فهرست مطالب رحیم خادمی

Salinity is one of the most significant environmental stresses for sustainable crop production in the world's agricultural lands. Tomatoes are sensitive to salinity, and it is possible to create a tolerant genotype by evaluating the diversity among tomato genotypes under salt stress and using this diversity in tomato breeding programs. Based on this, in the current study, 22 tomato genotypes were evaluated under salt stress in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this research, different stress tolerance indices were used to evaluate genotypes under salt stress. Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Mean Productivity (MP), Harmonic Mean (HM), Yield (Y), Yield Stability (YSI) and Stress Sensitivity (SSI) were calculated based on the total dry weight under control and stress conditions. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the studied tomato genotypes for two traits, total dry weight and total fresh weight, in two conditions of salt stress and control. These results confirmed the existence of diversity between genotypes in their morphological characteristics. The YP trait showed the highest correlation (0.9) with the MP index and the YS trait showed the highest correlation (0.91) with the HM index, and these indices are suitable for evaluating tomato genotypes under salt stress in the seedling stage. Based on bi-plot analysis, the G10 genotype was the most tolerant genotype, and after that, the G2, G22, G19 and G5 genotypes showed tolerance to salt stress. The cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three separate categories, which showed different behaviors during the transition from a non-stressed environment to a stressed environment. Based on tolerance indices and grouping methods, genotype G10 was identified as a tolerant genotype to salt stress, which can be used as a parent in hybridization and selection of tolerant genotypes.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a malignant hematologic disorder of lymphoid lineage. As a result of chemotherapy side effects, treatment with medicinal plants has recently been considered by researchers. Previous studies on Moringa olifera have shown its anti-cancer properties on some cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Moringa oleifera leaves on Jurket and Raji cell lines of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In this experimental study, after preparing aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa olifera, Jurket and Raji cells were treated with different concentrations of extracts for 48 hours. Cell groups’viability was assessed by trypan blue staining and MTT assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used as a control group. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Gragh Pad Prism 6 and one-way ANOVA test.

Treatment of Jurkat and Raji cells with all concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts led to inhibition of cell growth. The highest percentage of growth inhibition was obtained at a concentration of 150 μg/mL of aqueous extract, 48.5% and 47.4% for Jurkat and Raji cell lines, respectively. Also, the highest lethal percentage was obtained at a concentration of 50 μg/mL of ethanolic extract, 73.4% and 78.5% for Jurkat and Raji cell lines, respectively. The IC50 dose was obtained in all study groups at a concentration of 150 μg/mL.

The leaves of Moringa olifera have the capacity to inhibit the growth and viability of Jurkat and Raji cell lines of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Sixteen date palm cultivars were studied for their susceptibility to the date palm dust mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus, at the Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Institute of Bushehr, Iran. Three date palms naturally infested by O. afrasiaticus were randomly selected per cultivar. Four fruit strands per bunch of each sampling tree were randomly collected, and the number of healthy and infested fruits was counted. Fruit physicochemical attributes of these cultivars were also recorded at the Kimri stage using standard procedures. The analysis was carried out according to a completely randomized design. The results revealed significant differences among cultivars regarding susceptibility to O. afrasiaticus. The cultivars Barahi, Maktoub, Haleli, and Deglet Noor, were more resistant to the date palm dust mite than the other cultivars. Significant differences among cultivars were also observed in all tested physicochemical characteristics. The percentage of infestation had a significant positive correlation with the Kernel weight, fruit length, and the number of strands. Tannin content ranged from 0.97 to 8.13%, total soluble solids (TSS) from 10.00 to 70.00% Brix, and titratable acidity from 0.70 to 1.50%. No significant correlation was observed between the chemical characteristics of date fruits and infestation to the mite. Such information can be used to screen date palm cultivars for date fruit processing industries and breeding programs.

Aloe vera is a permanent, evergreen species with special industrial and pharmaceutical applications. However, information about its nutrition management is scarce. Plants absorb nutrients through complex interactions in the rhizosphere between roots, symbiotic or non-symbiotic microorganisms and soil fauna. Inoculations of soil microorganisms (in the form of biofertilizers) to improve crop production and plant health were mainly undertaken for the group of bacteria known as PGPB (plant growth-promoting bacteria) or PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) and mycorrhizal fungi. To be effective, inoculated organisms must have soil conditions that are suitable for development, which can be improved by applying manure. Compared to the use of inorganic fertilizers, the application of organic manure in agriculture fields results in significant effects on microbial biomass, on the profile of existing species and, consequently, on the enzymes they circulate in the soil and its pool of organic matter. In this way, it interacts with the overall fertility of the environment. Different options of soil fertility management for increasing yield of aloe vera were studied in a field experiment.

