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The Kalatehno prospecting area is located at 23 Km northwest of Gonabad, Khorasan Razavi province, and north of the Lut Block. The geology of the area includes subvolcanic units with monzonite, monzodiorite and diorite porphyry, volcanic units, pyroclastic and Quaternary units. Mineralization occurred epigenetically and as vein, in volcanic and pyroclastic units. The ore vein extends to 100-300 m along, and 1-3 m wide. The hypogene mineralization is characterized by chalcopyrite as the main ore mineral and minor amount of bornite, pyrite, galena with quartz as gangue minerals. Malachite, chrysocolla, chalcocite and secondary iron oxides (hematite, goethite) constitute the mineralization of oxidation and supergene zone. The main alteration in the area are silicification propylitic and argillic. According to geochemical study, the amount of copper is between 750 to 19500 ppm, Pb from 62.8 to 30400 ppm and Zn from 258 to 1800 ppm. Based on the structural control of mineralization, alteration types, mineralization and geology features, the Kalatehno deposit is similar to vein type copper deposits.

The study area is situated within the Lut Block, 40 Km northeast of Ferdows. The oldest exposed rocks are Cretaceous limestone. The composition ranges of Volcanic rocks between andesite, andesite-basalt and rhyolitic tuff. Sub-volcanic diorite porphyry intruded in the volcanic rocks. Alteration zones are propylitic, silicified and argillic around the vein and surrounding host rocks. Sulfide minerals include pyrite, galena and sphalerit the secondary minerals comprise covelite, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, hemimorphite and iron oxides. The veins contain an average of 2.14 percent of lead and 4.40 percent of zinc. Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry results reveal that the fluid inclusion assemblages developed in the different types, including single-phase vapor fluid inclusion, vapor-rich two-phase fluid inclusions and liquid-rich two-phase fluid inclusions. On the basis of fluid inclusion studiel, the ore-forming fluids has temperature 204–321 °C), and salinity 6.2–15wt% NaCl equiv. Fluid boiling and mixing most likely were the vital factors controlled the metal precipitation. The fluid pressure during the formation of the ore minerals was estimated to be between 50 to 150 bars. Based on the data obtained from fluid inclusions, it is suggested that the ore minerals were formed at a depth of 700 meters below the old water table

Balazard prospecting area is located in eastern Iran, about 120 km south-west of Nehbandan in the Central part of Lut Block. This area consists of exposed Eocene volcanic rocks, intruded by several diorite and monzodiorite dykes and stocks. These intrusive rocks display porphyritic textures with mm-sized phenocrysts, most commonly of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and hornblende, embedded in a fine-grained groundmass with variable amounts of plagioclase, quartz, and opaque minerals. The assessment of geochemical properties of the major elements showed that these granitoids are metaluminous and of high-K calc-alkaline variety. The patterns of trace elements are identical, denoting enrichments in the light REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE). Moreover, LILE enrichment relative to HFSE and Nb, Ti, and P show negative anomalies. The Eu/Eu* ratios range from 0.96 to 0.76, which means that the plagioclase is a slag remnant in the origin of magma. The (87Sr/86Sr)i values of the assessed intrusive rocks range from 0.706 to 0.707, assuming an Oligocene age, while the εNdi values are between -1.9 to -3.2. These results manifest that the magmas were contaminated by continental crust. The contamination has probably occurred over the ascent of magma to crustal levels, and geochemical data verifies the preposition that the investigated intrusions were intruded in a volcanic belt resting on a subduction zone. Early magmas were created through the melting of mantle wedge peridotite, occasioning magma differentiation through crystal fractionation and crust contamination as they ascended to crustal levels.

