سارا درگاهی

The Cenozoic Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA) in Iran is a part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt hosts well-known porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au ± Ag and epithermal Cu (± Au) deposits (McInnes et al., 2003; Hou et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2012, and references therein). The southeastern portion of UDMA in Kerman province contains many of these porphyry copper deposits, known as the Kerman porphyry copper belt (KPCB), where the Seridune porphyry copper deposit (SPCD) is located in its central part. This study deals with petrography and geochemistry of selected samples from the drilling boreholes to discern the geochemical characteristics, hypabyssal emplacement, and the overall tectonic setting environment of these magmatic rocks responsible for the formation of Seridune porphyry bodies.

Geology:

Seridune porphyry copper deposit, in the central part of KPCB in southeastern UDMA, is located in the northeast of the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine. These intrusive bodies are intruded the Eocene volcanic rocks (i.e., andesite and dacite) and as a whole cut by N-S trending dacitic dykes. 

Based on fieldwork and petrographic studies, 14 samples of Seridune intrusive bodies with the lowest degree of alteration were selected for whole-rock geochemical analyses. Whole-rock major and trace-element compositions were analyzed using fusion Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) at the Zarazma company, Iran.

Petrography:

Petrographic studies revealed that in the Seridune area, the composition of the intrusive body responsible for mineralization is predominantly granodiorite porphyry to quartz monzonite porphyry. The other intrusive bodies in the Seridune deposit show a range of compositions varying from granodiorite to monzonite. Mineralogically, they consist mainly of quartz, orthoclase, and plagioclase with variable amounts of biotite, and amphibole phenocrysts setting in a fine-grained groundmass of the same mineral assemblage creating porphyritic texture. Accessory minerals are opaque, zircon, apatite, and titanite. Sericite, chlorite, secondary biotite and secondary alkali feldspar, calcite, anhydrite, clay minerals, and epidote also occur as secondary phases.

Geochemistry:

The results of whole rock analyses are presented in Table 1. In the A/CNK versus A/NK diagram (Shand, 1943), the hypabyssal intrusive Seridune porphyry intrusive body is meta-aluminous to slightly peraluminous, and other intrusive bodies in the Seridune deposit are also meta-aluminous nature. In the Seridune porphyry copper deposit, there is a negative correlation of P2O5 content with the increasing SiO2 content, similar to the I-type granite evolutionary trend (Chappell and White, 1992). On the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, there is a strong enrichment of LREE relative to HREE, whereas, on the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element diagrams, there are enrichments of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), Th and Sr, and depletions of high field strength elements (HFSE) including heavy rare earth elements (HREE).

The Seridune porphyry copper deposit exhibits LREE and LILE enrichment coupled with depletion in Nb and Ti elements, which is typical of subduction-related magmas. This characteristic results from lack of these elements in the source, and/or involvement of the crust in the magmatic processes. The Seridune porphyry intrusive body belongs to the calc-alkaline series and has metaluminous to slightly peraluminous features, whereas other intrusive bodies in the Seridune deposit belong to the calc-alkaline series with a meta-aluminous nature. These features are typical of I-type granites formed by partial melting of mantle wedge which triggered the melting of lower crustal rocks in subduction zones and active continental margins (Chappell and White, 1974; 2001). This type of granite in orogenic belts appears to be resulted from the interaction of main magma with the continental crust through the processes of assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) (Dilek et al., 2009). Furthermore, the high values of Th (3.5-5.2 ppm) in the Seridune intrusive bodies have been assigned to the effects of crust contamination (Kaygusuz et al., 2014). The high values of the Th/Nb ratio in the Seridune porphyry copper deposit may point to characteristics of arc-related magmas, enriched by the continental crustal melting. Considering the enrichment of the samples in incompatible elements (i.e. K, Th, Rb, La, Ce, and Nd) and the negative anomalies of Ti, P, Nb, and Eu, it can be argued that the Seridune intrusive bodies were formed by crystallization of melts derived from the melting of lower crustal metabasic rocks as a result of the injection of mantle-derived mafic magmas (Searle and Fryer, 1986; Harris et al., 1986; Chappell and White, 1992). Finally, it can be concluded that the Seridune deposit was originated in a volcanic arc setting. Based on geological background of the area, the formation of these rocks must be related to the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust beneath the Central Iranian Micro-continent. The parent magma likely resulted from the partial melting of the lower crust, while the upper crust played a significant role in contaminating the magma at shallower levels.

The Daraloo ore deposit area, structurally located in the Central Iran and Urumieh Dokhtar magmatic belt, is situated in the south of Kerman Province. In this region, Eocene andesitic flows and pyroclastic rocks have been invaded by Oligo-Miocene hypabyssal intrusive bodies. Most of the intrusive samples are granodiorite porphyry to monzogranite porphyry with a microgranular groundmass and affected by severe phyllic alteration. Mineralogical and geochemical evidence show that Daraloo granitic rocks are calc-alkaline, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and I-type in nature. Clear negative Nb-Ti anomalies in most samples can be explained by the fractionation of titanium-containing phases such as titanite and titanomagnetite. Also, obvious enrichment in the large ion lithophile elements (LILEs such as K, Rb, Ba and Cs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) compared to high field strength elements (HFSEs such as Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), all clearly show a geochemical feature of magmas generated in subduction environments. So, it can be concluded that Daraloo granitic rocks must be formed in an active continental margin environment as a result of subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust beneath the Central Iranian microcontinent during the Tertiary time.

