فهرست مطالب زینب عنافجه

This research was carried out to meet the need for development and introduction of new crops that can adapt to long periods of drought stress under changing climate. For this purpose the adaptability and seed yield stability of 10 autumn sown quinoa genotypes including; Red Carina, Titicaca, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31 were studied using randomized complete block design with three replications in four location (Ahvaz, Iranshahr, Bushehr and Jiroft) in Iran in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 cropping seasons. Seed of quinoa genotypes were sown in October 2017 and 2018 in Ahvaz and Jiroft, and in November 2017 and 2018 in Iranshahr and Bushehr. Genotypes with Q prefix have been received from Chile, cv. Titicaca from Denmark, cv. Giza1 from Egypt and cv. Red Carina from the Netherlands. Days to germination, days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, inflorescence length, stem diameter, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seed saponin content were measured and recorded. Combined analysis of variance showed that effects of year, location and genotypes were significant (P ≤0.01) on all studied traits, except days to germination. Also, genotype × location interaction was significant (P ≤0.01) on all studied traits. Genotype Q12 (2350.2 kg ha-1) and Red Carina (1695 kg ha-1) had the highest and lowest mean seed yield, respectively. Jiroft (3147.5 kg ha-1) and Bushehr (1009 kg ha-1) had the highest and lowest mean seed yield, respectively. The results of AMMI analysis showed that Q18, Q22, TTKK and Q21 genotypes had the highest seed yield stability, respectively. Genotypes Q18 and Q22 had specific adaptation to Ahvaz, Iranshahr and Bushehr, and genotypes Q12, Q29 and Q26 showed specific adaptation to Jiroft. In conclusion, the results of this research showed that all studied quinoa genotypes were suitable for autumn sowing in target areas.

Cultivation of summer crops is the high cost process, so the produced crops should have suitable quantitative and qualitative characteristics to compensate production costs. Selection the plants with the best morpho-physiological characteristics and productivity rate can lead to enhance economic efficiency and resistance rate to biotic and abiotic stresses. With population growth, demand for eggplant as an excellent source of iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and vitamins A and B has increased. In addition to use as food, eggplant also has medicinal characteristics leading to its consumption for medicinal purposes. Eggplant is considered as widely cultivated crop with edible fruits in tropical, subtropical and warm regions, especially in Southern Europe and South America. The total cultivated area of eggplant is about 1.65 million hectares, its production rate is about 48.5 million tons, and its average yield is about 29.3 tons per hectare, worldwide. China, India and Iran are respectively the top producers of this crop with 28.8, 12.2 and 1.3 million tons production rates. Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Tehran, Fars, Sistan and Baluchistan, Razavi Khorasan, Bushehr, Jiroft and Kahnuj are some regions in Iran with the highest cultivation and production rate of eggplant.

The adaptability and stability of four advanced Iranian eggplant lines including D1, D7, D13 and BJ30, along with three controls including “Black Beauty” cultivar, Qasri Dezful landrace and round Brazjan landrace were studied based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications at five different locations during two years. Seedlings were transplanted at 4-6 leaf stage when their height reached to more than 10 cm. The field was irrigated before transplantation. The distance between rows was 60 cm and seedlings were transplanted at a distance of 75 cm in each row. The total yield was evaluated as a cumulative parameter for each plot from the beginning of fruiting to the end of the harvest period. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software. Mean comparisons were conducted based on Duncan method at 1 % probability level. Stability analysis was performed by AMMI method.

