رحیم عالی

Cefixime (CFX) is one of the most extensively used antibiotics across the world. Nonetheless, the entrance of this pharmaceutical compound into water resources has posed a serious problem to the environment. With this background in mind, the present study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of CFX removal from aqueous solutions by potato starch.

The current study assessed the effect of four main effective parameters, namely pH (3-9), potato starch dose (0-300mg/L), CFX initial concentration (0-16mg/L), and retention time (20-120min), on CFX removal using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).

Under the optimum conditions, the maximum CFX removal efficiency was reported as 65.57%, with the optimum values of pH=4.5, potato starch dose=225mg/L, CFX initial concentration=7.9, and retention time=95min. As demonstrated by the results of RSM, the current study follows the quadratic model (R2=0.987).

Considering the appropriate results of CFX removal by potato starch, it is recommended to be used as a successful method to remove this contaminant from water sources.

Antibiotics are extensively used for human and veterinary treatments as well as agricultural growth improvements. In spite of such positive effects, in the present century the antibiotic resistance has become one of the most important environmental challenges. It has involved all environmental sections and putting pressure on microbial groups led to antibiotic resistance followed by ecological changes in environmental sources. Antibiotic resistance in the environment can be transferred from pathogenic bacteria to non-pathogenic and native bacteria. These agents persist in raw inflow and final effluent of wastewater treatment plants and infected the soil and water compartments. Water treatment can not completely eliminate bacteria and their resistance genes. These agents therefore enter the water distribution systems and create health risks for final consumers. This paper evaluated the antibiotic resistance in environmental resources and main factors in antibiotic resistance dissemination. The paper emphasizes on the role of authorities and organizations as well as researchers in the basic pathology of antibiotic resistance in environmental sources and its relationship with clinical places and use of proper control methods.

Zero iron nanoparticle is considered as a universal enhancement agent. Its stabilization in aqueous environments with different coatings, reduces the efficiency of nanoparticles to a great extent. This study aimed to optimize the mobility and dispersion of nanoparticles to increase the inactivation efficiency of heterotrophic bacteria in urban sewage effluents. The experiment was carried out on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) using Design Expert 10 software. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized in two types of carboxymethyl cellulose-coated and simple type. B-nZVI was introduced into the effluent with by pneumatic injection of nitrogen gas. CMC-nZVI was also mixed with a mixer in the effluent. Comparison of the results was done with two HPC and cellular molecular techniques (Genetic sequencing of 16s rRNA bacteria). The highest inactivation efficiency (90%) was observed in minute 23 for pneumonic injection of B-nZVI at a flow rate of 10 L / min. Finally, with the improvement of gas pressure and flow rate, the inactivation efficiency was recorded at 95.6% at 32 minutes. Final model obtained from this process agreed with the quadratic equation. General forecasting of the model was expressed by the correlation coefficient (R2=0.9447) that made good fitness for the response data. The statistical significance was determined using Fisher's statistics (F-value=13.29). For optimal use of nZVI in the inactivation of urban wastewater heterotrophic bacteria, nZVI can be injected into the wastewater by pneumatic injection in two steps with an inert gas such as nitrogen. In the nZVI pneumatic injection, the efficiency of deactivating bacteria in urban wastewater treatment plants was about 17% to 39% better than that of the coated-nZVI such as CMCs.

The importance of airborne transmission in the epidemiology of hospital acquired infections (HAI) has gained attention in the past two decades.The airborne transmission may have more effect on intensive care units (ICUs), because the patients who require intensive care have unstable clinical conditions and are more sensitive to infections.This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistant airborne bacteria in intensive care units.

A cross-sectional study was conducted at four teaching hospitals.The 32 air samples were collected by using all-glass impingers (AGI). Identification of airborne bacteria was conducted using cultured plates with and without five selected antibiotics. The resistant isolates were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the presence of seven most common antibiotic resistance genes.

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance airborne bacteria ranged from 6% to 37%. The oxacillin resistant isolates had the highest prevalence followed by ceftazidime-, vancomycin-, gentamicin- and cefazolin- resistant bacteria. Selected genes were detected in airborne resistant isolate with the highest and lowest frequency for OXA23 and AAC (3) -I, respectively. A high frequency of mecA (21%) and blaTEM (34%) genes was detected in isolates. Identification of OXA-51 demonstrated that the species of Acinetobacter were A. baumannii. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) spp were the second most predominant resistant bacteria in all ICUs isolates.

