زهرا محبی

Learning disabilities are problems that negatively affect an individual's education and education-related skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and others because of having different perceptions of what they see. Parents may wonder what his future will be like despite this problem. Various factors affect the family function of parents with learning disabilities; one of the factors is controlling negative thinking. This study aimed to predict family functioning based on the control of negative thinking and parental stress with the mediating role of sexual satisfaction.

Method:

In this correlational study, 212 Parents of children with learning disorders in Tehran were selected through the purposive sampling method. For each parameter calculated, at least 10 participants are required to test the model. In this study, the Family functioning of McMaster (1983), and the Control of negative thinking of Wales & Davis (1994) include subscales that measure individual differences in controlling annoying thoughts. Strategies for controlling thinking are distraction, worry, social strategies, self-discipline, and re-evaluating thinking are used, Also Parenting Stress Questionnaire of Abidin (1992), which includes items covering adaptability, child domain, mood, attachment, acceptance, extravagance, reinforcement, inattention / over-action, relationship with spouse, parent domain, depression, sense of competence, role constraints, parental health, isolation It is life… and finally Sexual satisfaction of Hadson, et al. (1981) was used for data collection in this study which assesses couples' satisfaction levels. The proposed model was evaluated using a structural equation method. 

Results:

There is a significant relationship between control of negative thinking with family functioning (p<0.01), sexual satisfaction with family functioning (p<0.01), control of negative thinking with sexual satisfaction (p<0.01), spiritual well-being with sexual satisfaction (p<0.01), but there was a significant relationship between parental stress with family functioning (p>0.05). Also, indirect pathways were significant control of negative thinking with family functioning with mediating role of sexual satisfaction (p<0.01), parental stress with family functioning with mediating role of sexual satisfaction (p<0.01).

Discussion:

The results indicate that there are high levels of conflict and low levels of cohesion in families with children with learning disabilities. It is natural to expect these families to be affected by the symptoms of the child disorder and for parental problems to increase in these families. When parents can acquire these skills, they can be aware of problems and stresses and find appropriate solutions, thus reducing stress in their relationship with the child as well as marital relationships, and improving sexual satisfaction as well as family functioning. Find. Thus, it can be said that sexual satisfaction plays a mediating role in the relationship between controlling negative thinking and parenting stress with family functioning. The statistical population of this study was limited & through questionnaires, which makes the generalization of the results and bias issue with caution. Therefore, it is suggested that more research be done on other samples to generalize the results. And also holding workshops, to strengthen the control of negative thinking and reduce parental stress, it is possible to increase sexual satisfaction in them and increase family functioning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sustainable production requirements of urban agriculture in the form of green city entrepreneurship development by structural equation modeling. The statistical population of study was the 150 farmer of Green Garden project in the form of urban agriculture at Razi University of Kermanshah, 90 of whom were randomly selected as a sample size using Krejcie Morgan table. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Based on the mean value of variance extracted (0.533 > AVE < 0.735) and combined reliability (0.703 > CR < 0.901), the questionnaire had convergent validity and proper reliability. SPSS21 and Smart PLS3 software were used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that social, environmental and economic requirements (with path coefficients of 0.377, 0.402 and 0.359, respectively), at the level of 99% confidence had a positive and significant effect on agricultural sustainability. Additionally, the social variables of satisfaction with authorities, executives, and stakeholder participation, the environmental component of collecting and using rainwater, and the economic element of having access to cultivation-related equipment and facilities performed better than others. In general, all three development structures (economic, social and environmental) have a significant effect on the sustainability of urban agriculture. The findings of this study can be used to design urban agriculture development strategies based on urban entrepreneurship. Therefore, utilizing urban lands' potential for social and economic empowerment of individuals as well as urban space regeneration can have a big impact on the advancement of modern agriculture.

Vaginal candidiasis infection leads to sexual dysfunction in couples. Sexual performance is an important part of health and an integral part of every person's life. Many psychological factors affect sexual performance, one of which is self-concept. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of "determining the relationship between sexual self-concept and candidal vaginitis".