A split plot experimentwas conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 growing season in Agricultural Research Center of Bushehr province (29º16'0"N 51º31'0"E and 110 m above sea level). Seedlings were planted on May 4, 2012 with a distance of 0.7 m spacing on row with 1 m distance. The distance between Aloe vera rows was 1 m. The drip irrigation method was used for irrigation.  Main plot factor consisted of 0 and 20 ton.ha-1 sheep manure and five methods of soil fertility management were assigned to subplots including 1) chemical fertilizer (80 kg.ha-1 super phosphate+200 kg.ha-1 urea), 2) Mycorrhiza (using soil containing fungi from mosea), 3) biological fertilizer nitrogen (containing Azotobacter spp; Pseudomomas spp; and Azosprillium spp), 4) combination of Mycorrhiza and Nitrogen, and 5) no fertilizer (control). Monthly samplings were taken in 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 330 days after planting. Fresh and dry weight of leaves, leaf length, width and thickness and number of leaves per plant were measured. Harvestable leaves were considered as final yield.

The results indicated that interaction between manure and chemical or biological fertilizers was significant for all measured traits. Application of sheep manure was led to significantly higher growth and yield of aloe vera with better performance when manure was combined with chemical fertilizers. The highest number of leaves was obtained from integrated use of manure and chemical fertilizers with about 15 leaf per plant. While the lowest number of leaves was observed in control treatment. The interaction between treatments had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on leaf thickness. Plants treated with combination of chemical fertilizer and sheep manure had significant differences with other treatments, except with integrated use of biological fertilizers and manure. The highest fresh and dry weight of plant 3107.2 and 78.1 g plant-1, respectively and the highest final yield (36.04 tons.ha-1) was achieved with integrated use of manure and chemical fertilizers. The results also indicated that high aloe vera yields with great quality could be obtained with combined application of manure and biological fertilizers as an alternative for chemical fertilizers.

Producing medicinal plants under low input of chemical fertilizers is of great importance for human health, environment as well as production costs. Results of this experiment showed that application of manure with biofertilizers could be considered as a proper alternative to chemical fertilizers. Nutrition of aloe vera with this integrated management method will results to high yield and quality in addition to improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.AcknowledgmentWe are grateful to Ebrahim Farrokhi and Kohzad Sartavi for their help with the field experiments, collecting field data and providing necessary advices to carry out this work.

Date Palm Lessr Moth Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick, is among the most important pests feeding on date fruits. Here, we studied the standardization of the class-specific sampling method to define the appropriate unit and number as well as to know population distribution pattern of B. amydraula in its specific ecological niches and fitting of continuous sampling model on six date palm cultivars in five provinces. Sampling was repeated in 10 days intervals from late March to early September. Distribution pattern of B. amydraula in the date palm orchards was calculated using indices of mean crowding, Taylor's law, mass average index, patchiness, and Iowa. The results showed that the mean density of B. amydraula varied from 3.304 (Sayer cultivar) to 0.804 (Rabi cultivar) in 20 studied fruits. According to Taylor's law, the distribution of this pest was cumulative. The sample size decreased by increasing density of B. amydraula in date palm orchards. The slope of decrement was different in the various date cultivars so that the lowest and highest number of the samples were observed in Sayer and Kabekab, respectively. By these results we can say that sequential sampling method can decrease sample size by 3 to 16 times compared with the classical sampling model.

The small date moth Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae) and other date palm moths are among the most important date fruit pests, causing the date fruits to dry and fall. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the density of B. amydraula population and the extent of its injury level as well as between the rate of damage and reduction of date yield indices on six commercial date palm cultivars in five provinces of Iran including Khuzestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Kerman and Saystan & Baluchestan durying 2018 and 2019. Production management costs in both chemical and biological control approaches were considered. Also, crop prices in each region were calculated based on a six-month average prediction. Sampling were done at 15-days intervals from May to early September. To this end, four clusters were selected from four different geographical directions of each tree and in each cluster, 25 fruits were checked to determine the number of healthy and infested fruits. Finally, the Norton model was used to calculate EIL under biological and chemical control conditions. Based on the results, the cost of biological control was lower than that of chemical control. The highest cost in both methods was the cost of purchasing the controlling materials. The highest rate of injury (symptoms of nutrition) to the crop was observed in Mazafati cultivar and the lowest one was in Kabkab. Also, the highest crop damage (nutrition losses) caused by pest damage unit was observed in Rabi cultivar and the lowest one was in Kabkab cultivar. In all studied cultivars, the economic injury level in 2018 was lower than 2019 in both chemical and biological control methods. On the other hand, in biological control method in both years and on all cultivars, costs were lower than chemical control method. The highest value of economic injury level in 2019 was estimated for cultivar Sayer in biological control method (1546.1 larva-day) and the lowest one was estimated for cultivar Rabi in chemical control method (13.81 larva-day).

