and negative affect could increase the influence ability of Behavioral Inhibition System on social anxiety disorder

In December 2019, a new corona virus, also known as acute respiratory disease, was identified in Wuhan, China, named by the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19. One of the most important symptoms of this disease is acute respiratory symptoms, which in 2% of cases lead to the death of the patient. The virus spread rapidly in China and spread to other countries within a few months. The disease has recently spread to areas in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Europe, the Americas and even Australia. Iran is also one of the West Asian countries affected by the disease. Due to the prevalence and transmission of the disease on February 4, the World Health Organization declared a state of emergency and recommended that countries reduce individual-to-person transmission of the disease by reducing contact with people, especially those with illness and staff and Control its global expansion. The current state of corona prevalence has caused mental health problems such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, anger and fear in people.

In the event of an outbreak of infectious diseases with high mortality, the close cooperation of psychiatrists, specialists in other branches of health, local authorities and health workers in the community is essential. Therefore, early and continuous psychiatric interventions are recommended by the mental health team to minimize the harmful effects of coronavirus disease conditions.

An increase in anxiety and feeling a lack of control over traumatic events and emotional experiences can cause and maintain psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between mental-physical vulnerability and state-trait anxiety in Coronavirus pandemics. This descriptive correlational study was conducted online and included 228 participants. To collect data, the state-trait anxiety scale and the psycho-physical vulnerability scale (SCL-25) were used as research tools. SPSS 23 software was used to enter data. LISREL 80.8 software was used to investigate the structural relationships of variables. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between psychological-physical vulnerability and state-trait anxiety. The structural pattern of these variables indicates the relationship between state anxiety with somatization, anxiety, depression, phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder and the relationship between trait anxiety and depression, interpersonal sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. According to the results obtained from this study, it seems that pandemic conditions, as a stressor in vulnerable individuals, can lead to some psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, obsession, and interpersonal sensitivity.

Religion is a belief-based activity system which functions in the realms of social and reflective aspects in line with human growth and excellence. Present study was conducted aiming to investigate the relationship between cognitive style and religious orientation of the students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. This research was correlational and Statistical population included all of the students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in the academic year 2015-16. The research sample was comprised of 211 students selected via convenience sampling. Religious orientation and Cognitive style questionnaires were used for data collection. Data analysis was conducted by Pearson correlation statistical method and simultaneous multiple regression via SPSS statistical software. The results depicted that there is a significant relationship between Cognitive Style (experimentalism and rationalism) and religious orientation. Also, experimentalism and rationalism showed a significant relationship with the components of religiosity (p<0.05), praise (p<0.05), and pleasure seeking (p<0.01). The results indicated that individuals employ both experimentalism and rationalism in religious orientation.

The present study was conducted to compare executive function and cognitive flexibility and  theory of mind in foster and non-foster children. The study population included all and non-foster children in Azarshahr city in 2016. The number of participants included 42 people selected using purposeful sampling. The Tower of Hanoi test and reading mind test by eye image (RMET) were used as a measurement tool. The results showed that executive function scores (p<0.05, F (1)=15.00, 18.95) are higher in non-foster children. In addition, scores of mind theory became significant (t=2.75, df=40, p<0.05). Comparing mean in two foster and non-foster children at the significance level suggests that theory of mind in non-foster children is high. It seems that foster children in executive function are weaker than non-foster children.

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) brings about an increase in excitation, evoking emotional states of anxiety, and experiencing negative emotions; and it seems individuals who have activeBehavioral Inhibition System, feel more anxiety in confrontation with stressful events. On the other hand, being exposed to stressful life can weaken various functions of immune system. Thus, the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the role of brain/behavioral systems (BIS/BAS), stressful life events, and disease duration in predicting disease symptoms severity in individuals suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Shiraz city, 2014.
The present research design was of descriptive type; and statistical population consisted of all the patients suffering from MS in Shiraz city in the first half of 1394, among whom 162 patients were included in this research through purposive sampling method. Jackson-5 scales, Stressful Life Events Scale, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) questionnaires were utilised as the research tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation), Pearson’s correlation coefficient test, and hierarchical regression.
According to the obtained results, BIS (p The findings are indicative of high scores of BIS in interaction with stressful life events during the disease period; some psychological devises reduce the anxiety caused by stressful life events, and can be regarded as influential steps toward the patient's mental health.

The aim of present study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and burnout with mediating role of workaholism among banks'''' employees. For this study, 300 employees were selected by simple random sampling method from banks in Tabriz. The instruments were Maslach Burnout Inventory, Hill Perfectionism Scale and Workaholism Questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient and Sobel test in regression analysis were used for data analysis. The results showed that perfectionism has negative correlation with job burnout significantly and positive correlation with workaholism. Also findings showed that workaholism negatively correlated with job burnout. Mediating effect analysis for workaholism showed that perfectionism have a negative impact on burnout (p