The rather limited Neogene-Quaternary olivine basaltic lava flows are outcropped in the Dehaj-Javazm area, north of Share-Babak, in the NW of Dehaj-Sarduieh magmatic belt as a part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage (UDMA). The rocks contain significant amounts of plagioclase both as phenocrysts and microliths in the microlithic groundmass which play an important role in the reconstruction of magmatic processes. The goal of this research is to determine the three-dimensional shape, growth time, and nucleation rate of the plagioclase crystals by using the crystal size distribution (CSD) method to determine the evolution of the magma during cooling and crystallization. Moreover, the plagioclase crystals residence time is also calculated to achieve the temporal aspects of the analysis.
Method

Field studies carried out by sampling from each outcrop and finally 60 samples were collected. After thin sections preparation and using polarizing microscopes, detailed petrographic studies for quantitative analysis of crystal sizes of the samples were performed. This led to the separation of the four least altered samples as the representative of the study area. Due to the homogeneous texture of the rocks, one image was prepared for each sample as the characteristic texture of the whole thin section. Image processing was performed to separate plagioclase crystals in binary images using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software. Then, measurements, data processing and analyzes were performed using Image j, CSD Slice 5 spreadsheet and CSD Correction 1.40 programs.

The Neogene-Quaternary olivine basaltic rocks in the Dehaj-Javazm area contains phenocrysts of olivine, clinopyroxene, and rarely of plagioclase in a matrix of microlithic plagioclase. The main textures of the rocks are porphyry, glomeroporphyritic, and flow texture which are accompanied by disequilibrium features. Based on geochemical data, the composition of the rocks varies from basalt and trachytic basalt to tephrite/ basanite.The texture and size of crystalline phases in magmatic rocks preserve essential information about the conditions of crystallization processes. So, by studying the igneous rock textures with the crystal size dispersion (CSD) method, it is possible to realize the governing processes during magma crystallization. The number of crystals in a rock can indicate information on the nucleation and growth rate of the crystal. Therefore, the three-dimensional shape, growth time, and nucleation rate of plagioclase crystals were investigated in the studied rocks by using the CSD method. The length, width, area, angle, and location of the center of the crystals (coordinates of X and Y points) were measured by Image j software. Then, the CSDSlice 5 spreadsheet program was used to convert 2D data to 3D. Thus, the crystal dimensions were calculated based on the ratio of short, medium, and long axes (S: I: L). The shape of the crystals was determined in Zingg's diagram. In this diagram, the crystals based on the ratio of their short, medium, and long axes were divided into four categories of tabular, bladed, prolate (acicular), and spherical (equant). So, it was found that in the studied samples, plagioclase crystals are mainly bladed in shape.Eventually, using CSD Correction 1.40 software, the semi-logarithmic diagram of CSD was drawn for each sample. Using the amounts of slopes in each CSD plots, the residence time of the crystals for each sample was calculated based on the formula Tr= (-1/G*m) / 31536000. In this formula, Tr and m are calculated residence time (year) and crystal population trend line slope respectively; whereas G is crystal growth rate (mm/s). The G value is selected based on the proposed value for the basaltic magma with a cooling time of 3 years (G = 10-9 mm/s), while 31.536000 is the conversion factor from seconds to years.Studies show that plagioclase crystals in the CSD diagram have a non-linear trend with a distinct break in slope, which indicates two growth stages with different nucleation rates and cooling times for the crystals. The first stage is characterized by plagioclase phenocrysts with low amounts of nuclei and a gentle slope; whereas in the second stage, they developed as microlith with a high nucleation rate and steeper slope. The higher slope of the microlith population compared to the phenocryst ones shows that the microlith population underwent higher undercooling which might be happened in low depths and also in a shorter period of time. The nonlinear CSD trends represent two different rates of crystal growth. This may indicate the multi-stage crystallization of magma during its ascent, the textural coarsening process during the crystallization, the modification in the course of crystallization due to changing environment, and also magma degassing.The nucleation rate and cooling time for plagioclase crystals were determined from 9.65×10-9 to 12.46×10-9 and 1.00 to 2.33 years, respectively. This indicates short residence time of plagioclase crystals in the magma chamber, rapid cooling, and a high rate of cooling of plagioclase in a volcanic system.

The presented results generally support that the plagioclase crystals in the Neogene-Quaternary olivine basaltic rocks of Dehaj-Javazm are mainly bladed in shape and their calculated growth time indicates the high cooling rate and short residence time of magma in the magma chamber. The nonlinear CSD trend represents two different rates of crystal growth, which may indicate the multi-stage crystallization of magma during its ascent, textural coarsening process throughout the crystallization, the modification in the course of crystallization due to changing environment, and also magma degassing. The orientation of plagioclases in the rose diagrams show a flow texture developed due to the low viscosity of magma.

The Lar igneous suite occurs in the central part of the Sistan suture zone, about 22 km north of Zahedan. The suite comprises varied intrusive, hypabyssal and extrusive silica under saturated to silica saturated rock types including syenite, shonkinite, lamprophyres, monzonite, tuff and breccia. Stock-like monzonitic bodies crops out mainly in the south-southeast and northern parts of the suite. The study rocks are quartz monzonite to monzonite in modal composition with porphyritic texture including alkali feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, amphibole and biotite. Their high SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and K2O/Na2O classify them as silica saturated metaluminous, shoshonitic and Roman Province type potassic monzonites. Decreasing in FeO, CaO, MnO, TiO2, P2O5 and MgO concentrations, during magma evolution, represent the fractionation of Ca-plagioclase, apatite and titanite along with mafic crystals from their parental magma. Geochemical studies reveal that partial melting, in comparison to differentiation processes, has been more effective on their geochemical features. Monzonites in the Lar igneous suite show LREE and LILE (except Ba) enrichment and HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti and Zr) depletion. Negative anomalies in Ba, Nb, Ta and Ti, and high Ba/Nb ratio in these rocks represent their relation to subduction processes. They classify, due to their high K2O and K2O/Na2O ratio, Sr/Y adakitic ratio and post collisional affinities, as continental or C-type adakites. Listric-shaped REE profile, Nb/Ta ratios similar to continental crust and positive correlations between La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios all indicate partial melting of amphibole-bearing lower continental crust. Moreover, high Th and Ni concentrations, Ce negative anomaly, Nb/U ratios similar to subducted sediments and also Mg# higher than 45 probably reveal that not only magmas with geochemical signatures similar to composition of subducted sediments have been contributed in the formation of lower continental crust but also the later have been delaminated or foundered and it’s resulted melts, en route to surface, have inherited some peridotite geochemical signatures.