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 married women, aged 18 to 45 years, who referred to health centers in Neishabur city in 2018. The sampling method was available. The research tools were multifaceted sexual self-concept questionnaire (MSSCQ) and candidal vulvaginitis symptoms.
The results were analyzed with spss software version 16 and Spearman and regression statistical tests.

In the review of the data,the mean age of women participating in the study was 35.55 ± 5.47 years, the mean score of positive sexual self-concept was 115.22 ± 28.33, the mean score of negative sexual self-concept was 58.25 ± 6.18 and the symptom score of candidal vulvovaginitis was 9.83 ± 1.62. Examination of the data by Spearman test showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between positive sexual self-concept and candidiasis score (p=0.003) and between negative sexual self-concept and candidiasis score (p = 0.005) Also, no significant correlation was observed between candidiasis score and demographic variables (P > 0.05).

Sexual self-concept is related to candidal vaginitis; which, with correct and timely treatment of candidal vaginitis, increases positive sexual self-concept. which will ultimately lead to marital satisfaction and strengthening the foundation of families

So far, several interventions in the field of non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) have been carried out under the title of schools silent crisis, however, no research has been found to develops and validates the integrated interventions approach on NSSI and its important consequences.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an integrated interventional approach for NSSI, emotion regulation difficulties, mother-daughter relationship and negative automatic thoughts of adolescent girls.

A quasi-experimental and pre-test,post-test research design with a control group were applied. The statistical population of the study was all first and second year high school students with NSSI. Using chain sampling, 32 participants were selected and randomly assiged to control and experimental groups in Ardabil in 2019-2020. Both groups were pre-tested and post-tested by Sansone, Wiederman, & Sansone Self‐harm inventory (1998), Gratz & Roemer Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004), Hollon & Kendall Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (1980), and Fine, Moreland & Schwebel Parent-Child Relationship Survey-Mother (1985).

The results showed that the integrated interventional approach is effective in reducing the difficulties of emotion regulation, improving the mother-daughter relationship, reducing negative automatic thoughts, then reducing NSSI in adolescent girls )p<0.05(.

The approach of integrated interventions is effective on research variables and could be used as an appropriate intervention by school counselors and therapists for adolescent girls with NSSI.

