زهره احمدی

The purpose of the current research is to design content for teaching electrochemistry concepts with a technological view of batteries for undergraduate chemistry students. In this research, the integration of green chemistry with STEM (Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology) approach is used. The current research is of applied-descriptive type. The researcher first collects information and library studies, and then by examining textbooks related to the research topic such as chemistry and various science books, he has examined the prerequisites for designing the desired content of universities. In order to design educational content and teach practical activities in the field of batteries, determine chapters for the content. Then, with the survey of the students, modifications were made in the content. The content was provided to four expert professors for re-review. The integration of green chemistry with the STEM approach and its implementation in the content design of academic books was approved by the professors. After determining the designated chapters, set goals for each topic. Content design was done based on the set goals. The result of this research can be used in designing the content of chemistry books based on an interdisciplinary approach in line with the goals of green chemistry for students.

Considering that the topic of electrolysis is one of the important and difficult topics that includes abstract concepts, therefore, a large number of learners have problems in learning it and face many misunderstandings. The vastness of the topic of electrolysis and the various applications of its products in life requires education in a new way. Over the years, countless approaches have been developed to improve teaching and its complementary activities. Learning based on exploration and construction of the concept by the learners themselves can play a significant role in creativity, innovation and creating motivation and interest in their learning. Educational design based on 5E exploration approach seeks to facilitate learning. The present study tries to explain the method of conducting low-cost experiments with an iquary method in the electrolysis cell and to discuss the advantages of this method. At the end, some suggestions are presented in the field of this research. By using this content for education, we can witness meaningful learning and a deeper understanding of the subject in learners. The results of this research can help in formulating the curriculum of chemistry content to teach the exploratory model of lifelong learning and prepare learners for life in society and industry.

In the educational system of Iran, textbooks are the main source of learning available to students and teachers. Students are obliged to memorize and learn the content of textbooks. In this research, an attempt was made to prepare an appropriate content for teaching the elements recognition according to the findings and principles of the content selection and learning experiences using the technique of content analysis and based on Brunner's exploratory point of view in the curriculum. The educational content was designed in the form of practical activities and tailored to the scientific needs of the junior high school students. The statistical population of the research includes female junior high-school students of Karaj city in the academic year of 1400-1401. This activity was performed during the Covid-19 pandemic under virtual educational system. Therefore, at the end of the activity, in order to check the effectiveness of the prepared content, a Google form survey was designed and its link was given to the students. This survey contained components and content elements that were prepared based on Bruner's exploratory approach. This content has improved the attitude towards exploratory method, future jobs, chemical elements and chemistry in general, except for the attitude towards the interest in supplementary classes in the junior high school students.

Electrochemistry is a broad and very important subject in chemistry. The many applications of this field in the production of green and sustainable energy based on solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, as well as the development of sensors based on electrochemistry express this issue. Considering the importance of electrolysis process in the electrochemistry and the necessity of learning this science for chemistry students, in the current research, we designed a practical content. The current research has been devoted to the design of electrolysis content for undergraduate students based on an inquiry approach and an applied-descriptive type. At first, by reviewing the references of courses related to electrochemistry, the necessary prerequisites for the design of the desired content were examined. Then, main subjects were assigned to design educational content to teach practical activities in the field of electrolysis. Finally, the scientific content was designed according to the inquiry approach. It is hoped that by using this educational content, we will witness meaningful learning and a deeper understanding of the electrolysis subject in the learners.

One of the fundamental issues of modern world is the issue of identity and the present article try to deal with it in children. Children are the most vulnerable part of society. Family is the first stage in which man seeks to know himself and regain his identity in interplay with his family members. Accordingly, family is very important for regaining identity. The present article tries to study some of the important family problems then proceeds to study the impact of family on regaining the identity of children with reference to the various levels of coherence, flexibility of family, employment of mothers and children, on the whole their exploitation in lower ages, way of bringing up children in a family and quantitative changes in a family in the absence of one of the parents or both of them. All these play significant role in the formation and transformation of the identity of children.