The mean comparisons results demonstrated that the highest total yield was recorded in BJ30 line (34.08 ton ha-1), followed by D1 (33.72 ton ha-1) and D7 (31.42 ton ha-1) lines. Total yield in Karaj region (58.39 ton ha-1) was higher than other studied regions (Jiroft with 34.34, Dezful with 25.52, Orumieh with 22.74 and Qarakhil with 14.49 ton ha-1, respectively). The highest yield was observed in B J30 line and Borazjan landrace cultivated in Karaj region and the lowest yield was recorded in D7 line, ‘Black Beauty’ cultivar, D13 line and Borazjan landrace, all cultivated in Qarakhil region. Based on AMMI analysis, D1 and D7 were the most stable lines with the high yield which could be recommended for cultivation in all studied regions. The uniformity of the D7 line as a pure line has given it the ability to introduce a promising line. As reported by several researchers, the difference between total yields of eggplants cultivated in different studied regions of this experiment could be related to different climates and meteorological parameters of these regions. The significant interaction effect of region and genotype on total yield indicated that different eggplant genotypes had different reactions to changes in meteorological parameters, and on the other hand, the lack of significant interaction of year and genotype on this trait demonstrated that genotypes reacted the same way to different years. AMMI model was useful in interpreting the results and the model was able to fit the observed data well, which was in line with those reported by several researchers.

Given the high stability and total yield of D1 and D7 lines, they could be recommended for cultivation in all studied regions. Among the studied regions, Karaj with 58.39 ton ha-1 had the highest total yield, and on the other hand the lowest value of this trait was recorded in Qarakhil region. The BJ30 line has special compatibility with the Karaj region and is recommended for this region. BJ30 had completely sweet fruits and was significantly different compared to all controls. D1 had green cylindrical fruits with the best taste and the least bitterness comparing to the other lines.

Behrad, a new long eggplant cultivar with dark purple color, high yield potential and moderately resistance to Fusarium wiltBehrad eggplant cultivar (line Y6) was selected, evaluated and released by using the pure line selection (single plant selection) method from Yazd tall eggplant landrace during 2007-2018. This line was selected as one of the superior lines during all experiments including Augment, preliminary, advanced and adabtability and yield stability trials. Advanced selected lines were examined in Karaj, Varamin and Dezful regions. The results showed that line Y6 produced 46.1 tha-1 compare to control variety with 12 tha-1. Furthermore, this line had appropriate quality characteristics. The results of adabtability and yield stability trials during 2011 to 2012 showed that the Line Y6 had the highest average yield, 55.4 tha-1, and stabiltity among studied lines. Line Y6 was releasead as a new variety so called Behrad, with a high yield, uniformity and fruit quality.

Azin (line BJ30) is a new eggplant cultivar was initially selected, evaluated and introduced from a Borazjan eggplant landrace after evaluation in several years during 2007-2009 using pure line selection method (single plant selection). This line was always selected as one of the top genotypes during all experiments such as augmented, preliminary, advanced and compatibility and stability. BJ30 line was selected as a superior line in combined analysis of variances for regions in advanced yield experiments (2010) with a mean yield of 43.5 tons and a difference about 9 tons per hectare with control genotype and with appropriate quality characteristics. Other top lines entered compatibility and stability tests. Based on the results of combined analysis of compatibility and stability tests in Karaj, Dezful, Urmia, Jiroft and Sari regions for two yeras, line BJ30 with an average yield of 34.1 tons per hectare had the highest yield and was the second most stable genotype in stability analysis. Also, evaluation of the response of BJ30 promising line to fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt disease agents showed that this line is resistant to both of these diseases. BJ30 promising line was introduced as Azin cultivar in 2018 due to its very high yield, uniformity and suitable quality characteristics of fruit and resistance to common eggplant diseases.

In order to evaluate the compatibility and stability of the Iran eggplant lines, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and for 2 years in five regions of the country including Karaj, Neishabour, Minab, Urmia and Varamin. In this project, 8 advanced eggplant lines of the country, including lines N12, N61, Y3, Y9, SH2, SH12, V44 and B29, Were located with three longpril controls, Long Varamin and Chahbaland Neishabour long well mass were evaluated in compatibility and stability tests. Combined data analysis showed that the effect of year, place and treatment was significant, as well as the interactions of year in place, place in variety, and year in place in variety at the level of 1% probability. The results showed that among the tested areas, Neishabour with the average yield of 60.56 tons per hectare had the highest yield. Among the studied lines, Y6 and SH2 lines had the highest yield with an average yield of 55.4 and 54.78 tons per hectare, respectively. According to the results of stability analysis by AMMI method, lines N12, N61, V44, SH12 and Y3 are recommended as lines with general stability and average suitable performance for all regions of the Iran.