Urban agriculture with the aim of completing urban food needs, providing ecosystem and environmental services has multidimensional effects on increasing cultural and social values and even increasing economic resilience in any society. Urban agriculture is one of the most important factors affecting the increase of social capital. The present study was conducted simultaneously with the implementation of an urban agriculture plan (green garden) and with the aim of investigating the effects of urban agriculture on the social capital of stakeholders at Razi University of Kermanshah applying survey method. The statistical population of the study was 150 stakeholders, 108 of whom were selected as the sample size according to Krejcie Morgan’s table. The questionnaire method was used for data collection and its validity was confirmed by expert choice. The results of the study demonstrated that the effects of urban agriculture implementation on social capital have been greater in people who participate with family on farm. The findings from the evaluation of structural equation model showed that all dimensions of social cohesion, social interaction, social awareness, social trust and social participation at the level of 99% confidence have a positive effect on people' social capital. Thus, "social participation" with a path coefficient of 0.825 had the most significant effect on the social capital of the people and social awareness (with a path coefficient of 0.599) had the least significant effect on the social capital of the people. Therefore, this will provide the conditions for strengthening social interaction and participation, as well as social trust, and will pave the way for culture-building commensurate with the development of urban agriculture and the results obtained from it can be used in the process of planning and macro-agricultural policies and creating new social capital in the country.Extended Abstract1-IntroductionWith the increasing population of cities and the decrease of rural population, the destruction of agricultural lands and appearing the severity of the effects of environmental degradation caused by the growth of cities, managers and urban planners seek new solutions to solve urban crises. Urban agriculture with the aim of meeting urban food needs, providing ecosystem and environmental services, increasing cultural and social values ​​and even increasing economic resilience, has multidimensional effects in any community. Social capital is one of the important effects that urban agriculture can have on.2- Materials and MethodsIn the present study, the green garden project was implemented as one of the urban agricultural projects with an area of ​​6000 square meters at Razi University of Kermanshah. Then, the study was conducted as a survey method with the aim of investigating the effects of urban agriculture on the social capital of stakeholders. The statistical population of this study was 150 stakeholders, 108 of whom were selected as the sample size based on Krejcie Morgan table. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire in which, five components of social interaction, social cohesion, social participation, social trust and social awareness were used to measure social capital and its content validity was confirmed using the opinions of experts. After collecting and categorizing the data, data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS21 software environment as well as structural equation modeling using Smart PLS3 software.3- Results and DiscussionThe results showed that 57.3% of the respondents were male and 42.7% were female, of which 71.9% were native to Kermanshah region. According to the findings of the study, 31.5% of the studied individuals were faculty members and 68.5% were non-faculty members. The results also showed that 88.8% of the respondents referred to the urban agricultural project as a family and 11.2% as an individual. The results of Friedman test to compare the dimensions of social capital among the individuals showed that the effects of urban agriculture on the dimensions of social capital are significantly different, so that the dimension of "social cohesion" with the highest average rank (3.89) and the dimension of "social awareness" with the lowest value of the average rank (1.76) were in the first and fifth place, respectively. The results of comparing the effects of urban agriculture on social capital based on the views of different groups revealed that the impact of urban agriculture on social capital with respect to "how to be present in agriculture" at the level of 99% confidence, had a significant difference with each other. In this regard, no significant differences were observed among the individuals with respect to "gender", "being native" and "occupation". The results for t-values ​​also proved this result. Therefore, the findings indicate that all dimensions of social cohesion, social interaction, social awareness, social trust and social participation had a positive effect on the social capital of stakeholders at 99% confidence level. Thus, the dimension of "social participation" with a path coefficient of 0.825 has the most significant impact on the social capital of the subjects and based on indigenous knowledge in strengthening the social network of users, increasing knowledge and awareness and the creation of trust within and outside the group has been effective, which has led to increased social interaction between stakeholders and their close participation and cooperation, has paved the way for solidarity and double cohesion among users. Within the dimensions of social capital, social participation had the greatest effect and social awareness had the least effect on the social capital of the subjects. In social participation, this can be due to the spirit of participation and interaction, and in social awareness, due to the lack of comprehensive and accurate information among stakeholders. Accordingly, the implementation of urban agriculture in the first place increases the spirit of solidarity and cooperation and then the existence of affectionate relationships among stakeholders, and on the other hand increases interaction between families, and reduces tensions between them.4- ConclusionThe present study provides the conditions for strengthening social interaction and participation as well as social trust and has paved the way for a culture-building commensurate with the development of urban agriculture. The obtained results could be utilized in the planning process and macro-agricultural policy makings and creating new social capital in the country. Finally, considering that mutual trust is one of the essential factors for the success of any project, it is recommended to implement the administration and service steps of urban agricultural plans and projects in each region in a regular and accurate manner to build up the trust of the stakeholders.

One of the leading causes of death in the world is cancer. In order to find cures with fewer side effects and on the other hand drug resistance problems that exist in relation to the treatment of cancer patients, attention to plant-derived products has greatly increased. The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove on cancer and normal cells.

Hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove were prepared in different concentrations (25, 100, 400, and 1200 μg / ml) then added to culture medium of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal cells (Huvec) and incubated for 24 or 72 h. At the end of incubation, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and apoptosis by acridine orange-ethidium-bromide dual staining. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and Duncanchr('39')s multiple comparisons.

The addition of hydroalcoholic extracts of both nettle and clove at the highest used concentration (1200 μg/ml) after 24 and 72 hreduced cell proliferation significantly compared to other treatment and control groups (p<0.05). The addition of the highest concentration of both hydro-alcoholic extracts of clove and nettle to normal cells reduced cell proliferation significantly compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7).

