فهرست مطالب زهرا اسمعیلی

Ibn Sina's views on induction are considered among the most accurate, not only among Muslim philosophers but also among early philosophers in general. This renowned Iranian philosopher critiqued Aristotle's theory of induction while still working within the Aristotelian framework. Through his scholarly critique, he exposed its limitations. He then introduced the concept of experience in a precise manner and combined induction with a hidden analogy to address the problem of achieving certainty through induction. However, he recognized that this certainty could not be absolute. Therefore, Ibn Sina sought to determine the conditions for obtaining certainty. He showed that certainty derived from experience is conditional, achievable only under specific circumstances. The first premise of his hidden analogy is the ‘Random Rule’ (qaʿidat al-ittifaqi), which has been subject to much criticism. One of the most significant criticisms concerns the empirical nature of the Random Rule. This article will first explain Ibn Sina's perspective. It will then examine Khwajah Nasir's views on experience and induction. By drawing on Khwajah Nasir's ideas, the article will present a rational analysis of the Random Rule, demonstrating that it can be explained rationally using the principle of causality and is not merely an empirical rule.

Mill's emphasis on the denial of a priori knowledge caused him, as same as empiricists like Hume, to put a psychological account to explain many of his beliefs. In his opinion, the intellect is a whiteboard on which observation and experience draw patterns. In the next stage, the human psyche gets to work and forces a person to accept repetitive phenomena. This belief is reconfirmed over time and after repeating the monotonies in nature repeatedly; it is as if the discovery of any new law not only proves that law itself but also helps to establish other laws that have been obtained using this method. This research aims to reveal the place of induction in the logic of John Stuart Mill and also show that his efforts to justify induction were not enough. For this purpose, Mill's book” The System of Logic” has been studied and the opinion of some commentators has been expressed about it. During the discussion, Mill's opinion on analogy has been tried to be expressed and finally, a general picture of John Stuart Mill's logic has been presented.

Appendicitis is one of the reasons for abdominal pain and the most common cause of referral to pediatric emergency departments. There are different results on the frequency and complications of appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to compare the frequency and complications of acute appendicitis in children who underwent laparotomy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Babol Children's Hospital, north of Iran.

This retrospective study was conducted in 172 children with acute appendicitis who underwent laparotomy. Children were divided into two groups according to the time of referral; before the COVID-19 pandemic (between December 2018 and November 2019) and during the pandemic (between March 2019 and February 2020).  Surgeon’s observations in laparotomy and also the complications (perforation, abscess, gangrene, and peritonitis) were recorded. Data analysis was carried out using Chi-score and paired t-test.

The children studied included 94 before the COVID-19 pandemic and 78 during the pandemic. The average age was 7.76±2.89 years. Findings showed that 165 (95.9%) and 7 (4.1%) children had confirmed and unconfirmed appendicitis, respectively, indicating no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.45). The complications of appendicitis (perforation, gangrene, abscess, and peritonitis) were 8.25% before the pandemic and 34.2% during the pandemic (P=0.24). There was no significant difference between the two groups in average time interval between the onset of pain and attending the hospital (P=0.38).

In this study, the COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the frequency of acute appendicitis in children. These results probably indicate the proper performance of the treatment staff and the parents' rapid response to their child’s acute abdominal symptoms during the pandemic.

In order to establish order and balance in the hierarchy of the urban space system, as well as following the macro and regional policies for the development of human settlements, every year in our country, villages become cities. The policy of turning the village into a city leads to many changes and developments in the field of new urban space and sometimes brings with it many problems and issues. The inhabitants of these residential spaces are the most indigenous and local strata who are aware of the effects of this policy. Therefore, examining the effects of the policy of turning the village into a city from their point of view is an important step in criticizing and examining this macro policy in our country. The purpose of the present quantitative and applied study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, is to study and analyze the effects of the policy of converting rural areas to cities from the perspective of Shahoo Rurban residents (located in Ravansar Township and Kermanshah province). The statistical population of the study consists of 1049 heads of households, of which 150 are considered as a statistical sample. The main tool for collecting field data is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity (formality) and reliability have been reviewed and confirmed. The results show that the level of residents' satisfaction with the policy of converting the village to the city with an average of 3.33 is above average. However, the results of the study of the effects of rural-urban transformation policy based on the main dimensions of sustainable urban development using the Wilcoxon test show the average rank calculated for the dimensions of social, cultural, economic and environmental-physical development in the pre-urbanization stage. 59.29, 48.82 and 13, respectively, which were changed to 55.38, 42.83 and 55.18, respectively. In fact, the results indicate the success of the policy of transforming the village into a city in the environmental-physical dimension and its failure in social, cultural and economic dimensions.