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables that are used by human. High price of tomato due to its out of season production in Bushehr province has made a great tendency for farmers of this area to cultivate it in fall and winter in nearly 12000 hectares in the province. Mean annual precipitation is about 250 mm per year. Maximum and minimum annual temperatures are 51 and -1 Celsius degrees. Mean annual evaporation is 3000 mm. Recent droughts and going down of water table because of over usage of underground water are main problems of this region that have enforced farmers to decrease irrigation water utilization and try to increase water use efficiency by using new technologies. Therefore, any new technical methods which can increase water use efficiency will help crop production quality and quantity and result in yield stability in the region. Many researchers have proved that mycorrhizal fungi can improve agricultural systems sustainability because of their ability to increase water absorption due to their long and expanded hyphae. Also they are known to increase nutrient uptake from soils even poor in minerals. Therefore, a greenhouse project was designed to
determine the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrients uptake and water use efficiency of tomato under drought stress in Bushehr province in southern Iran. The experiment was carried out on completely randomized block design in factorial with three replications during 2016-2017 in the greenhouse of Bushehr agricultural and natural resources research organization located in Southern Iran. Factors were as follows: 1) four Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae، Glomus intraradices ،Glomus vsersiform and Glomus caledonium) and a control (without inoculation), 2) irrigation at three levels based on soil moisture depletion at I1=25, I2=50 and I3=70 percent of available water to show stress (from non-stress to low and high stress levels). Soil used for this experiment was dried in sunshine for one month to be evacuated from any native fungi. Soils of the region are calcareous ones with low salinity limitation (EC= 3. 70 dS/m) and poor nutrition elements and slightly alkali (pH=7. 9). Inoculation of roots by fungi was done by pouring one spoon of fungi near tomato roots while cultivating the transported seedlings in the pot. This would help the roots to be exposed to fungi directly while spreading through growing. Irrigation water used were 22. 3, 20. 1 and 17. 7 liter for each pot filled with 10 kg soil during the season. The experiment lasted 100 days and tomato properties were measured such as yield,  colonization percent, nutrition elements concentration and also, water use efficiency. Dried leaves were milled and put in furnace at 550 Celsius degrees. Roots were soaked in water for five minutes to be detached from soil and cleaned toughly. Detached roots were maintained in small glass jars filled with alcohol and were kept inrefrigerator at 5 Celsius degrees. Roots were then colored by Try pan blue method and root colonization percent was measured by Grid line intersect method. Results showed that interaction effect of mycorrhizal fungi and irrigation levels was significant at 1% level on tomato properties (except for N concentration in leaves). Mean comparison with
Duncan`s test proved that increase in drought stress caused decrease in all tomato properties but fungi inoculation could mitigate water shortage in comparison to non-inoculated tomatoes Higher drought stress decreased colonization significantly. Drought stress caused significant deficiency in nutrition elements such as N, P and Fe, however some elements such as K, Zn and Mn were increased in medium drought stress.  Inoculation with all mycorrhizal fungi improved nutrition elements concentration in tomato leaves. Water use efficiency was increased 67. 9, 49. 6 and 52. 1 percent from non to medium and high stress respectively in tomatoes treated with Glomus intraradices. Using of mycorrhizal fungi specially Glomus intraradices and Glomus caledonium increased tomato water use efficiency and improved growth properties due to the increment of water resistance ability in plant. This phenomenon is caused by higher nutrition elements uptake by roots and optimization of water relationship in tomato in the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. According to results, it is suggested tomato roots inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi especially in regions with high water stress potential.