Proper range management needs an accurate and updated method of rangelands production measurement. In range production measurements, selecting an accurate and low-cost method is very important. In the present study, three estimation methods including Adelaide technique, and double sampling using the 20 and 30% of vegetation cover were compared with clipping and weighing method (as control) in two shrub species of Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb and Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey (in May 2017). In each vegetation area, two 300m length transects with 100m distance randomly were placed. Data were collected from 15 quadrates 4m2 along each transect systematically. In each plot, the vegetation cover and yield of two species were estimated and harvested. Data were analyzed regarding variance for each species and means comparison was done using Duncan method. Regression analysis was performed for each method between the estimated and actual clipping rates. The result showed that in H. strobilaceum, there were no significant differences between both double sampling with 20% and 30% and control. But higher estimation was obtained by Adelaide method than control. For H. caspica, there was no significant difference between both Adelaide and double sampling 30% with control. But the yield estimation of double sampling 20% was significantly higher than control. Also, the regression relationship was well matched to the data. It was concluded that the double sampling method was more suitable for H. strobilaceum species due to its symmetrical diameter of the canopy. The Adelaide method was recommended for H. caspica, which has separate foliage.

Non-suicidal self-injury has become public health challenge in recent years. The prevalence of this phenomenon is higher among adolescents than other age groups. However, there are many ambiguities in conceptualizing non-suicidal self-injury. The objective of this study was to investigate the experiences of female high school students in Ardabil city who had committed non-suicidal self-injury.

This qualitative descriptive phenomenology study was conducted with participation of 17 female high school students in Ardabil city who were selected via targeted sampling method in 2018-2019. Data were collected via semi-structured interview sessions. Colaizzi’s seven-step analysis method was used for data analysis.

The findings of the study showed three main categories include predisposing factors of self-injury, function of self-injury, and consequences of self-injury. The main categories were subcategorized into cognitive emotional features, incompatible relations, teenage problems in the family, calming down, forgetting the problems, impressing others, proving greatness and strength, feelings of regret and scarring.

To better understand people involved with non-suicidal self-injury, it is essential to become more familiar with their experiences. From the participantspoint of view, this behavior has underlying causes, functions, purposes and also the implications that should be addressed for prevention programs as well as proper evaluation and treatment.

One of the new assisted reproductive techniques is surrogacy, and the rate of using this technique is rising. However, the psychological and social consequences of this technique have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this review study was performed with aim to investigate these outcomes following surrogacy in surrogate mother and child. In this review study, to find the related articles between1990-2018, Persian databases of SID and Magiran and English databases of Pubmed, Scopus, Elsevier, Wiley online library, Web Of Science, and Google Scholar search engine were searched. To access all articles in Persian and English, the Persian keywords including: surrogate mother, mother-child relationship, mother-fetus relationship, relationship, psychological outcome, social outcome and English keywords including Surrogate mother, surrogacy, Maternal -Fetal relationships, mother-child relationships, surrogates' family, bonding, attachment, psychology outcome, social outcome, with all possible combinations of these words were used. From 500 articles, 18 articles were eligible for research and were selected for this study. The results of various studies indicated that the birth of the child for surrogate mothers and applicant’s family is a stressful phenomenon that can lead to depression in surrogate mother. There was no significant difference between children born as surrogacy and normal children in terms of evolution, psychological and social dimensions. The results of personality tests and psychological variables were normal in most surrogate mothers and no serious psychological harms were observed. In general, surrogacy is considered to be a positive experience in most mothers. Born children also have a good feeling to their surrogate mothers and have no psychological differences with normal children. Of course, it's important to note that differences in the culture of the countries, their experiences and supportive systems may affect psychological and social consequences of surrogacy.