Providing and promoting the level of happiness and vitality of citizens is one of the most important pillars of quality of life in urban spaces Which in recent decades, has attracted increasing attention from experts and urban planners and Has been raised as one of the most important goals of governments and the United Nations. The purpose of this quantitative and applied study has been done using a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods, is a study and analyze the situation of Shad city and identify its determinants in small urban spaces Which has been done as a case study in Ravansar city which is part of Kermanshah province. The statistical population of the study includes 7122 heads of households and among them with Using sample size calculation methods, 364 people were estimated as a statistical sample and the samples were selected completely randomly. The main research tool for collecting field data is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. The results showed that among the three indicators of a happy city (Social, physical and economic indicators) The average of social index with the value of 3.124 was significantly higher than the average of base (number 3) and The average of two physical and economic indicators respectively with values of 2.608 and 2.587, Have been significantly lower than the baseline mean. The results of the survey showed the general condition of the city happy the average calculated with the value of 2.788 Has been significantly below average. Regarding the determinants of a happy city, the results showed Due to the four identified key factors, 61.956% of the variance of the dependent variable has been explained. These factors and the percentage of variance of their specific value in order of importance are: Physical stability (21.041), Socio-cultural sustainability (16.4), Economic Stability (13.151) and Environmental sustainability (11.356). The identified factors seem to be a subset of the macro factor "integrated and efficient urban management" and Promoting this factor, as the main source of most policies and planning, can have a significant impact on the realization of a happy city in the study area.

The scope of this research is the study of Hume's solution for the problem of induction. The philosophers still wonder whether they could determine unobserved instances based upon similar observed ones. However, Hume didn't employ this problem directly in his books but he answered this question within the discussion of causation. According to Hume's point-of-view, the source of universals that is based on particles; is in the human spirit. The nature of human spirit, after frequently observation of successions in the past, expects to observe same succession in future. All Hume interpreters agree on everything said. But they have different opinions on whether Hume had any further theory about causation. In this paper, first a faithful to context report about causation and accordingly Induction Problem with Hume is presented and then different interpretations on Hume's causation are introduced briefly and finally each interpretation is discussed thoroughly citing its shortcomings briefly.   In this paper, first a faithful to context report about causation and accordingly Induction Problem with Hume is presented and then different interpretations oh Hume's causation are introduced briefly and finally each interpretation is discussed thoroughly citing its shortcomings briefly.

Several studies have been carried out on the biological characteristics of a human adipose tissue-derived-stromal vascular fraction. However, investigating this fraction concerning its clinical application is still of significant importance. The aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate the cell population of human adipose stromal vascular fraction with the main aim of investigating the presence of stem cells in human adipose stromal vascular fraction.

In this laboratory-experimental study adipose tissues were obtained from 10 healthy individuals (30 to 58 years) and maintained in standard condition. After enzymatic isolation, the viability of stromal vascular fraction cells and surface antigens was evaluated by flow cytometry.

The results of this study showed that adipose stromal vascular fraction cells had high viability (> 98%) and were positive for CD16, CD34, CD73, CD29, CD105, CD31, and CD45 markers and negative for CD3, CD19, and CD38 markers.

The findings of this study indicate the presence of adipose-derived stem cells, endothelial cells, peri-adipocytes, and macrophages. According to this, this fraction has potential in the clinical field of cell therapy.