Effects of silicon carbide as the reinforcement on densification and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride-based ultra-high temperature composites were studied. A monolithic ZrB2 ceramic (as the baseline) and three ZrB2-based composites reinforced with 25 vol% SiC in different morphologies (particulate, whisker and particulate/whisker mixture) were fabricated by spark plasma sintering route. The sintering process was conducted at 1900 °C for 7 min under 40 MPa. A relative density of ~96% was obtained for the ZrB2 ceramic but the other composites approached their theoretical densities. The hardness and fracture toughness values of SiC reinforced samples were higher than those for the monolithic one. The simultaneous addition of SiC particulates/whiskers showed a synergistic effect on the enhancement of mechanical performance of composite.

The duty of every healthcare system worldwide, is to address needs and problems associated with community health. The current study was performed aiming at identifying and prioritizing the most important needs of Jamkaran village in Qom province and providing applied and useful interventional suggestions in order to solve the problems of the village.

In a cross-sectional study, community assessment was performed in Jamkaran village in Qom province based on the North Carolina Model and according to MPH model developed by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The community assessment process was carried out in 8 stages in 6 different areas, including health, education and culture, economics and employment, social and civil rights, and security and urban services. Then, they were prioritized using the Scoring Matrix method.

In the village, 48 problems were identified in 6 areas, the most important of which, were in health (27%), urban services (25%), social and civil rights (20.83%), economics and employment (12.5%), education and culture (10.4%), and security area (4.17%) areas, respectively. The highest score of Matrix table was obtained to be in urban sanitation system (15 scores), shortage of park and green space (14 scores), unemployment (13 scores), non-communicable diseases (12 scores), and lack of public library (12 scores), respectively.

Jamkaran faces with a wide range of social, economic, cultural and health problems, but the most of the problems of the village was related to health area, which requires serious attention of the authorities in all areas.

Since one of the methods of educational needs assessment is self-assessment, thus, it can be useful to determine the training required by professors based on their job descriptions. The purpose of this study was educational needs assessment of the faculty members of Qom university of medical sciences.

This analytical descriptive cross-sectional study was carried on all faculty members of Qom university of medical sciences. Sampling method was census and 142 participants were included in the study. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and faculty members' educational needs assessment questionnaire with 6 domains that was completed by the faculty members. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, Independent t-test, and one way ANOVA.

In this study, the most needs in the field of education (how to develop creativity in the students, in the field of research (design and implementation of secondary research), in the field of individual development (how to work with SPSS software), in the field of executive and management activities (motivation management), in the field of therapeutic services and health promotion; (professional rules and regulations), and in the field of specialized activities outside the university (methods of providing individual counseling services to the community), were reported as the top priorities of the professors.

According to the results of this study, it is recommended that the Education Development Center of the university should take action according to the identified educational needs based on the priorities in order to organize workshops and training courses tailored to the needs of faculty members.

One of the reasons for fear of childbirth is the personality type. Given that fear of childbirth affects the psychological features of the mother and Since the study of the role of personality type A and type B in the fear of childbirth in Qom has not been done so far, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between fear of childbirth and personality type in pregnant women.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 355 pregnant women in Qom in 2018 in the second and third trimesters. Sampling method was Classify in this study. fear of childbirth questionnaire and Friedman personality type questionnaire were used in this study. Data were analyzed by SPSS software V.20 using independent T-test, chi-square, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient.

The mean age of mothers was 26±6/04 years with age range of 35-41 years. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between childbirth fear and personality type, so that the mean of fear of delivery in type B person was more than type A.

The results of this study showed that in pregnant women with personality type B, fear of delivery is more. This fear can have negative effects both in the type of delivery and on the embryo. It is suggested that using Relaxing body regular exercises during the pregnancy reduce the pain and stress during labor.

In this research, four titanium diboride based ultra-high temperature ceramics: monolithic TiB2 (additive free), TiB2-5 wt% Si3N4, TiB2-20 vol% SiC and TiB2-20 vol% SiC-5 wt% Si3N4 samples were fabricated by spark plasma sintering process at 1900 °C for 7 min under 40 MPa. The microstructures of TiB2-based composites were affected by the introduction of SiC and Si3N4 additives as the relative densities and sinterability of the samples significantly improved. The XRD, SEM and EDS analyses as well as density measurements were employed as the characterization methods. Based on these analyses, the in-situ formation of TiN, SiO2 and BN nano-platelets in the TiB2-Si3N4 and TiB2-SiC-Si3N4 samples, due to the chemical reaction of SiC and Si3N4 with the surface oxide impurities of TiB2 particles (TiO2 and B2O3) was verified. The elimination of such harmful oxide films and the in-situ formation of several secondary phases led to the prevention of fanatic grain growth of TiB2 matrix and microstructural development and phase evolution of TiB2-based ceramics. In addition, the sinterability of samples increased via liquid phase sintering mechanism as a result of formation of molten SiO2 during the sintering process.

Metabolic control is a collection of tests and studies related to diabetes performed on a daily basis for 2 to 3 months. Self-efficacy means the belief of an individual in him/herself to successfully perform a particular behavior and expect the associated results. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between metabolic control and self-efficacy in diabetic patients in Qom, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total 325 patients with type II diabetes who referred to Diabetic Community in Qom through simple random sampling. Demographic information and standard self-efficacy in diabetic management questionnaires were used in this study. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data sheet was used based on the last 3-month test results. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) using descriptive indices and analytical tests.

The obtained results of this study showed that there was a significant reverse correlation between the mean score of self-efficacy with the mean scores of FBS and HbA1c. There was also a significant difference in self-efficacy scores in terms of gender (P<0.05). According to the results, self-efficacy showed predictive power of FBS and HbA1C reported as 22% and 18%, respectively.

The obtained results of this study showed that self-efficacy was at a moderate level among the patients. The levels of FBS and HbA1c did not indicate the optimal control of diabetes. It should be noted that there was a significant reverse correlation between self-efficacy with FBS and HbA1c, indicating that FBS and HbA1c levels decrease with the increase of self-efficacy score.

One of the essential requirements for the dynamics of the educational system is evaluation. Internal evaluation is a process of depicting the status of the academic system by the members of the system itself. This study was conducted with the purpose of internal evaluation of the Department of Public Health of the School of Health of Qom University of Medical Sciences.
 
This study was performed as a descriptive cross-sectional study in the department of public health of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Sampling method was census and information were collected using questionnaire for internal evaluation of groups.
 
In this study, the questionnaires were completed by 80 students, 32 graduates, and 6 faculty members of the Department of Public Health. In terms of educational empowerment, 66.6% of the faculty members reported that scientific mastery in theoretical courses was relatively favorable; 37.7% of the students described the teacher's scientific mastery as desirable; and 58.8% of them described the professors evaluation as relatively desirable; 54.8% of the graduates evaluated the skills acquired during the academic period as undesirable.
 
Considering the importance of educational evaluation for determining the quality, items, such as effectiveness and value of a program or process, continuous evaluation, and promotion of the quality of education seem to be necessary to correct their weaknesses in areas with undesirable and relatively desirable status.

In this research work, the effects of nano-diamond addition on densification and mechanical properties of 25 vol% SiC reinforced ZrB2-based ultra-high temperature composites were studied. In this way, a ZrB2–SiC composite (as the baseline) and three ZrB2–SiC-based composites doped with different amounts of nano-diamond additive (1, 2 and 3 wt% of matrix phase) were fabricated by spark plasma sintering route. The sintering process was carried out at 1900 °C for 7 min under 40 MPa. The addition of nano-diamond, up to 2 wt%, has not significantly affected the densification process because the 0-2 wt% nano-diamond reinforced samples reached their theoretical densities but the relative density of sample reinforced with 3 wt% diamond was less than 99%. The hardness of 0, 1, 2 and 3 wt% diamond reinforced ceramics were 19.5, 23.4, 24.7 and 22.2 GPa, respectively. All diamond reinforced samples were harder than the diamond-free one but the hardness slightly decreased by the addition of 3 wt% diamond. The fracture toughness linearly increased from 4.3 MPa.m1/2 for diamond-free ceramic to 5.8 MPa.m1/2 for3 wt% diamond reinforced sample. The sintering route was a reactive process as the nano-diamond was transformed to the graphite during the sintering and/or converted to the in-situ formed ZrC and B4C phases through the removal of oxide impurities from the surfaces of raw materials.