The Lar igneous suite (LIS), in southeastern Iran, is part of post collisional alkaline magmatism in Sistan suture zone. Shonkinite and kersantite are the only two high-Mg, K-rich olivine bearing rocks in the LIS. We study major and some compatible trace elements in the Lar shonkinite and kersantite (LSK) olivines to define mantle mineralogy and metasomatic processes. Olivines in shonkinite have higher Fo (83-90), compared with those in kersantite (Fo76-80). Ca and Ni contents in the olivines are relatively low, whereas their Mn and Ti contents are high and variable, respectively. Low Ni contents exhibit olivine crystallization at igneous conditions from a magma originated by partial melting of an olivine-rich mantle source. Geochemical date reveal that magma evolution is responsible for high-Mn and low Fo contents in kersantitic olivines. In contrast, high Mn, Mn/Fe and Fo contents in shonkinitic olivines indicate an existence of Mn-rich and Ca-Si-poor metasomatic agents in the source. So, considering the Middle Oligocene-Miocene post-collision nature of the Lar igneous suite, melts or fluids derived from upwelling asthenosphere in the form of magnesitic-carbonatite melts, had great potential in metasomatism of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. This CO2 and K-rich liquid then reacts with peridotite to produce new mineral assemblages including low-Ca clinopyroxene, olivine and phlogopite. Partial melting of such metasomatized source region was responsible for producing the undersaturated, K-rich shonkinite and kersantite in the LIS.

The Upper Triassic felsic bodies of Dehsard is located in southwest of Kerman and the southernmost part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. This body consists of plagiogranite acidic rocks that are in contacts with metamorphic rocks and mafic intrusive body. The general texture of the samples is hypidiomorphic granular. Mineral chemistry studies on the amphibole and plagioclase crystals of the studied felsic rocks show that they are S-Amph type and magnesio-hornblende to termolite in composition that formed in a relatively oxidized environment.The studied plagioclases are sodic and have a range of albite (Ab98.19An1.56Or0.25) to andesine (Ab63.93An35.84Or0.23). According to geothermobarmetry studies on amphiboles and also amphibole-plagioclase pairs, the average temperatures are 520°C. The pressure ranges from 0.5 to 1 Kbar that are equivalent to the shallow depths conditions and near the earth surface.

The Upper Triassic gabbroic bodies of Dehsard is located in southwest of Kerman in the southern parts of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. According to field observation and petrographic studies, the mafic bodies consist of hornblende gabbro. The studied gabbroic bodies are composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, titanite, apatite, epidote and chlorite. Mineral chemistry studies reveal that the composition of plagioclase is albite-oligoclase and clinopyroxenes have diopsidic composition. The clinopyroxenes are classified as Ca-Mg and Fe clinopyroxenes. The amphiboles belong to calcic amphiboles group (magnesio-hornblende and actinolite). The geothermometry studies of the clinopyroxene and amphibole of the studied hornblende gabbro display that these rocks have crystalized at temperature of 1000 to 1200°C. The geobarometry of studied clinopyroxene estimate the crystallization of gabbroic rocks occurred in 2.05-5.58 kb, equivalent 14 km depth. The chemical compositions of the clinopyroxene and the amphiboles show the minerals have crystallized from a subalkaline- calcalkaline magma. The tectonic setting of these magmas are volcanic arc that are derived from the subduction zone.

The Chah-Mesi polymetallic vein-type ore deposit, located 40 km north of Shahre-Babak city and 1.5 km southwest of Miduk porphyry copper deposit, is situated in the Dehaj-Sarduieh belt as a part of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic Arc  (UDMA) (Figure 1).
The main objectives of this research study are to investigate: (1) characterization of multi-element distribution associated with Cu mineralization, in order to demonstrate prediction of elemental concentration applied to identify high-grade ore bodies, (2) evaluating the interrelationships between copper, molybdenum, iron, led, zinc, gold and silver.

Petrography and mineralography of the Chah-Mesi ore deposit were carried out using thin and polished sections. More than 980 chemical analyses of samples collected from 35 boreholes of the National Iranian Copper Industry Company (NICICO) were implemented to evaluate the statistical as well as spatial distribution and dispersion of multi-element halos. Geochemical data processing was performed by applying Excel (2010), SPSS (19), Datamine (Studio3.22.84.0) and Surfer10 (2011) software packages.

