رضا خزاعی

The Bisotun relief is one of the most remarkable carvings of the Achaemenid period; Its uniqueness is that it can be distinguished from other reliefs of the Achaemenid period in terms of location and specific subject. The Bisotun relief narrates the suppression of rebels and insurgents who, during the time of Darius, claimed that Bardia owned the throne. With the help of some Persian aristocrats, Darius started suppressing them in different parts of the Achaemenid empire. In this relief, the description of these victories is engraved differently. This research aims to read the manifestations of repression on the Bisotun relief, based on Panofsky's iconography theory, and analyze the Darius era's social and political background using this approach's analytical methods and the text of Bisotun relief. The method of this descriptive-analytical research is based on Panofsky's theory. The information-collecting method is library and field, and the analysis is qualitative. The research findings and results indicate that the existing discourse in this relief shows a type of violence. It also implies Darius's manifest approach in planning and implementing the Bisotun relief. By elaborating on this relief's formation factors and analyzing and interpreting human motifs according to the social and political subtext of that period, it is possible to assume a propaganda function.

There are no considerable documents of pre-Islamic Tous in historical sources. It seems that in the late Sassanid period, the city has been among the second-class cities and frontier districts along the Gorgan- Neyshabur route towards Marv, Nisa and Bakhtiari. After the conquest of Khorasan in the first century AH, this city, as one of the most important centers in Khorasan, as chosen by the Arabs, experienced a special boom that peaked during the Abbasid caliphate. In the early Islamic centuries, Tous was referred to a large area with four major cities called Tabaran, Noghan, Radakan and Taroghobaz, that today, the basis for considering Tous as a civic center has been inferred according to the data obtained from the studies of these centers. The importance of water resources of Tous plain in selecting this area given its proximity to Neishabur and Marv cannot be ignored since prior to the selection of this region to become a city this area must have the climatic potential to become a civic center. In the present research, authentic historical texts including literary, political and social sources, surveys of Sassanid sites of Dasht-e Tous, as well as review and analysis of the views of contemporary scholars have been used. The type of research in this paper is descriptive-analytic. The main objective of the current paper is to identify and study the water resources in Tous plain, by examining written and non-written sources. Finally, the results of this study considered the water resources of the Tous plain in the early formation of Tous as a civic center, among the most important reasons for site selection of Tous.