The Mahoor area is located about 135 km southwest of Nehbandan city, Khorasan Jonoobi Province, and in the central Lut block volcano-plutonic belt.  The intrusion of an Oligocene granitoid pluton with diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, and quartz monzonite into Paleocene-Eocene volcanic rocks that led to alteration and mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration zones consist of argillic (clay minerals), propylitic (chlorite, sericite, calcite, epidote), phyllic (quartz, sericite, pyrite), and silicification. The main ore minerals include sphalerite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, pyrite, stibnite, tetrahedrite, jamesonite, covellite, cubanite, arsenopyrite and galena, occurring as veinlets and disseminations. According to crosscutting relationships, two type of veinlet have been identified at deep levels of Mahoor deposit. Type (1) Quartz + sphalerite+ pyrite ± chalcopyrite, and type (2) Quartz +pyrite +chalcopyrite± sphalerite. The homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions in type 1 of veinlets range from 315 to 575°C and 6.8 to 21.2 wt. % equivalent NaCl, respectively. Fluid inclusions in type 2 of veinlets show homogenization temperature and salinity from 177 to 454°C and 7.9 to 20.2 wt. % equivalents NaCl, respectively. The microthermometric data indicate that the ore forming hydrothermal solution evolved through boiling events and mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric waters. Sulfur isotopic values of pyrite and chalcopyrite vary from 1.8‰ to 3.15‰, suggesting that S was derived from a magmatic source. Geology, alteration, mineralization, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies indicate that mineralization in Mahoor area occurred as porphyry system.

The Balazard prospecting area is located about 120 km southwest of Nehbandan city, Khorasan Jonoobi Province, in the central parts of Lut block volcano-plutonic belt.  The intrusion of a granitoid pluton into rhyolitic and andesitic rocks has led to alteration and mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration zones consist of argillic, sericite-argillic, silicic-argillic, propylitic, and advanced argillic. Sulfide and oxide mineralization occur as disseminated grains, veinlet, hydrothermal breccia and carbonate-silicic veins. The geochemical and radioisotope data are consistent with subduction related magmas that formed in an active continental margin, and these data suggesting a major interaction with upper crust during magma ascent. Microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions yielded homogenization temperatures (Th) of 385–550 °C and moderate salinities of 7.1–21 wt% NaCl equivalent in Au bearing quartz vein, indicating the mixing of ore-forming fluids. Geology, mineralogy, alteration, fluid inclusions and geochemical studies all indicate that mineralization at Balazard area occur as both porphyry and high sulfidation epithermal systems.

The Mahoor area is located، about 135 km south-west of Nehbandan in the center of Lut Block. The area comprises outcrops of Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic (Eocene) that were intruded by several intrusive rocks consist mainly of diorite as dykes and stocks. Chemical classification shows that plutonic rocks are gabbro-diorite، diorite، monzodiorite and tonalite. These granitoids are high-K calc-alkaline series and they are meta-aluminous. Magnetite suitability (1485×10-5 SI) mineralogical and geochemical features show that they belong to magnetite granitoid series (I type). Enrichment in LREE rather than HREE and enrichment in LILE rather than HFSE، and typical anomalies of Nb، Ta and Ti are important evidences that show the intrusions were formed in a mamgmatic belt of subduction zone. Eu element show negative anomaly and Eu/Eu* ratios are from 0. 65 to 0. 88. Negative anomaly of Eu is due to presence of plagioclase in magma source. Geochemical studies show that Mahoor granitoids are co-genetic and they formed in subduction zone and belong to calc-alkaline volcanic arc setting in active continental margins. Mineralization is present as disseminated and hydrothermal vein related to monzonite and diorite porphyry.

Balazard area is located in west of Nehbandan in the center of Lut Block. Eocene andesite and rhyolite cover most of the area. Subvolcanic rocks such as quartz monzodiorite porphyry, biotite quartz diorite porphyry, pyroxene hornblende diorite porphyry, hornblende pyroxene quartz diorite porphyry and hornblende diorite porphyry intruded the volcanic rocks. Evidence such as disseminated sulfide mineralization and intense alterations, indicates high potential of mineralization for this area. Alteration and mineralization cover more than 20 square kilometer areas. Volcanic and subvolcanic rocks are highly altered, contain argillic, sericite-argillic, silisic-argillic, advanced argillic and propylitic. Mineralization is present as disseminated and veins. Hypogene minerals in intrusive rocks are pyrite and chalcopyrite and in carbonate-quartz veins are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. Supergene minerals are chalcosite, covelite, malachite and azurite that seen in carbonate- quartz veins. Geochemical data show high anomalies of Au, Ag, Cu, Zn, Sb, As and Pb respectively, with maximum values are 2470 ppb, 114 ppm, 1250 ppm, 2462 ppm, 103 ppm, 98 ppm and 968 ppm. Geological, mineralogical, alteration and geochemical studies indicate that sulfide mineralization in carbonate-quartz veins has formed by the influence of hydrothermal fluid that moves in faults and shear zone. In addition widespread and disseminated pyrite and chalcopyrite mineralization associated with alteration zones, represents a widespread activity of hydrothermal fluids.