Given the very good performance and also the special characteristics of the fruit in the promising line D1, the introduction of this line as a new variety of eggplant could be very well justified and will definitely be associated with a much higher economic income for the growers. In addition, since the private companies involved in importing vegetable and summer seeds have already begun to import and evaluate foreign green eggplant variety, the new Bita eggplant variety is a very serious domestic competitor for foreign varieties, which is in agreement with the goals of resistance economy and is definitely a step towards preventing the outflow of currency from the country as well as helping domestic employment (Peyvast, 2003). Therefore, the promising line D1 was introduced in 2018 as a new variety of eggplant named Bita. In the project "Selection of Lines from Five Indigenous Masses of Eggplant in Iran", 5 indigenous masses of eggplant in the country were collected and subjected to a pure line selection/correction program (Bagheri, 2010(. Selected lines along with Varamin Ghalami as a check were compared for one year in three regions of Karaj, Varamin and Dezful under the project "Investigation of selected lines of native eggplants in advanced experiments" in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications (Bagheri et al., 2015).The stability performance of the genotypes was evaluated using the relative superiority coefficient method. The selected lines of the advanced performance experiments in five regions of Karaj, Jiroft, Urmia, Dezful and Mazandaran were studied for two years. The experimental treatments included 4 advanced lines of sweet and semi-sweet eggplant and three checks (local Borazjan, Qasri Dezful and Black Beauty). Finally, an experiment was carried out on farmers' field in Dusari city, located in the south of Kerman province, using the promising lines BJ30, D7, D1 and non-hybrid eggplants. The Bita eggplant (D1 line) was selected, evaluated and introduced during 2006-2007 by selecting a pure line from the native eggplant of Dezful Qasri Mass. This line was always selected as one of the top lines during all yield comparison tests. In advanced yield comparison tests (2010) in Karaj, Varamin and Dezful regions, line D1 with a yield of 38.7 tons per hectare and with appropriate quality characteristics was selected as one of the top lines and entered into yield comparison tests. Based on the results of the combined analysis of compatibility and stability tests in Karaj, Dezful, Urmia, Jiroft and Sari regions, line D1 with an average yield of 33.7 tons per hectare was ranked second among all the studied lines. In the analysis of stability by AMMI method and relative superiority coefficient, this line had the highest yield stability. Consequently, line D1 was introduced as Bita variety due to high yield, the highest yield stability in the study areas and very good fruit quality. Comparing the promising eggplant lines with the cultivar cultivated in Jiroft region under farmers, cultivar BJ30 with of 67 tons per hectare had the highest yield, cultivar D1 with 58 tons per hectare in the second place, Canyon and D7 cultivars with 56 and 53 tons per hectare, respectively, were in the next ranks. The foreign control cultivar is a commercial and dominant cultivar in the region and due to its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, it has been able to have the first place among several foreign and local cultivars in the Jiroft region. Line D1 competed with this cultivar in performance and was higher in quality. The new Bita eggplant (D1 line) was selected, evaluated and introduced by the method of pure line selection (single plant selection) during the years 2006-2018 from Qasri Dezful eggplant landrace. This line has always been selected as one of the top lines under the all experimental designs and conditions such as augment, preliminary, advanced and compatibility and stability.Keywords: Bita, Compatibility, Fruit quality, Yield stability.

Iran's climate change to hot and dry, and the gradual salinization of arable soils on the one hand, and the good tolerance of the quinoa to drought, salinity and frost on the other hand, makes the use of quinoa as a suitable plant reasonable. This study was carried out with the aim of investigating 20 new cultivars of quinoa in vitro and also evaluating salinity tolerant cultivars for introduction and development in field preliminary experiments.

In order to obtain tolerant cultivars of quinoa to salinity for field experiment conditions, as well as to study the effect of different salinity levels on seed germination indices of quinoa, a factorial experiment with four replications in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2017 The Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center was designed and implemented. Treatments included a combination of four salinity levels of zero, low, medium and high (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively) and 20 quinoa cultivars.