Abstract Ultrahigh temperature ZrB2-SiC composites reinforced with different amount of nano-graphite (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt%) were fabricated by spark plasma sintering process. The effect of graphite nano-flake on the densification behavior of the mentioned composites were investigated. Spark plasma sintering was carried out at a temperature of 1900 °C for a dwell time of 7 min under an applied pressure of 40 MPa. A fully dense ZrB2-SiC composite (with relative density of 100.6%) was obtained by the addition of 5 wt% nano-graphite. Elimination of oxide impurities through the chemical reactions with graphite as well as formation of sub-micron phases caused to an enhancement in the densification. In addition, the in-situ formed ZrC phase was one of the reasons behind the increasing of relative density. Keywords: spark plasma sintering, ultrahigh temperature composites, densification behavior, nano-graphite, ZrB2-SiC composites Keywords: spark plasma sintering, ultrahigh temperature composites, densification behavior, nano-graphite, ZrB2-SiC composites

The Buffalo Model Questionnaire (BMQ) is the only specialized Buffalo model questionnaire complementing the Buffalo Model diagnostic test battery that specifically assesses all the symptoms and problems potentially experienced by individuals with Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD). The present study was conducted to translate BMQ into Persian and normalize it for an Iranian audience and also determine the validity and reliability of this version.

The purpose of this research was to provide a Persian version of the BMQ (P-BMQ) and to determine its validity and reliability.

The original version of BMQ was translated into Persian considering the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) protocol. Its content validity was assessed, then, cultural normalization and face validity assessment were carried out among 60 normal children. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire 30 children’s parents were asked to participate in the retest (three to seven days later).

For face validity, 80% of the participants gave above 4 meaning that each question obtained the normal score. The CVR coefficient for all questions was higher than 66.66%, meaning all the items were relevant to the evaluated attribute. Considering that the alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.986, the internal consistency was assessed to the optimal level. Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was significant in all components (p= 0.001).

The Persian version of the BMQ had a good quality translation according to the IQOLA protocol. This valid and reliable questionnaire could be used for 7 to12 year-old normal children.

Dueto the aging world population, the outbreak of chronic diseases in this age group and the importance of sport as a factor promoting the physical and mental health of the elderly, This study examines the relationship between television sport programs with the sports participation of elderly people. In this Correlation study by field method, 384 elderly people from all regions of Shiraz. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by random sampling method and by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient analyzed by SPSS_20 software. The results of correlation coefficient showed between playback subscales, Content, time, Varied and innovative programs, Popular sports network plans, Health and Wellness Programs, Educational and awareness programs, Sport TV, The participation of the elderly has a significant relationship of level (p<0.05). Television sport programs have increased the sports participation of the elderly by increasing awareness of the positive role of exercise and physical activity in physical and mental health. This result reflects the effective role of television in encouraging the elderly to participate in sports.

ZrB2­­-SiC-based ultrahigh temperature composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering and reinforced with different amount of graphite nano-flakes (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt%). Sintering process was performed at a temperature of 1900 °C for a dwell time of 7 min under an applied pressure of 40 MPa in a vacuum atmosphere. The effect of graphite nano-flake on the hardness and fracture toughness of samples were studied. The results showed that with increasing the nano-graphite content, the hardness of composites linearly decreased from 19.5 GPa for the graphite-free sample to 12.1 GPa for the composite reinforced with 10 wt% nano-graphite. An inverse trend was observed for the fracture toughness of ceramics, as it was increased from 4.3 MPa.m1/2 for the graphite-free sample to 8.2 MPa.m1/2 for the 7.5 wt% nano-graphite doped composite. The drop in hardness values, with increasing the nano-graphite content, was related to the intrinsic softness of graphite phase. However, an obvious enhancement in the fracture toughness values due to the addition of more graphite nano-flakes was attributed to the activation of several toughening mechanisms in such materials.