The Chah-Mesi ore deposit consists of four main and some minor polymetalic (Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag) quartz-sulfide veins, with NE-SW and N-S trending and 65-80 degree dipping, which intersected the Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic sequences (Figure 2). It seems that mineralization has mainly occurred along these quartz-sulfide veins overlaid by Quaternary alluvium. Based on rock outcrops, the prominent mineralization has been controlled by structural features including faults and fractures that provided proper conditions for reaction of hydrothermal fluids with the host rocks.In the Chah-Mesi ore deposit, silicified veins containing poly-metallic mineralization have predominantly occurred along the main faults and shear zones. The intensity of argillic alteration dramatically decreases outward from the mineralized quartz veins (Figure 3). Propylitic alteration which is composed of calcite and chlorite minerals has extended in the peripheral zones and does not represent a clear relationship with Cu mineralization.The main host rocks in the Chah-Mesi ore deposit consist of basalt to basaltic andesite, with porphyry to glomeroporphyry textures, and to a lesser extent of pyroclastic rocks (Figure 4). The ore bodies are mainly composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. The ore minerals are accompanied with chalcocite, malachite, covellite, azurite and iron hydroxides that have been formed during supergene and weathering processes (Figure 5). According to field surveys, structural controls have played an important role in the mineralization of the Chah-Mesi ore deposit.

Geochemical investigation in the Chah-Mesi ore deposit, using Pearson correlation coefficient of trace elements (Table 1), indicated the highest correlation coefficient (more than 0.7) between Pb-Zn and Ag-Au elements, due to their similar geochemical affinities during epigenetic mineralization. Other significant correlations were observed between Cu-Ag, Cu-Fe, Cu-Au and Fe-Ag with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.6; while the Mo shows weak correlation with other elements. Based on cluster analysis, the trace elements that are associated with mineralization can be classified into four main clusters of Pb-Zn, Mo, Cu-Fe-Ag and Au (Figure 6). Noteworthy, despite the fact that Mo and Au each separately form their individual clusters, Au still shows some proximities with the Cu-Fe-Ag cluster that indicate their genetic relationship. However, Mo displays the most dissimilarity with other clusters, which indicates the role of different processes in its distribution. The results of this analysis are well in line with correlation coefficients.The geochemical vertical zonality of trace elements in the Chah-Mesi ore deposit were studied using four borehole data from different parts of the ore deposit (Figures 7 and 8). This demonstrated that variation of elements at different depths does not follow a uniform pattern due to differences in the type and amount of ore minerals in the veins.The veins containing lead, zinc and gold mineralization are highly abundant at the shallower levels based on geochemical maps of the Chah-Mesi ore deposit (Figure 9). In contrast, the veins containing copper and silver mineralization have been considerably developed in both shallow and deeper levels. The high degree of Mo at shallow levels seems to occur due to either superimposition of primary geochemical haloes of various veins (Li et al., 1995, 2016) and/or the effect of amount of pyrite, pH, and alkalinity contents of hydrothermal fluids (Leanderson et al., 1987).The average value of different elements in intervals of 50 meters from the shallow (2500 meters) to the deep (2300 meters) levels are determined by existence of maximum abundance of lead, zinc and gold elements at surface levels. However, the highest average abundance of copper occurs in the deepest level. The highest average value of silver is also located in the 2450, 2350, and 2500 meters levels, which is economically valuable (Table 2). Therefore, the continuation of drilling in the southern part of the Chah-Mesi ore deposit into deeper levels is strongly recommended as there may still exist more concentrations of copper and silver there.

Bajgan Complex is a part of Iranian Makran including many kinds of metapelites, metabasites, calcsilicates, amphibolites, marbles, meta volcanosediments, felsic, mafic and ultramafic intrusives. The calcsilicates are divided into amphibole bearing epidote schist, epidote - amphibole schist, epidote – amphibole - garnet schist and carbonate bearing mica schist. Among of all calc silicates the epidote – amphibole - garnet schist shows the highest metamorphic condition and consists of garnet, amphibole, epidote, calcite, quartz, secondary chlorite and minor amount of titanite, apatite, white mica and magnetite. In this study the mineral chemical compositions, temprature, pressure and fluid activity in different metamorphic stages of epidote – amphibole - garnet schist were detected. In according to chemical data, garnet has almandine, grossular, spessartine and pyrope solid solution (Alm 35-50, Grs 23-31, Sps 14.6-36, Prp 2.6-9.8 ; mol%) and shows chemical zoning as almandine and spessartine have an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively, from core to rim. Amphiboles are classified in sodic- calcic group and are Barroisite. Chlorites are kown as Ripidolite and epidotes are classified in Clinozoisite subgroup. Peak metamorphic condition of epidote – amphibole - garnet schist has been estimated about 610° C and 8 kbar and molar fraction of Co2 and H2O have been calculated about 0.32 and 0.68, respectively. The retrograde metamorphic condition are about 525° C, 4.5 kbar and molar fraction of Co2 and H2O have been calculated about 0.31 and 0.69, respectively. The epidote – amphibole - garnet schist followed a ‘clockwise’ P–T path during prograde and retrograde metamorphism.

