رحمان معرفت

The poor economic situation and the reduction of job opportunities have pushed universities towards academic entrepreneurship and commerciali-zation of knowledge. Nevertheless, the evidence shows there are many obstacles in the way of academic entrepreneurship, especially in some disciplines. Identifying obstacles to academic entrepreneurship is the first step toward its development. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to identify the obstacles to academic entrepreneurship in the field of knowledge and information science. The current research was of an applied type which was conducted using the qualitative method of ground theory. The research community was the knowledge and information science faculty members at Iran's governmental universities. The sample members were selected by purposive sampling method. The basis for selecting the sample members was that they have at least five years of work experience as faculty members and have scientific records in fields with entrepreneurial orientation. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The interview processes continued until reaching theoretical saturation after interviewing 16 faculty members. Regarding academic rank, 4 of the sample members were professors, 7 were associate professors, and 5 were assistant professors. By analyzing the interview data, 90 primary codes were identified, and these codes were categorized into 12 sub-categories and three main categories. Macro obstacles, academic obstacles, and individual obstacles were the three main categories that hinder entrepreneurship and commercialization of knowledge in the field of knowledge and information science from the point of view of faculty members. Major obstacles were formed from 4 categories: economic factors, political factors, cultural factors, and strategic factors. Academic barriers consist of 4 sub-categories: university structure, university regulations and rules, university education, and course content. Individual obstacles also include 4 subcategories: scientific skills, communication skills, psychological skills, and entrepreneurial skills.   The present research has identified the most important obstacles to entrepreneurship and commercialization of knowledge in the field of knowledge and information science by studying the views of faculty members in the field of knowledge and information science. Although some obstacles to academic entrepreneurship, such as macro obstacles, are beyond the authority of faculty members and experts, by strengthening and investing in things that are under their control, such as individual obstacles, they can move towards academic entrepreneurship. Generally, the findings of this research can help in better planning for increasing academic entrepreneurship and commercialization of knowledge and removing its obstacles and shortcomings.

The advancement of science has long been the goal of wisdom. Throughout history, the publication of the works of scholars has been used as an instrument to promote science among those interested in knowledge. It is important to review the publications promoting science to understand the reasons for their gradual deletion from the promotion of science in Iran. In the past, the publication of scientific-promotional publications formed a basis for the dissemination of information published in the scientific and professional community, at the public level and to the general public. The tendency of journals to become former scientific-research journals has led to the disappearance of the status of scientific-promotional journals. The advancement of science and its popularization are very important, and it seems that there is a serious criticism of the lack of scientific- promotional publications among Iranian publications. Scientific-promotional publications are always needed, as they are a valuable means of disseminating human knowledge to a wide audience, and it seems that the problem of the lack of such publications should be more closely studied and researched. In disseminating science in the language of the people and popularizing science, it is necessary to publish promotional publications.

The economy of libraries and information centers in oil-dependent countries have always been directly related to price changes for this product. Declining or rising global oil prices have had a direct impact on various processes related to libraries and information centers. Economic resources play a key role in the stability of libraries and information centers and their survival. If libraries and information centers rely solely on the country's oil revenues, their continued operation will be seriously challenged by oil price fluctuations and budgetary problems. In this article, which has been prepared as a "letter to the editor", the issue of economy of information has been considered as an important and serious alternative in providing revenues for libraries and information centers.

Scientific collaboration is a process in which two or more authors share their resources and talents in order to create a common work. The aim of this study was to investigate the co-authorship status of the Journal of Family Research of Shahid Beheshti University.
The scientometric methods were used in the current study. The population included all articles from the Journal of Family Research of Shahid Beheshti University from 2005 to 2016. Totally, 320 articles and 911 authors were investigated, and the data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS.
The findings of the study showed that each article of this Journal had 2.8% authors in the period of the study. It was also found that the average
co-authorship rate in articles of the Journal of Family Research was 0.60% during these years. Moreover, the highest number of authors in the articles was allocated to the universities of Shahid Beheshti, Isfahan and Tehran, respectively. In total, the average number of authors in the articles of the Journal of Family Research was three.
The scientific co-authorship rate was low in the Journal of Family Research.