Results showed that different salinity values had a significant effect on germination percentage, germination rate index, germination rate coefficient, mean germination time and seedling vigor index of different cultivars (P <0.001). At zero salinity levels: Santamaria, Titicaca, Red carina, Q12, Q22, Q31, Q102 and 882051, at low and medium salinity levels: Santamaria, Titicaca, Red carina, Q12, Q22, Q31, Q101, Q102 and 882051, and at high levels: Santamaria, Titicaca, Q102, Q12 and 882051 showed superiority in all germination indices. In general, Santamaria, Titicaca, Q102, Q12, Q31, and 882051 cultivars were in the medium to strong group at different salinity levels. This indicates the stability of germination components of these cultivars under different environmental conditions. Therefore, this group of cultivars can be considered as promising cultivars for field experiments.

The results showed that the salinity stress affected the measured indices in this experiment and reduced these indices. Also, among the cultivars studied, Santamaria, Titicaca, Q102, Q12, Q31 and 882051 showed a good response among all the traits tested. And in response to salinity stress, they showed the lowest decrease among most of the traits, indicating the ability of these cultivars to withstand adverse salinity conditions and the ability to be introduced in early field trials.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) is native to the Andean region of South America. Various genotypes of quinoa have a high diversity regarding different traits such as sensitivity to daylength, seed size and color, nutritional and anti - nutritional value of seeds, tolerance to biological and non - nutritional stresses. Considering the development goals of the quinoa, the need for new genotypes is very tangible. Fortunately, new genotypes of quinoa have become available that have not been studied domestically. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these genotypes and to study their compatibility with spring cultivation in Karaj region. The results of this study provide the basis for deciding the next steps of research and development on these genotypes.

In this study, 13 new genotypes of quinoa including Atlas, EQ 101, EQ 102, EQ103, EQ104, EQ105, EQ106, Amiralla Marangani, Amiralla Sacaca, Blanka Dejunine, Kancolla, Salsada Inia and Rosada De Huncaya, have been studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2018-2019) at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. Genotypes with the prefix EQ were obtained from Canada, Atlas genotype from the Netherlands and the rest of the genotypes from Peru. Each plot consisted of three rows with 500 cm length and 60 cm × 10 cm of plant density. The distances between replications and planting plots per replication were 180 cm and 200 cm. Data were analyzed using SAS software and means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level (P = 0.05).

The results showed that all traits except days to germination were significantly affected by genotype. However, plant height, inflorescence length, stem diameter, oil percentage and days to maturity did not affect by genotype interaction per year. The effect of year was also significant for grain yield, days to pollination, saponin content and oil percentage. Different origin (from Peru, Canada and the Netherlands) and different morphological characteristics of the studied genotypes caused significant differences in different traits. The EQ101 genotype, showed the highest grain yield and plant height, highest protein content and the lowest amount of saponin. While Marangani genotype with an average yield of 796.78 kg ha-1 had the lowest yield. EQ103 was the earliest and Marangani, Kancolla, Rosada and Salsada genotype were the late genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, EQ105 genotype revealed the highest seed oil content. Marangani genotype had the thickest shoot among all genotypes. Canadian Genotypes have lower levels of saponin than Peruvian genotypes. EQ101 with saponin content of 0.48 mg g-1 (0.04%) had the lowest saponin content and among the studied genotypes in this study, it is the only genotype that belong to sweet quinoa cultivars.

The studied genotypes demonstrated significant diversity and differences in all studied traits. In some traits, the difference between the two groups of genotypes (Canadian or Peruvian) was quite obvious. In this study all quinoa genotypes were compatible with spring cultivation in Karaj region. Genotypes compatible with spring (long day) cultivation usually do not have a problem with summer and autumn cultivation and will most likely be cultivated in all seasons and regions of the country.