Khunrang intrusive complex (KIC), as a one of the largest complexes in the southern part of Sanandaj- Sirjan zone, is located in northwest of Jiroft in the Kerman province. The complex is mainly consists of acidic-intermediate felsic rocks of diorite, quartz diorite, tonalite, granodiorite and granite with subordinate amounts of hornblende gabbro and microgabbro as mafic members. General texture of the samples is hypidiomorphic granular; but porphyry texture with microgranular groundmass also occasionally occurs in felsic samples. Mineral chemistry studies on the amphibole crystals in both felsic and mafic parts of KIC show that they are S-Amph type and magnesio-hornblende in composition that formed in a relatively oxidized environment in an active continental margin. Plagioclases have a range of composition from labradorite (An50.4Ab49.0Or0.6) to oligoclase (An26.2Ab73.0Or0.9) with average of andesine (An36.6Ab62.6Or0.8) and bytownite (An89.6Ab10.4Or0.0) to andesine (An35.8Ab56.0Or8.2) with average of labradorite (An56.8Ab41.9Or1.3) for felsic and mafic samples, respectively. Based on geothermobarometry studies on amphiboles and also amphibole-plagioclase pairs, average temperatures of 760-783°C and 691-717 °C with pressure ranges of

The Alishahi rhyodacitic-dacitic columnar joints are outcropped in the Middle-Upper Eocene Razak complex in the southeastern of Urumieh-Dokhtar volcanic belt in the Dehaj-Sarduieh volcano-sedimentary belt. The complex consists of intermittent of pyroclastic rocks, andesite, rhyolite, and rhyodacite-dacitic lava flows. The latter partially shows 5 to 6 unequal sided columnar structure in which entablature and colonnade sections along with stria are clearly visible. The predominant textures are phyritic, hyaloporphiritic, glomeroporphyritic, flow and sieve textures along with perlitic cracks. Mineralogically, the Alishahi rhyodacitic-dacitic rocks consist of plagioclase phenocrysts together with rare microphenocrysts of sanidine, orthoclase, hornblende, pyroxene, biotite and accessory minerals including apatite, titanite and opaques are setting in a cryptocrystalline glassy matrix. The matrix is partly in the verge of devitrification process and conversion to mixture of quartz and alkali feldspars. Geochemically, the Alishahi columnar joints are rhyodacitic-dacitic in composition with calc-alkaline nature. Negative Eu anomaly and decrease in Sr content along with increase in Si amount reveal the significance of plagioclase as a differentiated phase. Enrichment in large lithophile elements and depletion in high field strength elements normalized to primitive mantle such as Ti, Ta, Nb along with their chondrite normalized rare earth elements patterns are pointing to their magma formation in a volcanic arc setting in an active continental margin. The depletion in Nb and Ta could be related to their low solubility in aqueous fluids and melts formed under relatively low pressures in the shallow part of the subduction zone.

The Chargonbad batholith is located close to Sirjan and southeast of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic zone . This batholith is acidic to intermediate in composition and intruded into the Eocene volcanic rocks. The main volume of these rocks consisted of granodiorite and monzogranite, but it also consists of quartzdiorite, tonalite and syenogranite. Their contacts are gradational. They have allotrimorphic granular texture with subordinate porphyritic texture. Their enclaves consist of xenoliths enclaves, microgranular mafic enclaves (diorite to quartzdiorite in composition) and autolith enclaves(tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite in composition).The Chargonbad batholith rocks are also cut by different types of dykes which are mainly consisted of dykes and veins of pegmatitic stage, microgranular dykes (andesite and andesite basaltic in composition) and microgranular dykes that are similar to mafic enclaves. Evidenc show that the samples represent properties of I-type granitoids. Chargonbad granitoid has magnesium nature and shows cordellarian granites features. Based on the tectonomagmatic environment diagrams, all samples from the Chahargonbad plot in the island arc setting of a subduction zone and show active continental margin setting characteristics .