IntroductionFood production to meet the demand for the world's growing population will be more difficult in the second half of the century than the first half. The increase in world population will result to greater pressure on agricultural lands in order to produce more crops. Therefore, the idea of increasing production per unit of area is inevitable by the applying chemical fertilizers which consecutively leads to serious environmental consequences. The same is true for production of cosmetics and pharmaceutical species including Aloe vera gel which is attracting excessive interest during the recent years. Scientific investigations of A. vera show that when it is prepared as a gel, it is more effective in treating stomach ailments, gastrointestinal problems, skin diseases, constipation and radiation injury. In most of the experiments conducted on Aloe vera, only the morphological characteristics were considered and the physiological aspects as well as the growth indices have been overlooked. On the other hands there is a limited number of published scientific resources regarding the application of manure and biological fertilizers on Aloe vera. The aim of this study was to evaluate different nutritional management methods in production of Aloe vera as a medicinal plant under the climatic conditions of Bushehr province so as to replace the chemical fertilizers by the manure and biological ones. Introducing such ecological methods could take a step forward towards the sustainable production of this valuable medicinal species.
Materials and MethodsThe experiment was arranged as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications on a land area of 500 m2. The main plot factor included the application of manure (0 and 20 tons per ha) and the sub plot factor was the application of biological and chemical fertilizers in five levels: 1- Chemical fertilizer (80 kg triple superphosphate per ha and 200 kg urea per ha), 2- biological fertilizer Mycorrhiza, 3- bio-fertilizer Nitragin which contained three genus of Azotobacterspp., Pseudomonas spp. and Azospirillum spp. 4- the combination of two biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza㘫歪ࢧ), and 5- the unfertilized control. Leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) were measured 150 days after planting in monthly intervals. The measured values of LAI and TDM were subjected to functional growth analysis and growth indices including crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were calculated.
Result and DiscussionThe results showed that the interaction between manure and either of chemical or biological fertilizers on leaf area index and maximum dry matter production of Aloe vera was significant. Application of manure improved nearly all growth indices in comparison with plants did not receive manure. Manure combined with chemical fertilizer had the greatest impact on the growth of Aloe vera. So that integration of manure with chemical fertilizer was led to the highest values of LAI (6.1), CGR (0.79 g m-2 d-1) and TDM (111.57 g m-2). Finally, the results showed that chemical fertilizers can be replaced with combination of manure and biological fertilizers for higher and more quality of Aloe vera yield.
ConclusionThe results achieved in this study showed that Aloe vera had responded positively to different methods of nutrient management. Chemical fertilizer had a greater impact on the growth indices of Aloe vera than other fertilizers, furthermore when it used in combination with manure, growth was more pronounced in comparison with individual application. Although biological fertilizers used in this experiment were less effective than chemical fertilizer, all of them were improved Aloe vera properties compared to the control. Likewise, this improving properties was different in combination of biological treatments with or without manure. When manure was used, combination of biological treatments wiht manure was better than their separate application. When manure was not used, separate application was better than their integrated.
AcknowledgmentWe are grateful to Ebrahim Farrokhi and Kohzad Sartavi for their help with the field experiments, collecting field data and providing necessary advices to carry out this work.

To study the effect of salinity and ammonium: nitrate ratio on growth of saplings of Zard and Arbiquina olive cultivars، an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in Tarom field station in 2010- using factorial arrangement in completely randomized design with three repetitions. Four levels of salinity: 150، 100، 50، 0 mMl-1 NaCl and four solutions with different ammonium: nitrate ratio including: N0:14 meql-1 nitrate; N2:2 meql-1 ammonium + 12 meql-1 nitrate; N4:4 meql-1 ammonium + 10 meql-1 nitrate; N6:6 meql-1 Ammonium + 8 meql-1 nitrate، were used on one-year old olive saplings grown in perlite: sand (1:1) medium. Results showed that different levels of salinity had significant effect on reducing leaf area، dry matter، vegetative growth (plant height)، change in plant height and N content and K: Na ratio in the leaf as well as increasing the number of dropped leaves and Na uptake. Application of different nitrogen ratio showed that ammonium increased in nutrient solution with reducing current year growth parameters and increasing the K: Na ratio and N content in leaves reducing Na uptake and number of dropped leaves. Therefore، high concentrations of ammonium and salinity intensified negative effects of either treatments.

Ethnopharmacology have been seen as a multidisciplinary approach for novel drug discovery. The main aim of this ethnopharmacological study was to identify the medicinal plants of the Helleh River region in the northern Persian Gulf area. The ethnopharmacological data were gathered from 61 local informants by face to face interviews. The relative frequency of citation (FRC) and cultural importance (CI) indices were calculated. A total of 63 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families were identified. Cichorium intybus، Achilleaeriophora DC، Plantagopsylliumand Malva parviflora had the highest cultural importance index. Ahilleaeriophora DC، Alhagi camelorum، Citrullus colocynthis، Plantagopsylliumand Malva parviflora had the highest FRC index، respectively. The highest application was for gasterointestinal diseases، nature of warm، respiratory disorders، infectious diseases and metabolic disorders، respectively. A vast variety of medicinal plants are used for different disorders in the Helleh River area which are very compatible with medicinal uses in other parts of Iran. The traditional uses of Plantagopsyllium for respiratory problems and drainage of infective boils، Achilleaeriophora DC for diabetes mellitus and abdominal pain، Malva parviflora for respiratory infections and Citrullus colocynthis for hemorrhoids، are promising for discovery of novel drugs for clinical applications.