To study the adaptability and seed yield stability, in this experiment, ten quinoa genotypes including; Red Carina, Titicaca, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, Q29 and Q31 were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 and 2018 in four locations; Karaj, Shahr-e-Kord, Kashmar and Urmia for their adaptability and grain yield stability. The results showed that quinoa genotypes had significant differences for most of the studied traits. However, genotype × location × year interaction effects on plant height, inflorescence length and days to flowering was not significant. Q26 genotype had the highest grain yield (2007 kg.ha-1) in Shahr-e-Kord. The lowest yield (338.33 kg.ha-1) was related to Q21 genotype in Karaj. The results of AMMI stability analysis showed that Q29 genotype had the highedt grain yiled stability with the shortest distance from the center of the graph. Cv. Giza1, cv. Red Carina, Q31 and Q26 genotypes also ranked next in terms of grain yield stability. Also, Q12, Red Carina and Q22 genotypes had specific adaptation in Karaj and Kashmar, and Giza1 and Q18 genotypes showed high specific adaptation in Urmia. In general, the results of this experiment showed that all quinoa genotypes were compatible with spring cultivation in experimental sites.

Given the performance and desirable quality characteristics of the fruit in the promising D7 line, the introduction of this line as a new variety of eggplant was very justified and will certainly be associated with a much higher economic income for the producer. In addition, the new version of Brilliant Eggplant is a very serious domestic competitor for foreign cultivars, which is completely in line with the goals of the Resistance Economic Program and is certainly a step towards preventing the outflow of foreign currency and helping domestic employment. Therefore, the promising Line D7 was introduced in 1397 as a new variety of bright eggplant.

In the project "Selection of Lines from Five Indigenous Masses of Eggplant in Iran", 5 indigenous masses of eggplant in the country were collected and subjected to a pure line selection correction program. Selected lines along with Varamin pen as a witness, for one year in three regions of Karaj, Varamin and Dezful under the project "Investigation of selected lines of native eggplants in advanced experiments" in the form of complete block statistics accidentally and were repeated in 3 replications. The performance stability of the genotypes was evaluated using the relative superiority coefficient method. The selected lines of advanced performance experiments in five regions of Karaj, Jiroft, Urmia, Dezful and Mazandaran were studied for two years. The experimental treatments included 4 advanced lines of sweet and semi-sweet eggplant and three witnesses (local Borazjan, Qasri Dezful and Black Beauty). Finally, an experiment was carried out in the field of farmers' farms in Dusari city, located in the south of Kerman province, with the cultivation of promising Line BJ30, D7, D1 and non-hybrid eggplants Results &

At the end of the first year of the project (2006) and due to quantitative and qualitative traits and with special emphasis on fruit traits, the top single plants were selected and at the end of their fruits were sown. In the second year of the project (2007) it was done as an agent, the top lines were selected, and the D7 line was selected as one of the selected lines with a difference of 10.3 tons per hectare with the mother control (Dezful Qasri Mass). At the end of the third year of the project, which was done in the form of a completely randomized block design and according to the average comparisons, the selected lines were selected and introduced for advanced experiments. As a result of these studies, the D7 line was selected with a yield of 39 tons per hectare and a difference of about 10 tons per hectare with the Varamin pen witness and having the highest yield among the selected lines from Dezful Palace. In advanced yield tests (2010) in Karaj, Varamin and Dezful regions, D7 line with a yield of 37.1 tons per hectare and with appropriate quality characteristics was selected as a top line. The results of compatibility and sustainability studies during the years 2011 to 2013 showed that this line with an average yield of 31.4 tons per hectare and the high sustainability. Line D7 was introduced as Derakhshan variety with its high yield, uniformity and good fruit quality.

The new Derakhshan eggplant (D7 line) was selected, evaluated and introduced by the method of pure line selection (single plant selection) during the years 2006-2018 from Qasri Dezful eggplant landrace. This line has always been selected as one of the top lines during all experiments such as Augment, preliminary, advanced and compatibility and stability Keywords: Quality, Uniformity, Yield stability. References Bagheri, M. 2010. Selection of lines from five native eggplants of Iran. Final research project report. Varamin Agricultural Research Center. Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization. 37Pp. (In Persian with English Summary) Bagheri, M., Zarifinia, N., Emami, A., Khoshkam, S., and Amoli, N. 2015. Assess the compatibility and sustainability of the country's advanced eggplant laying lines. Publications of the Seed and Seedling Breeding Research Institute, Final Report. 24Pp. (In Persian with English Summary) Brancourt, M., Hulmel, G. 2000. Selecting Varieties for the Environment Selecting the Right Varieties for the Environment and Taking Account of Genotypes/Environment Interaction. Oleagineux, Crop Gras, Lipides, 7(6): 504-511.