INTRUDUCTION: The main aim of this study was to answer the question why information literacy is needed from the viewpoints of psychology undergraduate students majoring in Semnan University. This study was an applied research and used the grounded theory approach to reveal the viewpoints of undergraduate psychology students majoring at Semnan University. All undergraduate students studying psychology in this university at the time of the study (2016-2017) were the statistical population. Data collection process continued until data saturation. Because of the qualitative and exploratory nature of the research, data collection and analysis were conducted synchronously, and 18 semi-structured interviews were done. MaxQDA software was used for data coding. FINDINGS: A total of 74 general concepts appeared in the open coding process. Eleven main categories, such as necessity of familiarity with general and specialized databases, need to familiarity with the library and library resources and search process in the library, need for familiarity with the Internet and Internet search tools, necessity of paying attention to the validation of information and resources, need to know about citation management and referencing styles, need to some necessary skills such as information management, information seeking and English language skills, need to familiarity with general and special social networks and finally, and need to familiarity with information services and resources available in research context were found in this study as some reasons for why information literacy is needed. The concepts and categories extracted in this study, such as not being familiarity with the content of Persian and English language databases in the field of psychology and need for students to be familiarity with the scientific journals of psychology, and necessity of paying attention to these topics in teaching information literacy to the students. Familiarity with the library and its various units should be addressed by information literacy instructors. Also, along with the familiarity with the library, paying attention to Internet search tools and need to understand network concepts is important for the students of psychology. The attention and teaching of citation manager software packages and the need to pay attention to methods of validating resource should also be addressed by information literacy instructors in information literacy programs related to the psychology students. The presence of social networks has created a need for familiarity with various types of social and social networks for psychology students. The concepts and categories of present research can be used for planning information literacy workshops for psychology students at Semnan University

The main aim of this article is investigating the collaboration rate of authors of the journal of Linguistic and Rhetorical Studies via using scientometrics methods. The total issues of the JLRS which have been published during 2010-2018 was the subject of this research. The results showed that 215 authors had published 118 articles in JLRS and mean number of authors per article is1.8. From the viewpoint of gender, 64.6% of authors are men and 35.4% are women. The results also showed that the Semnan University is most prolific among other research institutes and scientific centers. Results also indicated that other universities such as Bu-Ali Sina University, University of Mazandaran, Allameh Tabataba'i University were in next situation. The results highlighted that collaboration coefficient was 0/4.

The main aim of this paper is determining the information needs of psychology student of Semnan University. This study is an applied research and uses grounded theory to reveal viewpoints of postgraduate psychology students at Semnan University. All undergraduate students studying psychology at the time of the study (2016-2017) were the statistical population. Data collection process continued until data saturation. Because of qualitative and exploratory nature of research, data collection and analysis were conducted until saturation, and 27 in-depth interviews finally done. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and MaxQDA softeware was sued for data coding. Five main categories, such as information needs about professional information and publication information, internet and social networks, research mechanism, contextual and academic special resources and information retrieval and search, were found in this study which were reveal as their information needs.

One of the most frequently asked questions about libraries and information centers is that by regarding the cost of gathering, organizing, and disseminating information at these centers, what is their service quality, and how these centers can met user’s needs? To answer this, it is inevitable to assess the quality and quantity of information services provided at these centers. Therefore, familiarity with the types of services offered in libraries and information centers along with defining quality issue could be helpful. In addition to these discussions, attention to a variety of evaluation methods and evaluation models or available evaluation criteria in the research process related to this area can be very helpful in describing and analyzing the process of measuring and evaluating the information services. The present paper introduces the book “survey and evaluation of information services and its critique” and also bring useful and brief information about the field of survey and evaluation of information services. The present work, set in seven chapters, is an attempt to acquaint the audience with the field of s and evaluation of library services and information centers that can achieve their goals based on existing content.

The main aim of this article is demonstrating the methodological approaches of articles published in the field of information literacy in Persian databases.
This article uses Scinetometrics methods. Full-text articles in the area of information literacy which published in information science journals and indexed in some Persian databases such as Center for Scientific Information (Sid), Magiran and other Persian-language databases were collected. The research methodology of downloaded articles were examine. Excel software was used for data extraction.
FINDINGS: The results showed that the mean number of authors of articles published during the period of study in the area of information literacy, is 2.4. From 180 authors in the area of information literacy, 96 (53.3%) were male and 84 (46.7%) were women. The findings also revealed that from 75 articles, only 62 articles (83%) has sued quantitative approaches only 13 (17%) was conducted using qualitative research methods. 61 article (81.3%) have sued a questionnaire as a data gathering tool and library studies (with 17.4%) on the second level remain as a data gathering tool. The findings also showed that two Islamic Azad University Branches (Sari and Ahwaz Medical Sciences), having the highest organizational affiliation (with 6 author), among other educational and research institutions. The Danshshnasy journal (Library and Information Science and Information Technology) and National Studies on librarianship and Information Organization journal (NASTINFO) via publishing ten articles, are the main journals which Iranian researchers tend to publish their articles in information literacy area.
according to results in published articles mainly quantitative approaches is used and it seems to pay attention to qualitative research in the area of information literacy is essential.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the collaboration of authors in published articles in The Journal of Studies in Islamic Law & Jurisprudence، during 2009 – 2013. This study was conducted in Scientometric Method. Descriptive Statistics and data analysis have done by Excel Software. The results of this research show that 73 articles were published by 136 authors in this journal. From gender point of view، 9. 6 % of authors were women and 90. 4% were men. The finding of this research showed that The University of Mazandran with 11 articles is most prolific among other research institutes and scientific centers. The Universities of Tehran and Semnan، each by 8 articles، place in the 2nd and 3rd positions. Collaboration pattern of authors in this journal shows that the Journal tends to publish collaborative works. Only one article was published by a single author. The results showed that the collaboration coefficient was 0. 4.