Using Non-Islamic patterns in residential architecture in Iran, any logic has led to disruption in the belt form of residential architecture of Iran. Such disrupted conditions have been also found in social relations. Change in composition and method of distribution of residential texture in the form of evacuation of downtown and old regions and growth of sub-urbanism without the development of citizenship are some aspects of the crisis in the social condition of housing and social behavior in the City of Tehran. The above effects will result in abnormal behaviors which are automatically extended to social disturbances. Statistical studies on the modern forms of residential buildings in Tehran which are designed as high rises are followed and frequency of the antisocial events in this type of housing has been appraised. The present study comprises the residential areas that have been included in the urban design of Iran influenced by western societies and the related norms and contradictions have been compared in the behavior of the residents of single unit houses, multiunit houses and residential complexes. Analyzing the spatial perception in the assessment and evaluation regarding the environmental satisfaction based on the visual perception of the districts pattern evolution is the subject under discussion in this article. “Visual satisfaction of the surrounding environment” has been formed by analyzing the data that may be used as a tool for achieving visual perception and conception in urban spaces as well as introducing the effective factors contributing to the satisfaction and/or dissatisfaction of the citizens.
Furthermore, this study presents an analysis of evaluation of urban structure environmental perception. Assessment of phenomena such as Abundance of antisocial events, decrease the dependence and interest of the citizens regarding their environment, disorganization, and disturbances in the environment appearance, have been performed in the residential districts texture. Evaluation of the extent of the environmental dissatisfaction includes a wide range of factors which totally reflect the value of environmental quality. The next step is to study the visual perception and conception “mental the arrangement of surrounding environment visual structure” with the method of structural factors analysis of assessment of the space. Structural factor analysis and its comparison with the identification and evaluation of the qualitative model of factors contributing to dissatisfaction in residential environments under study will also discuss the priority of undesirable residential environment visual factors. Finally, the research conducted on details of the crisis of social disorders that have already been analyzed and indicates that evaluation of the extent of visual-environmental dissatisfaction include a wide range of factors and that the district textures and built for do not follow any framework without identification of cultural index such that in case of any failure in the prevention of such a condition, it may lead to the social identity crisis.
Literature: Environment appearance structure is the most important element influencing on urban communities which may increase or decrease interaction among individuals with the environment surrounding them. The importance of each element contributing in appearance components in urban spaces, causes to form documentary theories such as (CPTED). In inclination towards foreseeing and equalizing the objectives, methods, and solutions, responding to the various demands and needs in different cities and communitieshas already been failed. Reaction to this situation analyzed a large number of theories and approaches for urban planning and design with qualified, small and certain human scales within the scope of local community and the findings make them far away from their own positive traditions and their appropriate native cultural identification. A historical survey on global experiences in policy making for neighborhood excerptional pattern indicate the common problem of destroying self-oriented social relations and concept of collective life in such neighborhoods which undeniably cause to destroy the feeling of social cohision and continually losing of social capital in neighborhood pattern. Also the existence of high population which makes conjested neighborhoods may lay suitable backgrounds for committing social crimes and damages which in turn directly influence the perception of the dwellers’ security and safety. Studies conducted include two different textures of a neighborhood and the research process is based on recognizing coherence between anti-social behavior and design variables in the pattern of residential neighborhood. In summary, the article studies two different textures in the selected neighborhood and compare them to find the relation between the abnormal behaviour and the type and pattern of the residential places in there.
Assessment of the neighbourhood dwellers about their living places influences the level or extent of the achieving objectives and success in urban projects. Also by recognizing factors contributing on inhabitants’ degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and understanding available conditions regarding residence quality, the future approaches have been sugested for promoting the environment qualitative level and prevention from repetition of some inappropriate actions in other places. In the literature, satisfaction from environmental appearance has been considered as a key criterion for the evaluation of the degree of environment quality. This is due to the important fact that the high-quality environment is defined as an environment which brings a high level of satisfaction feelings to its population through socio-cultural and physical means.

The Seljuk period can be considered as one of the most important periods in the history of Iran after the advent of Islam, during which art and culture significantly progressed. In this period, Isfahan became the capital of the country and was passing its golden age of art and architecture. One of the most important cases found in the architecture of those ages was the minarets. The construction of minarets in Iran began as a spiritual and material guidance since the pre-Islamic era, and reached to its evolution peak during the Seljuk era. After this evolution, many minarets were constructed in the main cities of that period, especially in Isfahan, each of which has the best examples of brickwork decorations. Brickwork has always been a huge part of the Islamic architecture of Iran, especially in minarets of mosques. Bricks on the minarets have been used as one of the main elements, and in terms of technique, the diversity of motifs and sometimes the repetition of motifs, nodes and inscriptions are notable. To the best of our knowledge, little research has been done on the brickwork of the minarets belonging to the Seljuk era. Also, the different types and layouts and Rag chins, representative of the brickwork of minaret in Isfahan during the Seljuk era, and quality of similarity and continuity of its decoration have not been independently and coherently studied to this date. Therefore, in the present research, due to its importance in Iranian architecture, this topic has been addressed by classifying and analyzing the morphology of brick decorations in the minarets of Isfahan based on the existing data. To meet this purpose, library and field studies have been performed with a descriptive-analytical method in order to recognize and review the decorations used in the brick minarets of Isfahan during the Seljuk period

Utopia can be considered as one of the oldest human aspirations; where man had only one wish and that was the realization of happiness and prosperity along with justice and equality. Many thinkers and philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Farabi, and Mulla Sadra had always sought to explain the idea of a utopia throughout history. Imagination of an ideal society for mankind covers a major part of the discussions on the history of human philosophy and this human aspiration has always been exposed to discuss and challenge. This challenge is towards a real approach to the city in which large and small social groups benefit from a prosperous life, full of grace and equality at all levels. We know that many great men throughout history have always sought to establish a utopian and social justice-oriented government. Although their efforts and suffering should not be ignored, they ultimately may have reached their utopia only to some extent. In this study, after referring to the concepts and theories of utopia, part of the political history of the life of Ali (AS) is described and, among the historical social interactions in the era of Ali (AS), an unequivocal response will be given for proving the existence of the idea of a utopia during the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS).