رضوان یعقوب فر

This experiment was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy of wheat, barley and corn produced in Iran using biological method (in vivo) and comparison with equations and estimates obtained from NIRs and NRC. Wheat, barley and corn grains were chemically analyzed according to AOAC standard methods and NIRs. Biological method was performed using 48 adult roosters (Red Island) at the age of 83 weekswere using the precision-feeding method. Results of using equations for wheat and barley the highest amount of metabolizable energy (3.71 and 3.45 kcal / g) and the lowest (3.11 and 2.87 kcal / g) by equations respectively Carpenter and Jensen were observed (P <0.05). Corn grain showed the highest amount of metabolizable energy (3.91 kcal / g) by Carpenter and Jensen equations and the lowest amount of metabolizable energy (3.06 kcal / g) by EEC equation (P<0.05).The amount of metabolizable energy obtained from biological methods for corn, wheat and barley (3.323, 3.1724 and 2.9543 kcal / g), compared to standard NRC tables (3.350, 3.120, and 2.640 Kcal / g) and NIR (3.324, 3.324 and 2.735 kcal / g), respectively (P<0.05). It is suggested that equations be prepared for domestically produced cereal cultivars and that rations be adjusted according to the amount of energy variation. Because this variation is important in regulating feed economically and cost-effectively.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cell wall carbohydrates with diet supplemented enzyme on the function and expression of glucose transporter genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transporter (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine of broilers. In thisstudy, 1100 mixeddayold chickens (male and female), Ross 308 were used based on a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and five replications (20 birds per replication) for 42 days. Experimental diets included control diets, diets containing wheat, barley, wheat bran, rice bran, and hull less barley with and without enzymes, respectively. The results showed that the effect of diets containing wheat, barley and hull less barley withenzyme on the total live weight of broiler chickens at 42 days of age was significantly different (P <0.05).Cell wall carbohydrates of wheat, wheat bran and rice bran in diets increased pancreatic amylase activity (barley 3.02, wheat 5.99 U/mg CP of small intestinal tissue) (P < 0.05). The expression of the studied SGLT1 and MUC2 genes in the experimental diets without enzyme showed a significant increase compared to enzymessupplemented diet (P < 0.05). Also, among the groups of enzyme-supplemented diets, only wheat and rice bran groups were able to increase the expression of SGLT1, MUC2 and GLUT2 genes compared to the control group (P <0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of diets containing cell wall carbohydrates with enzyme affects the expression of glucose transport genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transport (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine jejunum. This indicates the optimal function of the digestive system of broilers in terms of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Gut microbiota regulates the production of signaling molecules, such as serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT in the host. Serotonin is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter in the gut and brain. There is a perfect interaction between human gastrointestinal microbiota and the serotonin system. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the serotonin signaling pathways through the gut-brain axis. It also has a major role in the pathophysiology of serotonin-related metabolic and physiological diseases. The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and their role in regulating peripheral serotonin levels. This study could be highly important since there is paucity of information on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and the serotonin system. Numerous studies have shown that changes in the gut microbiota may modulate serotonin signaling system. Also, any disorder in the serotonin system and lack of homeostasis in this system can be effective in the homeostasis shift of intestinal microbiota to dysbiosis and ultimately play a role in causing inflammation in the intestine and gastrointestinal disorders. Evidence on the exact mechanisms of the interaction between intestinal microbiota and serotonin levels indicates a link between intestinal microbiota and this system. Current review showed that gut microbiota could affect the serotonin system through the gut-brain axis. Serotonin signaling in the gut-brain axis could be considered in new therapies to improve serotonin-related disorders. Therefore, further studies are proposed to more accurately determine the association between the gut microbiota and the serotonin system.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major nosocomial pathogens. Clindamycin is the treatment of choice for staphylococcus aureus infections specially skin and soft tissue infections. Inducible resistance to clindamycin leads to treatment failure. The aim of this study was to detect the cMLSb، iMLSb and MS phenotypes and inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospitalized patients in Qazvin and Tehran teaching h ospitals. In this descriptive molecular epidemiologic study، a total of 230 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected from hospitalized patients in Qazvin and Tehran teaching h ospitals during 2012 and were identified by the standard laboratory methods. Then، detection of the femA gene was used to confirm identification of the isolates. Inducible resistance to clindamycin was tested using D-test. All procedures were performed in the microbiology laboratory and Cellular and Molecular Research Center affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. All isolates were positive to the femA gene. 85 isolates (37 %) were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (the cMLSb phenotype)، 15 isolates (6. 5%) showed inducible resistance (the iMLSb phenotype)، 103 isolates (44. 7%) were sensitive to erythromycin and clindamycin، 24 isolates (10. 4 %) showed intermediate resistance to erythromycin، 10 isolates (4. 3%) showed intermediate resistance to clindamycin and 3 isolates (1. 3%) were resistant to erythromycin and susceptible to clindamycin (the MS phenotype). With regards to the results، using D-test method with simultaneous disk diffusion method is recommended in hospital laboratories.