Publishing articles in scientific journals، as one of the channels of communication between the researchers، accelerate the development of human knowledge. The study of published articles in journals، give overall، an overview of published research papers in journals for journal directors and also gives their readers. This study aims to investigate collaboration of authors in the Journal of Clinical Psychology، during 2009 to 2012. This survey is a descriptive one with a statistical procedure. The method of research is Scientometrics and all data were analyzed by Excel software. Results showed that 128 articles during the period of study had been published، by 431 authors in the Journal of Clinical psychology. In total، 124 women) 28/8%) and 307 males (71/2 %) were the authors. Mean number of authors per article was 3. 35. Isfahan University with 18 articles was most prolific among other research institutes and scientific Centers in Journal of Clinical Psychology. Only 6 articles has single author (4/7%). The results highlighted that the Collaboration Coefficient in the journal was 0. 7. Overall، author’s collaboration in Journal of Clinical Psychology is in high level.

The present study aimed to determine the contribution rate among authors who published articles in Journal of Health Information Management during 2004-2011. This was a descriptive-scientometrics study with a statistical procedure. The population of this study included the total issues of the Journal of Health Information Management (JHIM) articles which have been published during 2004-2011. The results showed that 789 authors had published articles in JHIM and mean number of the authors per article was 3. 03. In terms of gender، 56% of the authors were males and 44% were females. Findings indicated that Isfahan University of Medical Sciences، Iran is most prolific among the other research institutes and scientific centers; furthermore this university has the most grouping published articles among the other research institutes and scientific centers (with 94 articles). Only 8. 7% of the articles had single author. The results highlighted that the contribution coefficient was 0. 64. Contribution rate of the authors in JHIM is in an acceptable level.

This paper aims to discuss different aspects of Development and increaseding library fundsing is throughbased on service fees. It also attemps to and identifying solutions in this fieldmatter. In this paper, factors such as the type of library, services, environments and facilities in order needed to develop and implement strategies to for increasing the financial resources of libraries have been studied and identified discussed through a review of the literature and anticipations. Findings Showed that factors such as the type of library, type of services, environment and facilities, practical factors such as communication and document delivery services, transcription services, using databases, educational workshops and consulting services are among the services the that librariesy can be take into considerationed to get a fee., to achieve the goals of the paper are effective and efficient role.

The aim of this study was to determine collaboration among authors who published articles in the Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology during 2002-2010. In a scientometric study، original articles published in the Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology during 2002-2010 were included. Obtained data were analyzed by Excel software and descriptive statistics (frequencies and means) were reported. The collaboration coefficient was 0. 61. Findings indicated that Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (with 236 articles) and Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (with 167 articles) have had the most grouping published articles in the journal among other research institutes and scientific centers. Author’s collaboration in the Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology is suitable. It seems that browsing author''s collaboration coefficient in this journal periodically can improve it and is suggested.

Scientific communication among researchers has an important role in scientific fields. Some reasons for this communication are: efficient scientific exchanges among researchers, increasing collaborative article quality, using of cooperator authors specialists, increasing probability collaborative article publishing in scientific journals. Collaboration can increase motivation among researchers to create scientific works and opposition to scientific retreat. The purpose of this article was to determine collaboration among authors who published articles in Koomesh journal during 1999-2010. This survey is a descriptive study with a statistical procedure. The total issues of Koomesh journal (a medical journal published by Semnan university of medical sciences) articles which have been published during 1999-2010 was the subject of current research. The method of research is Scienometrics and all data were analyzed by Excel software. The results showed that 440 authors had published 1584 articles in Koomesh journal and mean number of authors per article is 3.6. From the viewpoint of gender, 72.22% of authors are men and 27.78% are women. The findings indicated that Semnan University of Medical Sciences is most prolific among other research institutes and scientific centers. Furthermore, this university has the most collaborative published articles among other research institutes and scientific centers (with 612 articles). Only 44 articles has single author (10%). The results highlighted that the collaboration coefficient was 0.61. Overall, author’s collaboration in Koomesh journal is in high level.

One of the important services that libraries or information centers provide their users is the provision of full-text material whenever the required material is not available in the institution’s collection or databases. Difficulties that lie in provision of manual document delivery services, boosted the drive for designing and implementing a document delivery system in Semnan University. This article is presenting about a practical experience which was gained in this university. The article reporting the background efforts made in relation to document delivery in Semnan University, discusses the difficulties and problems occurred in relation to manual provision of document delivery services in this university, before explaining about different modules of the computerized system.