فهرست مطالب زهره دادخواه کلاشمی

Parents of adolescents with conduct disorder have distinct personality traits, including disobedience, high–risk behaviors, and coping styles and methods. In addition to genetic characteristics, the behavioral characteristics of parents will have a great impact on adolescents. On the other hand, marital problems and dissatisfaction in relationships between parents also create tension and externalization in adolescents. Thus, interpersonal conflicts between parents can threaten adolescents' perception of emotional security and predispose them to adjustment problems. Marital problems and dissatisfaction in relationships between parents are also effective in creating stress and externalization in adolescents. Therefore, it can be expected that with increasing marital satisfaction, many psychological, emotional, and social problems of families and society will be reduced. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between marital satisfaction and spiritual vitality, based on personality traits with the mediating role of oppositional behaviors in parents of adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years with conduct disorder living in Tehran City, Iran.

This research was a descriptive–analytical cross–sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran with conduct disorder who were studying in the secondary schools in the academic year 2020–2021. The statistical sample was based on the conceptual model of structural equations, including 248 parents. The sampling method was purposeful and based on informing the school staff about some symptoms of conduct disorder; 512 students with some symptoms were identified and more likely to develop conduct disorder. Then, using Youth Self–Report Questionnaire (Achenbach, 1991), a precise assessment was performed and among them, individuals with conduct disorder were identified, and their parents were included in the study as a sample. For screening, 14 and 19 districts of Tehran were purposefully selected and the criterion for excluding participants from the study was non–cooperation. After collecting information, screening was performed first and out of 512 students, 131 were extracted with the highest score in conduct disorder and with scores of 18 and above. In the grading process, with the removal of the families of seven students (due to non–cooperation), 248 parents were included in the study as the final sample. Other measurement tools included Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (Afrooz, 1999), Afrooz Spiritual Vitality Scale (Afrooz, 2016), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963) and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Lazarus, 1980). Data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 24 and AMOS version 23. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation and at the level of inferential statistics, structural equation modeling was used.

In the extracted model, extraversion personality trait on the problem–oriented coping method had direct and positive effect (p=0.013, β=0.155). The personality trait of psychoticism on marital satisfaction (p=0.021, β=–0.147) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=–0.227) had direct and negative effects. Emotion–based coping method on marital satisfaction (p<0.001, β=–0.280) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=– 0.306) had direct and negative effects. The problem–based coping method on marital satisfaction (p=0.039, β=0.198) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=0.396) had direct and positive effect. Extraversion personality trait mediated by problem–based coping behavior on marital satisfaction (p=0.019, β=0.031) and on spiritual vitality (p<0.001, β=0.061) had indirect effect. Also, the effect of total extraversion on satisfaction, marriage and spiritual vitality, as well as other paths and relationships were not significant (p>0.05). The goodness indicators of the model fit indicated the model fit (RMSEA=0.068, GFI=0.993, AGFI=0.931).

The results of this study emphasize the importance of coping skills with stress to promote marital satisfaction and spiritual vitality, and the role of the mediator variable in this study is very prominent. However, coping behaviors, marital satisfaction, and spiritual vitality are directly influenced by personality traits.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is among the most common behavioral disorders that threaten an individual's mental health. Adolescents with CD fail to adapt their behavior to the expectations of parents, others, and social norms. Studies indicated that external problems in adolescents might be equally related to psychological pathology in parents, while their internal issues are more closely related to maternal psychological pathology than in fathers. Numerous factors impact the development of CD, i.e., related to parental personality traits, the couple's communication problems with each other, and the style of behavioral interactions between them and adolescents. Studies found that the parents of adolescents with CD encounter difficulty regulating emotions and behaviors. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate personality traits and coping behaviors in adolescent girls with CD parents.</span>

This was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all secondary school adolescent girls with CD aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran City, Iran in 2020 who were selected by purposive sampling method Statistical sample was chosen according to the sample size of descriptive studies and based on previous variance (S2</sup>=19.45), included 124 mothers and 124 fathers (N=248) who were targeted by sampling among adolescent girls with a higher odds of CD. To be screened, during negotiations with the principals of some girls' high schools in districts 14 and 19 of Tehran, while informing them of some CD symptoms, they were requested to introduce adolescents with this syndrome. Thus, 512 students were introduced. Then, screening was performed, and out of 512 students, 131 obtained the highest score in conduct disorder, i.e., the scores of ≥18 based on the Youth Self-Report Questionnaire (YSRQ; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). In the grading process, by excluding the families of 7 students (due to noncooperation), 124 mothers and 124 fathers were included in the study. The exclusion criterion was noncooperation for the parents and obtaining scores <18 in the YSRQ for the adolescents. The measurement tools included the YSRQ, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) </span>EPQ; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Lazaros, 1980). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including Independent Samples t-test at a significance level of 0.01 in SPSS. Additionally, to evaluate the status of parental coping behaviors, Paired Samples t-test was applied. The mean scores of the subjects' problem-based coping strategies were compared with the mean scores of their emotion-based coping strategies.

The present study results suggested that all examined parents, on average, had personality traits of introversion, psycho-annoyance, and lying (p<0.001) and no personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism (p<0.001). Furthermore, all parents surveyed, on average, had scored higher on emotion-based coping strategies than problem-based strategies (p<0.001); thus, they had emotion-based coping behaviors.