In this study, identification of Staphylococcus spp and A. baumannii as the most dominant antibiotic resistant bacteria indicated the potential role of airborne bacteria in dissemination of nosocomial infections in ICUs

Background and Nitrate, nitrite and other physicochemical parameters of the pollutants of groundwater resources which are mainly associated with agricultural and wastewater disposal areas. The aim of this study was to determine these parameters in drinking groundwater resource of Saveh city using Geographic Information System during the year of 2018 and investigation of contaminant’s in the region’s aquifer.
In this descriptive cross - sectional study, data including temperature, Nitrate, Nitrite, pH, TDS, Total hardness, Fluoride, Ammonium, Sulfate, Chloride, and Sodium’s monitoring in Saveh during the year of 2018. Monthly concentrations of these parameters were calculated, and then relationships between pollutants and region’s aquifer analyzed by GIS software version 9.3. Also, the Inverse Distance Wighted (IDW) method was used to estimate the conditions of the whole region.
Findings: The average concentration of chlorine, sulfate, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, total hardness and sodium exceeds the permissible limits, and the non-qualitative water conditions are quite evident. Also, the amount of two magnesium and sulfate synergist ions that in their 1053 standard should not exceed 250 and 30 mg/l respectively, but unfortunately did not conform to this standard. It should be kept in mind that the high level of these two ions simultaneously can disrupt the harshness. Fluoride and nitrate levels were also acceptable range in all areas.
The highest deviation level from 1053 standard was for total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate. It is better to consider a comprehensive program to solve the problem, including use of nanotechnology, filtering or ion exchange

Introduction and purpose: Sunset yellow FCF is a hazardous azo dye pollutant found in food processing effluent. In this study, the efficiency of granular activated carbon on the absorption of sunset yellow FCF from aqueous solution, as well as isotherm and absorption kinetics were evaluated. This experimental laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of independent parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration on the removal percent of sunset yellow FCF. The absorbance of the specimens was read three times by a spectrophotometer apparatus at the wavelength of 480 nm. In this study, the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used for mathematical modeling of the sunset yellow color adsorption process. Additionally, the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetics equations were used for data analysis. The contact time played a greater role in the adsorption process than either pH or initial dye concentration. By increasing contact time from 5 min to 50 min, the dye removal efficiency increased from 62% to 85%. When the weight of the adsorbent increased from 1 g to 8 g, the dye removal efficiency increased from 65% to 82%. Freundlich isotherm models could describe the adsorption equilibrium of the dye onto the granular activated carbon. Freundlich isotherm represented a better correlation compared to other isotherms (R2>0.9998). Moreover, pseudofirst- order models fit well with the experimental data (R2>0.9975). According to the results, sunset yellow color was significantly absorbed on the activated carbon adsorbent. Therefore, it could be used as a very effective method to remove sunset yellow from aqueous solutions.

Background and Application of nanomaterials is growing in removing various contaminants, pharmaceuticals, and in deactivation of water or sewage bacteria. However, the ability to degrade or eliminate the genetic components of bacteria by nanoparticles and preventing the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance from sewage treatment plants needs to be further investigated. This study aimed at eliminating the genetic components (antibiotic resistance genes) of heterotrophic bacteria from wastewater by Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles.
To eliminate genetic components of bacteria, the ability of nZVI was measured by cellular and molecular methods to remove the genetic components of the bacteria. Selected genes included TetW (tetracycline) Ctx-m-32 (Ceftazidime), and CmlA1 (Chloramphenicol). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers were used to detect resistant genes.
The average concentrations of HPC and ARBs were 1.68 × 105 and 2.58 × 104 cfu/mL in primary effluent. The mean values for ARGs were (TetW)=33.71 ±10.66, (CmlA1)=57.71 ±11.60, and (Ctx-m-32)=37.71 ±4.85 ng/μl after the experiments. The proposed software model for HPC and ARBs included nZVI= 20-23 mg/l, QN2=7-7.8l/min, and time=23-30 min and for ARGs it included nZVI=28-30 mg/l, QN2=7-7.8l/min, and time=30-38 min.
Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles can degrade and eliminate heterotrophic bacteria, and decompose and eliminate the genetic components of bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Unlike the chlorination units of sewage treatment plants that increase antibiotic resistance among effluent bacteria, iron significantly reduces the populations of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Compared to TetW and CmlA1, the Ctx-m-32 genes have high stability and durability against nZVI.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes enter the environment in different ways. The release of these factors into the environment has increased concerns related to public health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environmental resources. In this systematic review, the data were extracted from valid sources of information including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar and SID. Evaluation and selection of articles were conducted on the basis of the PRISMA checklist. A total of 39 articles were included in the study, which were chosen from a total of 1249 papers. The inclusion criterion was the identification of genes encoding antibiotic resistance against the eight important groups of antibiotics determined by using the PCR technique in the environmental sources including municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants, animal and agricultural wastes, effluents from treatment plants, natural waters, sediments, and drinking waters. In this study, 113 genes encoding antibiotic resistance to eight groups of antibiotics (beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, glycopeptides and quinolones) were identified in various environments. Antibiotic resistance genes were found in all the investigated environments. The investigation of microorganisms carrying these genes shows that most of the bacteria especially gram-negative bacteria are effective in the acquisition and the dissemination of these pollutants in the environment. Discharging the raw wastewaters and effluents from wastewater treatments acts as major routes in the dissemination of ARGs into environment sources and can pose hazards to public health.

Wastewater treatment plants are important hotspots for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to the environment. The aim of this study identification of relevant antibiotic resistance genes in raw and final effluent of municipal wastewater treatment and also determination of effects of different wastewater treatment process on removal/reduction of these pollutants.
Samples were taken on basis standard condition and transferred with temperature preserved. Six genes that coding resistance to six current antibiotics were selected. PCR examination was used for identification (presence/absence) of antibiotic resistance genes.
The overall, identified Antibiotic resistance genes in raw and final effluents are 85.1 and 59.4 percent, respectively. Comparision of results shows antibiotic resistance genes in domestic raw wastewater are sul1 (100%) and ctx-m-32(55.5%) the highest and lowest and in final effluent sul1(88.89%) and aac3-I(33.35) the highest and lowest, respectively.
This study was shown efficiency of activated sludge process is better than stabilization ponds. And also diversity of these agents in wastewater treatment is high and wastewater treatment effects is very different.

Iron and Manganese are natural chemical compounds in drinking water supplies that they have not any hazard for public if the recommended concentration by world health organization is considered. High amount of these elements can lead to Fe and Mn bacteria reproduction; taste and odor change, red and grown spots on the washing device, and clogged water supply systems. This study aimed to survey the health risks caused by iron and manganese in drinking water supplies.
In this systematic review article, we used the key words of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) in environment, water supplies and their adverse affects the web site of Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus and environmental reference books in the period of 1975 to 2016.
Findings: Our finding showed that there was not any important hazard of drinking water containing Fe and Mn. These elements can increase the risk of pathogenic organisms because most of microorganisms need them for their growth.
It is necessary to monitor and control the Fe and Mn concentration in drinking water resources according to standard for increasing mental health and decreasing public discontent. Because, there is a risk of using unsafe water sources and suffering from water-related diseases.

Milk and dairy industries wastewater are considered the most polluted effluents, and if discharged without treatment into the environment, can cause serious environmental problems. In this study, effects of aeration time and lime coagulant on SBR efficiency were investigated.
Two Parallel reactors with a volume of 20 L was used. The examination was conducted in three steps. During these steps , effects of conventional aeration time, long aeration time and use of lime coagulant aim after 7h aerated on SBR performance were investigated, respectively.
The results were shown an increase of aeration period can be effected on increase removal rate of COD, BOD NH4-N, and TP, respectively. And also this is indicated suitable efficiency for the removal of COD , BOD, NH4-N were created with a duty cycle 24h and aeration time of 7 h. Application of SBR system with the aeration time of 7h and injection of lime coagulant aim in the loading rate of 0.6 kg BOD/m3.day, provided the essential standards for the disposal of effluent into the water reservoirs.
Optimized SBR process can be provided to reach better effluent standards in less time in milk and dairy industries and also reduce time can decreases of operation costs.

