فهرست مطالب رباب حسن زاده

Prolonged labor stages can have serious consequences for both mother and infant. Positive effects and encouraging results of nipple stimulation on the duration of labor have been observed in some studies. This study was performed with aim to determine the effects of breast stimulation on the duration of labor (primary outcome) and Apgar score and method of delivery (secondary outcomes).

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A search of published Persian and English texts without time restrictions up to July 2023 was performed in reputable databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the SID Persian database with English keywords of Stimulation, Physical stimulation, Labor progress, Labor stage, Duration of labor, Breast, Nipple, and Labor, as well as their equivalent Persian keywords. Two authors independently assessed the quality of the articles using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and ROBINS-I tool, and the meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan software (version 5.3).

Out of 307 identified studies, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. According to the subgroup analysis based on the control group, nipple stimulation compared to no intervention significantly reduced the duration of the first stage of labor (4 studies, mean difference: -2.66; 95% confidence interval: -1.70 to -3.61; p<0.001) and the second stage of labor (3 studies, mean difference: -8.22; 95% confidence interval: -3.62 to -12.83; p<0.001).

Although breast stimulation compared to no intervention may reduce the duration of labor, due to the limited studies in this area, further high-quality studies are needed before recommending its use.

A high-quality Ph.D. course requires frequent assessment and identification of deficiencies and limitations. The midwifery Ph.D. course started in 2016 in Iran and since no evaluation has been performed on this program, the present study aimed to evaluate the Iranian midwifery Ph.D. course based on the CIPP model.

This descriptive-evaluative research was conducted based on the CIPP model in 2021 in the schools of nursing and midwifery of Tabriz and Ahvaz Universities of medical sciences, Iran. The statistical population included the faculty members of the midwifery Ph.D. program (9 individuals) and midwifery Ph.D. graduates and students (21 individuals). The data collection tools comprised CIPP-based questionnaires exclusively for faculty members and students. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis.

Most students (81%) and faculty members (77.8%) reported an appropriate general evaluation of the midwifery Ph.D. curriculum. Most faculty members (77.8%) and students (90.8%) reported the indicators of the midwifery Ph.D. curriculum as appropriate in terms of context. More than three forth of faculty members (77.8%) and more than half of the students (57.1%) reported this curriculum as appropriate regarding input. This program was also reported to be appropriate according to 52.4% of students and 66.7% of faculty members in terms of process. Furthermore, a total of 66.7% of participants in both groups reported an appropriate status in terms of output.

Midwifery Ph.D. curriculum was reported as an appropriate program. Also, students of this discipline requested greater stress on clinical upskilling for midwifery Ph.D.