In the world economy, the study of playas is of great importance because many valuable minerals, including sulfate, sodium and potassium carbonate, gypsum, halite, nitrates, borates, as well as a number of rare and valuable metals such as lithium, rubidium, cesium and even uranium and some other rare metals are formed or accumulated in these environments. Iran has a large number of playas, brines, domes and salt pans (about 60 salt pans), and the importance of exploring and studying of the reserves and evaporates mineral potentials is not covered by anyone.
In this study, an ASD Field Spec3® Spectrophotometer was used in Laboratory of Graduate University of Advanced Technology to measure the spectra of samples. This spectrophotometer is capable to record spectra in the range of 350-2500 nm and contains 2151 bands in this range. The satellite data which was used in this study is ASTER images at 1T level of the summer season. These images were geometrically corrected and only atmospheric correction was performed on them, and the Internal Average Reflectance (IAR) method was applied for atmospheric correction. To understand the spectral behavior of evaporite minerals within the ASTER bands, these spectra were resampled based on the wavelengths of ASTER. Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) method was used for mapping the evaporate minerals in six evaporate areas in Kerman province including Sirjan Playa, Khatoonabad Pan, evaporitic areas of Ravar, three of all Rayen craters, Koshkoieh Pan and Shahdad area. CEM algorithm highlights the known target signature by suppressing background signals and it constrains a specified target signature and minimizes other unknown signatures when the target spectra are provided as user end members. In order to validate the accuracy of the results of this method, the maps were compared with the ground data. In order to assess the mineralogy of the samples, after preparation, 36 samples from all samples taken for XRD analysis and were sent to the Mineral Processing Research Center of Iran. Based on XRD results all samples were categorized to four groups as Halite, Gypsum, Calcite and Thenardite.
Spectral investigations of samples that are not pure are complicated, but what is apparent in the samples of this study is the occurrences of strong adsorptions related to the presence of water, whether in the composition of minerals such as gypsum, bassanite or as adsorptions on minerals such as halite. Since evaporite minerals, especially halite, have a high tendency to adsorb water, this adsorption features were observed in almost all samples near wavelengths of 1400 and 1900 nm. Spectral curves of halite-dominant samples showed that in most of these samples absorption feature occurred within the band 6 of ASTER, but in the case of a pure halite sample, for example, sample ush5 which was taken from the center of Sirjan salt pan, and the sample Rn1, which was taken from crater No.1 of Rayen area, this absorption is occurred within the band 5 of ASTER. It can be deduced that by purifying the halite sample, the absorption feature position on the resampled electromagnetic spectrum tends towards the band with less wavelengths. Gypsum-dominated samples indicate that these samples have the absorption feature within band 6 of ASTER in the resampled spectra to the ASTER. The absorption of 2214 nm in sulfate minerals is due to the sulfate vibration.
CEM algorithm by maximizing the response of the known end members and suppressing the response of the composite unknown background, enhances the contrast between target spectra and the background. The ability of this technique has the advantage of being a straightforward technique that can be used for mapping with fewer field data (Gabr et al., 2010). Based on the results of XRD analyses of studied areas, four groups of endmembers including: halite, gypsum, calcite and thenardite were applied for this method. The maps showed that this method of classification has good results for detecting evaporate minerals.
1- According to the results of XRD analysis in the studied evaporatic areas in Kerman province, the main evaporite minerals in each of the areas were identified. Halite is the most dominant evaporate mineral in Sirjan, and the minerals of gypsum, calcite and thenardite are respectively in the next level of frequency. In Khatoonabad, halite is not the main mineral and gypsum and calcite are the most abundant ones; besides, in Khatoonabad area, rare boron-bearing minerals such as inyoite, borcarite, aristarainite along with ulexite were observed. In Ravar, the most dominant evaporite minerals are gypsum and calcite, and halite in abundance is after these minerals. In this area, bassanite and boracite were observed that were not seen in the other areas.
2- The spectral features of evaporite samples of the study areas have been presented in Table 1.
3- In all studied evaporite minerals, absorption is observed in the range of about 1400 and 1900 nm. Absorptions in these wavelengths is due to the presence of water. In the investigated samples, even in minerals that do not have water in their structural composition, these two absorptions are also observed. In the case of minerals that do not have water in their composition, water is adsorbed by these minerals.
4- Evaporite minerals often show the absorption features in band 6 of ASTER, but the present study shows that this issue is different for halite. In the other hand, when the purity of halite sample increases, the absorption tends to be occurred within the band 5 of ASTER. In other words, by purifying the composition of the sample, the absorption band of resampled spectrum on ASTER tends to be in a lower wavelength.
5- Spectral features Studies of thenardite-dominant samples clarified that these samples exhibit a greater absorption width in the spectral range of water absorption rather than halite and gypsum.
6- Evaporite minerals have a high reflection. In the study of the reflection of the four major evaporite minerals of the study areas, it was found that halite and gypsum have the highest spectral reflection and thenardite has the least reflection.
7- According to the results of CEM method on ASTER images of evaporite areas of Kerman province, it was determined that this method is a suitable way for detection of the evaporite minerals.

Khunrang intrusive complex, as a one of the largest complexes in the southern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, is located at northwest of Jiroft, in Kerman province. The complex mainly consists of acidic-intermediate rocks such as diorite, quartzdiorite, tonalite, granodiorite, and granite with subordinate amounts of mafic members such as hornblende gabbro and microgabbro. Field studies together with mineralogical and geochemical evidence show that the Khunrang intrusive complex belongs to calc-alkaline series and its felsic members are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous which display features typical of I-type granites. On the primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams, all mafic and felsic samples are enriched in LILE (such as Rb, Cs and K) and depleted in Ti, Ta and Nb which is a main characteristic of subduction-related magmas. Based on geochemical data, the mafic rocks seems to be formed by melting of metasomatised mantle wedge; whereas felsic rocks are formed by melting of lower crust metabasic rocks as a result of the injection of mantle derived mafic magmas. It can be concluded that the Khunrang intrusive complex was formed in a volcanic arc setting due to subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust beneath the Central Iranian Micro-continent in the Middle-Jurassic time.

The Ghaleh-Ganj dioritic- quartz dioritic massifs, with the age of Paleocene-Eocene, located on the west side of the Makran accretionary prism and Jazmurian depression and the east side of Jiroft fault are part of the intrusives in the Ganj Complex which itself is a part of the Jazmurian ophiolitic belt or Inner Makran. These intrusives rocks show microgranular to granular texture and consist of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, quartz, K-feldspar, titanite, apatite and opaque as primary minerals along with chlorite, calcite, clay minerals, sericite and iron oxides as secondary minerals. Based on mineral chemistry studies, the plagioclases are oligoclase to labradorite in composition and predominantly fall in the field of andesine. Considering the total content of Fe in plagioclases, it seems that they were formed in high fO2 conditions. The existence of disequilibrium textures in plagioclases show variations of PH2O and decompression along with minor loss of temperature during the magma ascent to the surface. Clinopyroxenes display augitic composition and are belonging to a tholeiitic magmatic series and formed in 1133- 1382°C temperature, pressure less than 10 kbars and high fO2 conditions. Amphiboles have magnesiohornblende compositions which are estimated to have been formed at 650- 700°C temperature, less than 1 kb pressure and high fO2 conditions in a supra-subduction tectonomagmatic environment.

Baft ophiolitic melange, as a part of ophiolitic melange belt of the Central Iran, is adjacent to Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage in the north and Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone in the south. The ophiolitic complex has been emplaced in the Late Cretaceous time as a result of closure of Nain-Baft oceanic basin. The gabbros are the main constituent of the complex and occur as large intrusive bodies showing isotropic and rarely layered structures with hypidiomorphic granular to pegmatitic textures. The color index varies from melanocratic to lesser extent mesocratic and leucocratic. Geochemical studies reveal that gabbros are tholeiitic to calc-alkaline, low-Ti in nature and show similarity to N-MORB. The chondrite-normalized rare earth elements patterns are almost flat with slight enrichment in LREEs relative to HREEs which indicates a similarity in their origin. It seems that gabbros were derived from a depleted refractory mantle source in a subduction zone setting.