Selling of bottled water has been increasing around the world, because many people believe that this type of water is an ideal option for drinking particularly for the immunosuppressed people. Thus, we aimed to investigate fungal contamination in bottled water in Gorgan, Iran
Four-hundred bottled water samples belonging to 10 famous brands were collected from different retail outlets in Gorgan, from May 2014 to April 2015. Fungi identification was performed by Subdextroz agar and Potitodextroz agar. Data analysis was performed by chi-square test (P Findings: Rodotrolla fungal spp was identified in 164 (41%) of all tested samples. About 32% of contamination was related to 60 days after bottling, and its rate was the same in small and big bottles. All brands were tainted but the difference was not significant.
Based on the results, some water bottles have fungal contamination that is in contravention of bottled water regulation. Hence, it is a necessity to implement water safety plan to improve the quality of bottled water.

Antibiotic resistance Genies causes many problems in hospitals. Dissemination of these agents to the environment is a great concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and presence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in hospital wastewaters.
in present work, 33 sample from raw hospital wastewater were taken from three hospitals. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) method was used to assess the concentration of ARB in hospital wastewater samples. Six conventional antibiotics were selected. Presence of six resistance genes regarding to the selected antibiotics were surveyed in wastewater samples and isolated ARB by PCR method.
Average concentration of ARB in raw hospital wastewater was 3.81 ×107 CFU/100mL. Frequency pattern of ARB in raw hospital wastewater was as follows: ceftazidim(CAZ)> tetracycline(TE)> sulfomethoxazol (STX)> chloramphenicol (CHL)> erythromycin (ER)> and gentamicin(GM), respectively. ARGs in raw wastewater samples were detected more than isolated bacteria. ARGs frequency pattern in wastewater samples were as follows: sul1>cmlA1>ermB>tetW>aac3-1>ctx-m-32.
The results of this study revealed that there are high concentration of ARB and ARGs in hospital wastewaters. Therefore, hospital wastewaters could play an important role in dissemination of ARB and ARGs into the natural environment and therefore, may pose serious public health risks.

There is a public concern about the microbial quality of distribution water systems that it induces increasingly consumption of bottled waters in our country. In Iran, bottled waters are produced in two packaging models; small (0.5 Litter) and big (1.5 Litter); microbial load of which can be deteriorated before using by consumer and durrin storage. This study was design to assess the bacterial contamination of bottled waters and compare the ratio of contamination in small and big bottles packaged.
in this descriptive and analytic study, 400 bottled water samples including 185 of small and 215 of big bottled waters were selected from Gorgan food markets during May 2014 to April 2015 from 10 popular brands. Microbial level of bottled waters were determined via Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) on the R2A medium with spread plated method. For statistical analyses, SPSS ver.23.0 were used by one sample T test and chi-square test in a P-value of
The mean HPC bacteria were 8557 and 11188 Colony Forming Unit per milliliter (CFU/ml) in small and big bottled waters, respectively, which are much higher than microbial standard (500 cfu/ml) set by drinking water. Moreover, in 85.0 percent of all samples tested, HPC level was more than 500 cfu/ml; that 40.8 and 44.2 percent of its related to small and big bottles, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the quantity of bottles water did not have a significant effect on the number of bacteria.
Small and big bottled waters had a microbial contamination based on the heterotrophic plate count. Therefore, consumption of bottled water could be hazardous for public health particularly for lowered immunity.

With Regard to importance of environmental health issues in recent decades, coherent and planned efforts to identify environmental health indicators and values and how it is controlled. Primarily for evaluation and monitoring for each subject should be determined the indicators also indicators for the evaluation of air quality should be considered. In the present study Addressed to survey of indicators of air quality, radiation, sound and heavy metals to Iran.
In the present study is that all countries in the world in terms of air quality, Radiation, sound and heavy metals (lead and mercury) are to be examined And according to these criteria, indicators that are commensurate with our country elected. For each of these indicators, the indicators and methods of calculation are determined.
During this study was about 35 indicator Given the importance of health and the environment, it is calculated and information about the index, an indicator of air quality, radiation, sound and heavy metals, 16, 1, 1 and 0 in the first two years of the first respectively.
Among the indicators selected at the beginning of what exists and what indicators in this study were obtained, As can be seen from the 35 indicators surveyed, There are 13 indicators in the country and 22 of the present investigation was added.

There are high numbers of human pathogenic microorganisms existing in municipal sewage sludge including bacteria، viruses، and protozoan parasites. Therefore، biosolids could be considered as the environmental contaminants and a major carrier of disease causing diseases. As the etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis and hepatitis، enteroviruses are one of the most significant enteric pathogens affecting human health. The aim of this research was to detect the enteroviruses in the sludge of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Isfahan، Iran.