According to the previous studies, stress influences on eating behavior and is associated with unhealthy food selection. Furthermore, the research literature indicates that stress, anxiety, and depression can cause polyphagia and overweight. The purpose of present study is to investigate the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress scales and dietary behavior in female high school students. The cross-section study was carried out from April to December 2016 on high school female students of Tehran City by confirmation and protection of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Faculty at Shahid Beheshti Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran. 400 samples were selected by using multistage cluster sampling method. After receiving consent and recording socio-economic information, the data associated with stress, anxiety, and depression score were collected by a short questionnaire of Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21). In order to survey the dietary behavior of students, the 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was applied. In addition, to assess the association between dietary behavior and stress, anxiety and depression, chi-squared test and logistic regression model were employed. Based on the results of the present paper, 49.8 percent of students, studied in this research, had stress levels, 56.3 percent of them suffered from anxiety and 55.3 percent of them had depression levels. The salt intake amounts of students who had high stress, depression, and anxiety, were more than of normal ones (respectively P=0.01, 0.02, 0.006). Additionally, fast food consumptions of students, suffering from anxiety, were also higher than normal (P=0.07). Subjects, which were categorized in depressed group, rarely eat natural fruit juice (P=0.03), and, stressful students use few natural fruit juices (P=0.006) and few fresh fruits too (P=0.02). Students with levels of stress, depression and anxiety in comparison to normal students, have more undesirable food habits, such problems may lead dietary behavior to unhealthy foods. More studies are required to clarify the relationships between dietary behavior and stress, depression and anxiety.

Background and Portulaca Oleracea grows in many areas of the world. This plant is called «Power food of the future» because of many factors. The purpose of this study was to review the nutritional value and efficacy of Portulaca Oleracea.
Material and In this review, search was performed of SID, PubMed and Google Scholar for the keywords including Purslane and Portulaca Oleracea during 1987- 2014, and the results were discussed.
Portulaca oleracea due to the existence of different nutritious ingredients like a variety of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, flavonoids and antioxidants such as beta-carotene and glutathione is known as the universal panacea. In addition, because of these compounds it is used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases in both traditional and modern medicine and is consumed as a part of the food industry and diet in many countries.
According to studies, it seems that the Portulaca oleracea can be considered as one of the most important nutrients in the future and used as a part of the diet of all age groups.

White bread is a staple food in the human diet in many countries, including Iran; but it is a poor source of prebiotic dietary fiber, containing typically less than 2.5% fiber content. So a demand exists for enrichment bread with prebiotic ingredients that exert a health and quality-promoting effect. In this study, effect of different amount of β-glucan (0/8%, 1% and 1/2% w/w) and resistant starch (5/5%, 8% and 10/5%) and one sample with 4%BG and 0/5% RS on the dough rheological properties has been investigated.. The results revealed that the rheological behavior of enriched doughs depend on kind of prebiotic substance, and its concentration. The farinograph water absorption of doughs increased with increasing BG and RS amounts. The development time and farinograph quality number of β-glucan–enriched doughs remained similar to the control while the stability of dough decreased and also all of these values decreased when the RS was added to the dough formula. BG was more effective in increasing dough softening than RS. The addition of RS or BG to the dough formula increased; the resistance to deformation, energy, but their extensibility values had decreased compared to the control. Formulation containing BG/ RS combination showed the best farinograph (development time, stability) and extansograph (resistance and extensibility) parameters.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of stress inoculation training and drug therapy on blood pressure and quality of life in woman with hypertension. The statistical population consisted of all the woman who suffered from hypertension in the health and medical centers of Khalkhal. The sample (N=40) was selected by available sampling.The data collecting tools included the short form of the quality of life questionnaire)WHO QOL BREF(and a barometer. This study had an experimental design and data were analyzed by multiple analysis of covariance. Stress inoculation training decreases systolic blood pressure and increases the level of quality of life for women suffering from hypertension. Although it can be said that this training does not decrease diastolic blood pressure. Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is effective on the improvement of quality of life and decreases blood pressure in the patients with Hypertension.

Background and Juvenile delinquency is increasing in many countries including Iran. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of forgiveness therapy in reducing aggression and enhancing forgiveness in adolescent boys in Tehran Correctional and Rehabilitation Centre. This quasi-experimental study included pretest-posttest with control group. The research population consisted of all adolescent boys attending Tehran Correctional and Rehabilitation Centre in 2012. (almost 300 persons). Thirty accessible individuals were randomly selected and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group attended ten sessions of forgiveness therapy while the control group received no intervention. STAXI-2 and TRIM questionnaires were completed by subjects as pretest and posttest. Data was analysed performing MANOVA. In this study forgiveness therapy based on Enright’s process model, reduced aggression and promoted forgiveness in experimental group. Forgiveness therapy either alone or alongside other treatments could improve mental health, thereby reducing many unwanted consequences.