The present study findings emphasized the impact of family environment, personality, and parental behavior on the incidence of adolescent CD. This is because introversion, psycho-annoyance and lying and emotion-based coping strategies are evident in these parents.

One of the most common behavioral disorders among adolescents is Conduct Disorder (CD), threatening their mental health. The stronger the family system and the more emotional and rational the relations between its members, the more the children will benefit from education. An approach to promote the family's mental health is creating Spiritual Vitality (SV) based on mental states. Adolescents' mental state also substantially impacts numerous factors that affect the development of CD; these characteristics are related to communication issues between husband and wife. Behavioral interactions between adolescents and Marital Satisfaction (MS) create a suitable, emotional environment. It is healthy to raise children; naturally, this satisfaction can affect the parents–children relationship. Accordingly, the present study investigated marital satisfaction and SV in the parents of girls aged 14 to 18 years with CD.

This was a descriptive–analytical and cross–sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran City, Iran, with CD studying in the secondary school in 2020. The purposive sampling method was applied to select the study subjects, i.e., considering the sample size of descriptive studies and based on previous variance (S2</sup> = 36.61), equaled 124 mothers and 124 fathers (N=248) who were targeted by sampling among adolescent girls with a higher odds of CD. To be screened, during negotiations with the principals of some girls' high schools in districts 14 and 19 of Tehran, while informing them of some symptoms of CD, they were requested to introduce adolescents with this syndrome. Accordingly, 512 students were introduced. Then, screening was performed; out of 512 students, 131 had the highest score in CD (18 & above) based on the Youth Self–Report Questionnaire (YSRQ; Achenbach, 1991). The exclusion criterion of the study was the lack of cooperation. In the grading process, by excluding the families of seven students (due to the lack of cooperation), 124 mothers and 124 fathers were eventually included in the study. The measurement tool included YSRQ, Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS; Afrooz, 1999), and Afrooz Spiritual Vitality Scale (Afrooz, 2016) with appropriate validity and reliability. Furthermore, data analysis was performed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including Independent Samples t–test at the significance level of 0.01. We assessed the status of MS and SV, and the mean scores of mothers, fathers, and the whole sample were compared with the cut–off point of the questionnaires.

The collected results indicated that the status of the parents of adolescents with CD, concerning MS (p<0.001) and the components of desirable–thinking of spouses (p<0.001), MS (p<0.001), religious behavior (p<0.001), parenting (p<0.001), and parental interaction (p<0.001), were unpleasant and vulnerable. Additionally, the scores of the parents of adolescents with CD concerning SV (p<0.001) and the components of beliefs (p<0.001) and feelings and behavior (p<0.001) were unacceptable.

This study emphasizes the importance of MS and SV in preventing CD in adolescents; therefore, it is necessary to improve the situation of adolescents' parents, appropriate practical planning, and necessary measures must be taken.

One of the most common behavioral disorders among adolescents is Conduct Disorder (CD), threatening their mental health. The stronger the family system and the more emotional and rational the relations between its members, the more the children will benefit from education. An approach to promote the family's mental health is creating Spiritual Vitality (SV) based on mental states. Adolescents' mental state also substantially impacts numerous factors that affect the development of CD; these characteristics are related to communication issues between husband and wife. Behavioral interactions between adolescents and Marital Satisfaction (MS) create a suitable, emotional environment. It is healthy to raise children; naturally, this satisfaction can affect the parents–children relationship. Accordingly, the present study investigated marital satisfaction and SV in the parents of girls aged 14 to 18 years with CD.

This was a descriptive–analytical and cross–sectional study. The statistical population included the parents of all adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran City, Iran, with CD studying in the secondary school in 2020. The purposive sampling method was applied to select the study subjects, i.e., considering the sample size of descriptive studies and based on previous variance (S2 = 36.61), equaled 124 mothers and 124 fathers (N=248) who were targeted by sampling among adolescent girls with a higher odds of CD. To be screened, during negotiations with the principals of some girls' high schools in districts 14 and 19 of Tehran, while informing them of some symptoms of CD, they were requested to introduce adolescents with this syndrome. Accordingly, 512 students were introduced. Then, screening was performed; out of 512 students, 131 had the highest score in CD (18 & above) based on the Youth Self–Report Questionnaire (YSRQ; Achenbach, 1991). The exclusion criterion of the study was the lack of cooperation. In the grading process, by excluding the families of seven students (due to the lack of cooperation), 124 mothers and 124 fathers were eventually included in the study. The measurement tool included YSRQ, Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS; Afrooz, 1999), and Afrooz Spiritual Vitality Scale (Afrooz, 2016) with appropriate validity and reliability. Furthermore, data analysis was performed in SPSS using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including Independent Samples t–test at the significance level of 0.01. We assessed the status of MS and SV, and the mean scores of mothers, fathers, and the whole sample were compared with the cut–off point of the questionnaires.

The collected results indicated that the status of the parents of adolescents with CD, concerning MS (p<0.001) and the components of desirable–thinking of spouses (p<0.001), MS (p<0.001), religious behavior (p<0.001), parenting (p<0.001), and parental interaction (p<0.001), were unpleasant and vulnerable. Additionally, the scores of the parents of adolescents with CD concerning SV (p<0.001) and the components of beliefs (p<0.001) and feelings and behavior (p<0.001) were unacceptable.

This study emphasizes the importance of MS and SV in preventing CD in adolescents; therefore, it is necessary to improve the situation of adolescents' parents, appropriate practical planning, and necessary measures must be taken.