The Ghaleh-Ganj dioritic- quartzdioritic massifs, Post early Eocene in age, located on the west side of the Makran Accretionary Prism andthe Jazmurian Depression and the east side of the Jiroft fault, are part of the intrusives in the Ganj Complex, which itself is a part of the Jazmurian Ophiolitic Belt or the Inner Makran. The diorite- quartzdiorites are intruded into the Lower- Middle Eocene Bidak sedimentary units, which show spheroidal weathering and onion- skin erosion. The presence of feldspar, biotite and secondary minerals (such as clay minerals, secondary biotite and Fe oxides) in the study massifs played an important role in the occurrence of these features. Mineralogically the intrusives consist of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, Biotite and opaques. Based on mineral chemistry studies, the plagioclases, oligoclase to labradorite in composition, show evidences of disequilibrium textures (e.g. sieve texture and oscillatory zoning). The clinopyroxenes are augite in composition and belonging to a tholeiitic magmatic series. Referring to linear relation between Ti and AlIV in clinopyroxenes, they seem to be formed in a pressure less than 5 kbs at a depth of less than 15 kilometers. Amphiboles are magnesiohornblende with tendency to actinolite in composition. Based on Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y and SiO2 versus Nb/Y diagrams, the intrusives plot in the fields of diorite- quartzdiorite and subalkaline, respectively. Their low Nb/Y ratio (0.14-0.16) also point out to their sub-alkaline (tholeiitic) nature. The intrusives are metaluminous and I-type, which referring to HFS and REE element contents, they belong to one group. The absence of a distinct Eu anomaly suggests the insignificance of plagioclase fractionation or oxidation state of the magma. The trace element discrimination diagrams together with chondritenormalized rare earth element patterns show that the Ghaleh Ganj diorite- quartzdiorites formed in the Maturity Stage of a supra-subduction zone.

The Baft ophiolitic mélange, covering an area approximately 150 Km2, is located in the Esfandaghe-Khamrood melange belt. The main part of intrusive rocks in the Baft ophiolitic mélange consists of gabbros, mostly isotropic and occasionally as pegmatitic rocks. Plagiogranites, as veins and small outcrops, are common along with gabbros and doleritic dikes through the area. Plagiogranites consist of trondhjemite, albite granite and granophyre. Based on geochemical studies, gabbros and plagiogranites are belonging to tholeiitic-calc-alkaline magmatic series. Plagiogranites are metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and typologically show characteristics between oceanic ridge (OR) and I-type granites which is consistent with their formation in a supra-subduction zone environment. Chonderite normalized REE patterns of plagiogranites show slight enrichment in LREEs along with flat HREE patterns. Chonderite normalized REE pattern of gabbros are relatively flat with slight enrichment in LREEs compare to HREEs. The derivation of an acidic melt from a gabbroic phase through either fractional crystallization and/or partial melting is less likely. It appears that the origin of Baft ophiolitic melange plagiogranites must be related to doleritic phase, although partial melting of hornblend gabbro and/or amphibolite can be also considered for at least one of the samples.

Gandom-Berian area, located on southern part of the Kavir-e Lut, covers an area around 480 km2 and morphologically is a covered messa by very dark basaltic lava flows. Their major minerals are olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts along with plagioclase microlites and their main textures are microlitic porphyry to glomeroporphiry with interestal to intergranular groundmass. The in line position of volcanic cones along the line of movements of Nayband fault show its effect on the formation of Gandom-Berian basaltic magma. The genetic realationship of these lava flows with deep seated lithospheric fractures as a result of Nayband fault, the presence of mantle xenoliths and alkaline nature of basalt all reveal a fast deep ascending of magmas. Based on geochemical analysis and occurrence of nepheline in the norm composition the Gandom-Berian basaltic lava flows belong to basanite-tephrite group. The investigation on Gandom-beriyan alkali basalts clearly shows their relationships to an intera-continental extensional environment. Low ratio of Ce/Nb, Th /Nb, U/Nb, Ba/Nb and High levels Zr with mean 234.81 indicate a none depleted asthenospheric mantle source the origin of Gandom-Berian basaltic lava flows. Enrichment and depletion of light and heavy rare earth elements respectively indicate the existence of garnet in the source rock.

The Ghaleh Ganj dioritic- quartz dioritic massifs، as a part of intrusives in the Makran zone show spheroidal weathering and exfoliation. This phenomenon is related to the development of micro-crack systems. Furthermore، various factors such as mechanical properties of rock-forming minerals، tectonic stresses، increasing volume during mineral weathering and earth surface temperature fluctuations may be important in the formation of these features. It seems that the presence of feldspar، biotite and secondary minerals (such as clay minerals، secondary biotite and Fe- oxides) in the study area، played an important role in the development of spheroidal weathering and exfoliation. However، the modal contnents of biotite is the main controlling factor.