In this study، 30 biosolid samples were taken from two WWTPs. After measuring the temperature، the samples were transported to the laboratory and analyzed for total solids (TS)، volatile solids (VS) and enteroviruses according to the test methods of Standard Methods (part 9510F) and manual of Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) appendix F.

Average temperature of the samples was about 23° C. The average number of enteroviruses was 4. 5 × 106 and 7. 7 × 105 plaque-forming unit (PFU) in 4 grams sludge for two WWTPs، respectively. The statistical analysis revealed a significant association between the enteroviruses and volatile solids. The number of enteroviruses was higher in summer in comparison to autumn.

The results showed that all the biosolid samples could not meet the Class A pathogen requirements for enteroviruses and poses a potential health risk for people exposed to. Therefore، restrictions in land application of biosolids are required in order to protect public health and the environment. Moreover، special biosolid treatment procedures must be used to reduce pathogens and to meet land-application standards.

Despite the obvious benefits of sludge or biosolids in land application as a soil conditioner and fertilizer, there are concerns about its potential hazards. There is a great concern in the world about the disposal of biosolids due to the numerous pathogenic microorganisms, and chemicals, such as heavy metals, present in it. Therefore, microbiological monitoring of sludge by wastewater utilities is essential to assess the efficiency of treatment plants and the land application of sludge.

In this study the A-1 medium was compared with the conventional multiple tube fermentation technique (MTF) for the microbial evaluation of wastewater treatment plant sludge. In this research, 30 biosolids samples were taken from north and south Wastewater Treatment Plants of Isfahan. After measuring the ambient and sample temperature, the samples were transported to the laboratory. Fecal coliforms were analyzed by two methods. Total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) were also measured.

The number of fecal coliforms in all samples of the north and south wastewater sludge treatment was higher than the class A and B of biosolids standards. Enumeration of fecal coliforms averaged 3.25E+14 and 2.1E+14 MPN/g by the MTF and A-1, respectively and this difference was statistically significant

In conclusion, A-1 medium technique can be used as an alternative approach to the MTF method for microbial monitoring of biosolids with less labor and detecting of fecal coliforms in a shorter amount of time.

Electronic wastes (e-wastes) is the most rapidly growing segment of the municipal waste stream. E- Wastes comprise 2-5 percent of municipal solid wastes, including many different electronic products. Iran is the biggest consumer of electronic products in Middle East. Approximately, 1.2 million computers are assembled in Iran every year. There are more than 40 million active cell phones in Iran. Electronic wastes production in Iran has been estimated to be over 37 thousand tons annually. Governmental and private organizations must be accompanied with waste management act to meet the requirements of Iran government. This legislation could improve the e-wastes management. Also nowadays, many countries, specially developed countries, consider strict regulatory to electronic wastes management.

Due to the continuous use and also the individual’s different health conditions that use the service, swimming pools may be a suitable place to transfer different types of diseases. It has always been a serious concern from the health point of view. In this descriptive study, the sampling was conducted as non- probable purposive. Isfahan Health Center number 1 including 19 health centers with 416 832 inhabitants, manages 19 pools in total. Investigations were conducted in 16 pools on the agenda. The required information was collected using the field method and also the documented information in the health center (physical features and microbial chlorination – years 87 and 88) were reviewed. 50% of the studied pools were public and 50% private. About 63% were indoor pools and 37% outdoor. The findings indicated that 63% of the total 16 pools have filtration system and the remaining 37% have no water treatment system. The findings also showed that the spatial distribution of the pools in the studied area is not appropriate. Out of the total 19 health centers, 9 health centers do not have any pool in their territory. While these nine centers cover more than 50% of the total territory and have 206,743 populations. According to the results of this study it appears that a comprehensive review is required to investigate the health and spatial conditions of the pools and to estimate the number of pools required based on the number of people within a health center’s territory in Isfahan. Also providing a complete data bank by using GIS software is needed to assist the researchers.

Nanotechnology to apply on all of the advance technology in nanoscale. This technology create a many change in different science. Today, nano stablish change in druge transfer, imaging and removing of inside effect druge.In this article, has been explaining the application of nanotechnology in medical science.