Considering the importance and special status, the critical conditions of water scarcity in production systems, and the lack of traceability of wheat water in Khuzestan, in this study, green, blue and gray water footprints of wheat product were estimated. The studied areas were Ahvaz, Dezful, Shooshtar, Behbahan, Izeh and Khorramshahr. The total water footprint of wheat was obtained from the sum of green, blue and grey water footprint. Then, the relationship between wheat water footprint and actual yield was compared. The results showed that among the study areas, Khorramshahr needed more water (1704 m3 t-1) to produce the product and thereafter, Ahvaz (1228 m3 t-1), Behbahan (1083 m3 t-1), Izeh (1012 m3 t-1), Dezful (959 m3 t-1) and Shushtar (915 m3 t-1). To produce 1 ton of wheat, Izeh needs 778 cubic meters of green water, and after that, Khorramshahr was ranked second with 458 cubic meters of green water. However, Izeh had the lowest blue water footprint, and the zoning of Khuzestan province in terms of the blue water footprint of wheat showed that the blue water footprint in the southern half of the province is more than the northern half. Grey water footprints also follow a similar blue-water trend. Whereas Shooshtar has the lowest water footprint with the highest yield, and Khorramshahr has the lowest wheat yield and the highest water footprint among the other studied cities.

Drought and nitrogen deficiency are major environmental factors limiting plant growth and selection of product types in many agricultural ecosystems limit. Drought stress and decreasing the nitrogen rate caused a significant decrease in the yield and yield components. According to some reports, the average wheat yield in the world is 30-60% of the yield, the main reason for which is the lack of water. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate the response of wheat to different irrigation and nitrogen levels in Ahwaz climatic conditions.
In order to study Wheat response to different levels of nitrogen and irrigation regimes in Ahwaz condition, an experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan. The experimental design was split plot with randomized complete block design in three replications. Treatments were included: irrigation regimes (full irrigation, Cutting off Irrigation at stem elongation, anthesis and grain filling stages) as main plot and three nitrogen levels (0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1) as sub plot.
The factors of grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, the number of ear per m2, the number of grain per ear, 1000-grain weight, grain nitrogen percentage and residues nitrogen percentage were measured in this research. The results indicated that grain yield, biological yield, grain and residues nitrogen percentage were significantly affected by interaction between irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels. The greatest amount of biomass, grain yield, and grain and residues nitrogen percentage was obtained from full irrigation and 200 N ha-1. The results of regression analysis revealed that with increasing nitrogen increased the traits grain yield, biological yield and grain and residues nitrogen percentage of all the regimes of irrigation. But the cutting off irrigation at grain filling stage on grain yield and don’t cutting off irrigation during the growing season on biological yield, grain and residues nitrogen content gain more benefit from other regime.
Shoot nitrogen content increased with increasing nitrogen supply and at the level of 200 kg per hectare reached to the highest level. Slicing interaction indicated that the regime of irrigation at grain filling stage there is a significant difference between the different levels of nitrogen. In irrigation cut in stage stem elongation and flowering was not difference between different levels of nitrogen in terms of impact on the biological yield. In other words, the performance of these treatments did not react to use of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen. Meanwhile, according to the b factor regression analysis it was found that the increase in biomass per unit increase in the amount of nitrogen in the regime of irrigation during the growing season was more visible than other regime. 200 plants per m2 could more efficient use of environmental conditions such as light, water and food and the lowest density level, the non-application of nitrogen not able to make full use of environmental resources because the plant couldnt cover the ground completely.
In general, different irrigation and nitrogen levels have a significant effect on grain yield, biological yield and grain and residues nitrogen percentage. The highest performance of the treatment of don’t cutting off irrigation during the growing season and the application of 200 kg nitrogen per hectare. Levels of irrigation levels have responded differently to nitrogen. The results of regression analysis of the studied traits showed that with increasing nitrogen, the grain yield, biological yield and nitrogen content of the grain and the remnants of all levels of irrigation increased. Interaction cropping also showed that there was a significant difference in grain yield in irrigation cuttings at stem and seed filling stage between different levels of nitrogen, but the yield of full irrigation during plant growth period and cuttings of water in Flowering stage did not react to the application of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen.