Gandom Berian area is a basaltic messa composed of dark flows covering about 480 km2 of the western part of Lut desert in the northeast of Kerman. In this area، the fault system follows a north-south trend and، basaltic lavas have flowed along this trend. It seems that in Gandom Berian area، the activity of Nayband fault has created a tensional tectonic regime leading to the creation of open fractures in the crust which have conducted the flow of magma to the surface. Comparing maps of the lineation index factor of Nayband fault and also the related maps to situation of volcanic cones admit the role of fault in formation of Gandom Berian basaltic magma. The presence of coarse euhedral olivine crystals along with coarse crystals of clinopyroxenes and the absence of magmatic quartz، all reveal a fast deep ascending magma through fractures system and deep faults. The deep fracturing of Nayband fault has prevented the mixing of magma with crustal contamination. The high La/Nb value (with average 1. 7) along with low ratio of Ce/Pb and Pb/Nd indicate low mixing of magma in the studied area. Also، none scattering compatible element plots show negligible magma mixing. Uniformity in crystal size distribution (CSD) plots and its constant slope indicate the low impact of physical processes such as magma mixing in basaltic magma which effects the crystallization of plagioclase microlites during its ascent to the surface. The main cause of steepness in CSD is the rapid quenching of basaltic magma during upwelling which leads to plagioclase fine microliths. The presence of olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts indicates that in the primary magma، crystallization had occurred before ascent and eruption. Based on Dy/Yb versus La/Yb plot the Gandom Beryian basalts were formed by 8 to 10% partial melting of a garnet-lehrzolite parental rock. In general، lower partial melting of upper mantle (less than 10%) leads to the creation of alkaline basaltic magma. On the other hand، Gandom Beryian basaltic magma has characteristics similar to a high magnesium parental magma with low degree of evolution.

Plagiogranite intrusive rocks are outcropped in the gabbroic section of the Neyriz ophiolitic sequence in the south east of Shiraz. Petrographically, they are comprised of tonalite, trondhjemite and their contact with surrounding gabbros is either sharp or covered. Predominant textures are hypidiomorphic inequigranular, granophyry and micrographic. Mineralogically, they are consisting of plagioclase, quartz, sodium feldspars as major minerals and less than 10% amphibole ± pyroxene, opaques and rarely titanite and zircon as minor minerals. Geochemical studies show that their magma is sub-alkaline type (calc-alkaline series) and metaluminous. Typologically, plagiogranites have characteristics of oceanic ridge granite (ORG) toward I-type granites. Chonderite normalized REE patterns of Neyriz plagiogranites show depletion in LREEs along with a flat HREE patterns and it seems that they were formed in supra-subduction zone environment by partial melting of mafic rocks which in turn were formed by the anatexis of a previously depleted harzburgitic mantle.

The Miocene pyroxene andesite lava flows are exposed in southeastern edge of Urumieh Dokhtar Magmatic assemblage in Iran. The hypocrystalline andesite in parts contain conspicuous co-magmatic igneous enclaves which are dark grey and occur mostly as spherical and occasionally as ribbon shapes with some showing chilled margins. Petrographic study shows that the ribbon type enclaves have been formed by merging of rounded blobs. Mineralogically the enclaves consist of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and magnetite as phenocrysts and microphenocrysts in a glassy microlitic groundmass of the same minerals. The host andesite contains the same mineral assemblage, but with high amount of glassy groundmass. The plagioclase shows a relatively large range of anorthite content (An43-91), whereas pyroxenes generally show a uniform chemical composition and are classified mainly as hypersthene (En59.67 to En73.30) and augite (Wo40.88-46.00, Fs11.08-17.07, En36.69-47.85). Enclaves are cogenetic with the host andesites and reveal the existence of disequlibrium crystallization in the magma chamber. The enclaves are resulted from a magmatic emulsion with suspended droplets of one magma in another. The rounded enclaves are likely to represent quenched blebs of intruding new andesite magma with higher liquidus that have been incorporated into the host andesitic magma in a liquid or near liquid state. Their small sizes reflect a small viscosity contrast and some turbulence during mixing. The intrusion of fresh magma also resulted convection in the magma chamber which along with the temperature differences has permitted buoyant uprising of enclaves and incorporating some of the phenocrysts from the host andesitic magma.

Gandom Beriyan, as a part of Quaternary volcanism of Iran, is a kind of messa which is covered by very dark lava flows. The flows are generally fresh to rarely altered alkali olivine basalts and cover an area around 480 km2 in southern part of the Lut desert in northeast of Kerman. The common textures of basaltic lava flows are porphyry to glomeroporphyry with an intersertal to intergranular groundmass. Their major minerals are olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts along with plagioclase microlites. Plagioclase microlites are recognized as the major silicate phase in these rocks. Three-dimensional shape of plagioclase crystals and also rate of nucleation and growth time was estimated by thin section image processing and using crystal size distribution (CSD) method. Based on this, it is revealed that the shape of plagioclase microlites is tablet with aspect ratio of 1:10:10 for short: intermediate: long axes, respectively. The uniformity of CSD graph and its constant slope show that the effect of physical processes such as magma mixing was limited during ascent of basaltic magma toward the surface. Based on these calculations, growth time (t) and rate of nucleation (J) were estimated 2.53 to 3.21 years and 10.17×10-9 to 9.53×10-9 mm-3/s-1, respectively. The results are completely matched with nature of alkali basalt magmas.

The study area is located in the Kerman province, 10 Km north of Rabor. Geologically, the area is situated in the eastern section of Dehaj-Sarduiyeh belt which is a part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage. The dykes were intruded in the Eocene pyroclastic rocks and Pliocene sedimentary units. Petrographic studies show that these rocks are andesitic in composition. Mineralogically they are composed of plagioclase, hornblende, biotite and clinopyroxene. Phenocrysts of plagioclase show disequilibrium textures such as oscillatory zoning and sieve texture. Hornblende and biotites are affected by opacitization process. The dykes have mainly hyalloporphyritic, microlitic porphyric and flow textures. Based on geochemical studies, the rocks show enrichment in LREE rather than HREE The lack of significant Eu anomalies in REE patterns indicates oxidation state of magma during crystallization. These properties are signatures of calc- alkaline series formed in a volcanic arc setting.