Aim. This study was performed with the aim of determining the effect of peer education on self-efficacy in people with heart failure.
Background. Heart failure is a clinical syndrome which may have negative effects on self-efficacy. Given the positive role of education in improving self-efficacy, probing a suitable educational method to improve the self-efficacy of these patients is important.
Method. In this clinical trial study, 60 people with heart failure were recruited and randomly allocated to experimental (n=30) and control group (n=30). After preparing the peer group, four peer to peer training sessions were conducted during one month. Persian translation the self-efficacy questionnaire was used for data collection, which was completed by both groups, before, just and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 21 and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Findings. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups in overall self-efficacy score before the intervention. The mean score of self-efficacy, immediately after the intervention was 50.3±7.21 and24.9 ±1.7, in the experimental and control group, respectively, and a statistically significant difference was seen between the mean scores of the groups (P≤0001). The mean score of self-efficacy, one month after the intervention was 48.8±1.2 and 23.4±4.6, in the experimental and control group, respectively and paired t-tests showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the groups (P≤0001)
Conclusion. Based on this study, Peer education intervention can be a beneficial educative-supportive approach and enhance the self-efficacy life of heart failure patients. Therefore, using this method is recommended in patients with heart failure patients.

During the recent years, vitamin D deficiency was determined as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of vitamin D with ischemic heart disease in the city of Hamadan.
A case control-study was performed with 72 patients with ischemic heart disease, which had been confirmed by angiography in the case group. Vitamin D levels were measured in 74 patients with no disease in the control group. The results were analyzed by the SPSS-21 software and statistical tests.
Overall, 31.9% of the patient group and 24.6% of the control group had deficiency of vitamin D (P = 0.04). After adjustment of all risk factors, the risk of ischemic heart disease in patients with deficiency was 2.047 times more than those with enough vitamin D (P = 0.05).
Vitamin D deficiency could be considered as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, however more studies need to be done to confirm this relationship.

One of the important tasks in managing labor is improving delivery outcome. Maternal pushing during the second stage of labor is an important variable to affect this. This study is done to investigate the effect of breathing technique of blowing on delivery outcome.
This study was a clinical trial which involved 166 nulliparous pregnant women performed at Kamali Hospital in IRAN. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups using breathing techniques (case group) and valsalva maneuver (control group). In the control group, pushing was done with holding the breath. In the breathing techniques group, the women were asked to take 2 deep abdominal breaths at the onset of pain, then take another deep breath, and push 4-5 seconds with the open mouth while controlling the exhalation. And from the crowning stage onward, the women were directed to control their pushing, and do the blowing technique.
The results showed that concerning the length of second stage of labor, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.619). In breathing techniques group, the first and fifth minute Apgar was higher (P = 0.044), while the frequency of abnormal fetal heart rate was higher in control group (P = 0.002).
The results showed that the use of breathing techniques in second stage of labor, likely improve neonatal outcome while it does not affect on the length of second stage of labor.

In public administration, principles of good governance as one of the aspects of the new paradigm are the special emphasis on the role of government in providing and delivering high quality services to the client and the various groups and satisfy them. Given the importance of client satisfaction and the implementation of the characteristics of good governance in government agencies, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between good governance and state agencies to determine the client's satisfaction. These research methods, descriptive and correlational; Managers and experts from government agencies (310) and their client were considered as population. Multi-stage cluster sampling, 172 experts and managers and to random sampling, 384 clients, formed the sample. For data collection, the researcher client questionnaire (18 questions) and good governance standard questionnaire (35 items); the information gathered by descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient and Friedman) were analyzed by statistical software spss20. The results showed that in total there was a significant correlation between good governance and client satisfaction. In evaluating the measures of good governance, transparency only between the client satisfactions a significant inverse relation was observed. In the rest of the subscales of good governance (result-oriented roles effectiveness, enhance the value, capacity building and accountability) There was no significant relationship with client satisfaction.

In regard to both implementation of the second phase of targeted subsidises and the effect of inflation resulted from first phase of it on economic of country, inflation content estimation on economic of country especially agriculture sector is necessary. In this research effect of increasing price of energy carriers on inflation in various reproduction sectors such as agriculture was investigated based on input–output technique and price models. The results of adjustment price of energy carriers’ price up to Persian Gulf FOB level have been shown total inflation will increase to 65.47 percent. In agriculture sector maximum inflation will be 62.89 percent in fishing sub sector and then forest (30.38), live stock (30.28) and agronomy (7.76) sub sectors were located in respectively. Finally, regard to key role of agriculture sector for food production, is suggested if implementation of the second phase of targeted subsidies, government must support this sector by proper mechanism.