Although bread is a staple food، it is a poor source of dietary fiber and has a high glycemic index، which may increase the prevalence of diabetes. The addition of resistant starch and β-glucan with a prebiotic effect can improve the nutritional value of this valuable nutrient. Different amounts of β-glucan (0. 8%، 1%، 1. 2% w/w) and resistant starch (5. 5%، 8%، 10. 5%) were added to wheat flour and to one sample with 4% BG and 0. 5% RS. Their effect on bread quality in terms of moisture، specific volume، bread firmness، sensory evaluation، and bread salting during storage were evaluated. The results of bread quality suggested that the addition of prebiotic β-glucan and resistant starch increased moisture but decreased crumb firmness during 5 d of storage over that of the control sample. During storage، crumb firmness of all samples increased significantly and was the same as the staling sensory results of bread. BG had no significant effect on specific volume and RS decreased specific volume. The chewiness، crust، texture، color، appearance، aroma، and taste/flavor of all samples were evaluated as being the same or slightly better than the control. Β-glucan and resistant starch had no significant effect on the sensory properties of bread، but did increase shelf life. Water absorption and moisture retention increased and staling decreased.

This research compares the indices efficiency of Artemisia sieberi and Astragalus ammodendron distribution pattern in Markazi province. In the key area of each site 4 transects (100m) were established based on random- systematic sampling method. Vegetation sampling was performed along each of transects in 15 selected points. Distance indices included Johnson and Zimer، Eberhart، Pielou، Hopkines and Holgate were used in each point. The distance of understudy plants to nearest plant، distance among selected plant and its nearest neighbor، and distance between the point and the second plant was measured. Quadrate indices included Green، Lioyd، Morisita and Standardized Index of Morisita. In all 15 points، density parameter of selected species was estimated. Results showed A. sieberi distribution pattern has equally and، A. ammodendron has random with a tendency toward clumped pattern. The More was in equality of the species، the more in converging of distance and quadrate indices. However the accuracy of distance methods was more than quadrate methods. Generally، those vegetation types that distributed clumped pattern showed less efficient quadrate indices due to the problems of number، area and shape of quadrates. So، quadrate indices show higher tendency to random pattern.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of index specie of Artemisia sieberi on associate plant of Stipa barbata from different aspects. The study was carried out in Anjedan rangeland located in Markazi province. After delimitation of study area، to consider their density and correlation، totally 30 A. sieberi individuals were determined randomly and individuals of index and associated plants (A. Sieberi and St. barbata) for each 30 points in 50 cm distance were counted. Presence of index and associated plants were recorded along four transects of 50m length based on randomized – systematic method. At starting and end points of each transect، soil samples were taken from adjacent control area to compare soil properties in control area and index species habitat soils to find out the effects of index species on soil properties. Soil samples were analyzed in laboratory to determine texture، pH، Ec، OM، lime، Na، K، P and N. Data were analyzed and comparisons were made using SPSS software. Results showed that density changes of A. sieberi and S. barbata were similar along the transects. Correlation studies using Chi - square indicated that there was a huge positive correlation between A. sieberi and S. barbata. Soil characteristics comparison in two areas revealed that only lime content was significantly different which was higher in A. sieberi habitat soil. Totally، it was found that A. sieberi has positive effect on presence of S. barbata.

In this research the allelopathic effects of Artemisia sieberi on germination and initial growth properties of Stipa barbata was investigated. The samples wre collected from Anjedan rangeland، Arak. The study was carried out based on a completely randomized design (CRD)، including four replications and five treatments. The treatments consisted of extract of root and aerial parts of A. sieberi with 25% and 75% (W/V) concentration and control (distilled water). The results showed that extracts of root (25% and 75%) had positive effects while extracts of aerial parts showed negative effects on seed germination properties of S. barbata. The difference in root and shoot extracts effects on germination may be is due to different allelochemicals or their concentrations in mentioned tissues of A. sieberi.