In order to study the effect of various densities of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) on growth indices of Canola (Brassica napus L.) in climate of Molathani, Ahvaz, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, in 2006-2007. The split-plot set of treatments was arranged within randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included of wild mustard at five levels (0, 7, 14, 21 and 35 plants m2) and Canola at three densities (60, 80 and 100 plants m2). The results showed that the increase in mustard density rates lead to decreasing total dry matter, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and mean pod dry matter in three canola densities (60, 80 and 100 plants m2). Somewhat the lowest growth indices was obtained in 35 plants mustard (that is the highest mustard density). In addition damage rate of mustard decreased canola seed yield for 7, 14, 21 and 35 plants mustard up to 61, 71, 76 and 91%, respectively.

In order to study the response of canola to plant densities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) with emphasis on agronomic control in Ahwaz condition, an experiment was conducted in 2006-2007 cropping season at Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University. The experimental design was split plot arrangements in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Mustard plant densities (0, 7, 14, 21 and 35 plants m-2) were assigned to main plots and canola plant densities (60, 80 and 100 plants m-2) were randomized in sub plots. The results indicated that grain yield, biologic yield, harvest index (HI), silique number sub-branch-1 and grain number silique-1 were significantly affected by interaction between canola and mustard plant densities. Silique number main branch-1, diameter of canopy and first sub-branch height were affected by mustard plant densities. Thousand grain weight, final plant height and sub-branch number plant-1 was not affected by treatments. Furthermore, highest yield loss of 91% was recorded in 35 plants m-2 of mustard in 80 plant m-2 densities of canola. Results also showed no significant difference between canola plant densities (except in pure stand) in any mustard plant densities for grain yield. Therefore, the lower canola plant density (60 plants.m-2) could be recommended to decrease seed consumption when mustard is competing with canola in field conditions.

In order to evaluate the interference effect natural population weeds and plant density, an experiment with Randomized Complete Block design in factorial arrangement with 4 replications was conducted in 2006 in a field experiment at Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Khouzestan. Treatments included two factor, plant density of corn at three levels (4, 7 and 10 plants m-2) and weed interference at three levels (no interference as pure stands, interference to v9 and interference to v13). Results indicated that at optimum plant density (7 plants m-2), corn can by competitiveness increase own weeds interference decreased. Never less weeds caused of corn dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, leaf area index, grain yield, grain number per ear and row number per ear decreased. Meanwhile weeds interfere caused to least of dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, leaf area index and grain yield got from the treatments weeds competition to v13 in any of corn densities. In addition, in these experiments characterized that with corn density increasing on weeds infested treatments, corn tolerated weeds with yield loss till v9 stage (approximately 5-15% and 40 days after planting), while corn yield decreased with increasing duration of weed interference to v13 stage and harvesting (full season weed infestation), and decreased with increasing duration of weed control (pure stands).

This experiment was conducted under pot conditions to investigate competitiveness of spring wheat (Triticum aestium, Chamran cultivar) subject to various plant populations of wild oat Avena fatua, using completely randomized design with three replications in 2006 in the greenhouse of Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani Khouzestan. The treatments included pure stands of wheat and wild oat at one level (ratios 4:0 and 0:4), and density difference ratios wheat and wild oat at seven levels (4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 1:4, 2:4 and 3:4). The results showed that relative crowding coefficient (RCC) of wheat to wild oat and wild oat RCC to the wheat were equal. This indicated that competitive ability of the two plants were similar. While relative grain yield of wheat decreased by increasing relative leaf area of wild oat. Ability Aggressivity of wild oat showed that wild oat was more successful in using environmental sources, observed clearly in ratio the 4:4. Moreover mean stem height, mean spikelet number per spike, mean grain number per spike, mean 1000-grain weight, final biomass and grain yield of wheat plant decreased with increasing wild out density.