ساره کشاورزی

Craniofacial anthropometry and anthropometric ratios are used in different sciences such as dentistry, medicine, oral and maxillofacial surgery, growth studies, plastic surgery, bioengineering and production of personal protective equipment. The purpose of this study is to introduce Digimizer software to measure facial dimensions and compare manual dimensional measurement and photoanthropometry with this software.

In This descriptive-analytical study 12 female students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences participated. Measurement of face dimensions of samples was done manually and by photographic methods and data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 19 and descriptive-analytical tests.

From the ten dimensions of the measured dimensions, a significant difference was observed in the three dimensions of the Subnasal-Nasal Root Length (SNRL), Menton-Nasal Root Length (MNRL) (Face Length) and Bitragion-Menton Arc (TRMA) dimensions,(P <0.05 ). No significant differences were observed in other dimensions. The ICC (Intra Class Correlation) coefficient for both methods was obtained in the range of 0.56-0.94.

This study showed that the use of Digimizer software can replace the use of manual method in measuring the dimensions of the face and in the preparation of anthropometric database of the face in less time is preferable to the manual method.

The current evidences have indicated that the prevalence of smoking cigarette and waterpipe has an ascending trend among the university students since their first year of study. The present study aimed to evaluation of explanation of the BASNEF model on smoking waterpipe among the university students.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 462 students selected by proportional stratified random sampling. The study data were collected using demographic questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire based on the “BASNEF” model. The collected data were then entered into the SPSS statistical software (v. 19) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearsons correlation coefficient and Regression analysis.

The prevalence rates of smoking cigarette and waterpipe were 11.7% and 16.6%, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in using cigarette or waterpipe by gender(p<0.01). The participants’ mean scores of attitudes, subjective norms, and enabling factors were 72.96±14.95, 21.51±5.31, and 19.1±4.04, respectively, regarding behavioral intent, 35.28% of consumers said they would never stop smoking waterpipe, and only 4.32% said they were more likely to quit smoking waterpipe within the next month.

Considering the prevalence of smoking waterpipe and cigarette among the students and the relatively inappropriate attitudes, subjective norms, and enabling factors to quit smoking, educational interventions based on interpersonal models to prevent or quit high-risk behaviors are suggested.

Psychosocial variables in pregnant women, including prenatal stress, anxiety and depression are associated with maternal, infant and child health. Relaxation technique is an intervention that increases comfort and might be effective in reducing psychological tension in pregnant women.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of relaxation techniques training, based on self-efficacy theory, on depression, anxiety and stress in pregnant women
Material and In this interventional study, 78 pregnant women were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The intervention group learned relaxation techniques in four sessions, after doing exercises at home for 4 weeks. However, the control group performed no interventions. The data were collected using demographic information, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21) and self-efficacy scale at the baseline and one month after the intervention. Using SPSS version 19 data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
The results of this study showed significant decrease in depression (p The results of this study supported the claim that training relaxation techniques could reduce stress, anxiety and depression in pregnant women through its effect on coping mechanism, leading to promotion of well-being. We recommend inclusion of perinatal meditation into perinatal care and counseling programs.

Coping skill is defined as the ability to understand and control one’s emotions and characteristics and is the foundation of emotional management. Various studies have indicated the effect of painting on increasing coping skills. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of training coping skills together with painting on multidimensional health locus of control among orphan adolescents.
This semi-experimental randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 orphan adolescents within the age range of 12 to 18 years. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention group received training about coping skills and painting. The data were collected using coping skills questionnaire, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC), Internal Health Locus of Control (IHLC), Powerful others Health Locus of Control (PHLC), and Chance Health Locus of Control (CHLC) scales with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85. Data collection was performed one and six weeks after the intervention. Then, the data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software, version 19.
After the intervention, the scores of coping skills (34.55.04) and IHLC scale significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p

Despite the importance of pap smear in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer and dying from it, yet this cancer is as the most common cause of cancer death in women, particularly in developing countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of education based on the protection motivation theory on women performance about Pap smear test.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 women referred to fasa health centers and randomized in two experimental and control groups. The study data were collected using a valid questionnaire including demographic variables and PMT constructs which was completed by both groups before and 2 months after the intervention. Four educational session classes were performed with method of group discussion and educational pamphlets for the experimental group. The data were entered into the SPSS 22 and were analyzed using chi-square test and independent and paired t-test.
The findings of this study showed that the mean scores of PMT constructs (i.e. perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, fear, response-costs, self-efficacy, and intention) increased in the experimental group after the intervention (P The study results revealed the effectiveness of the educational intervention based on PMT to promote the behavior of Pap smear. Therefore, educational interventions based on this theory to health promotion, especially women, have been proposed.

Sleep disorder is very common among employees and is considered as one of the crucial health problems. There are strong correlations between poor sleep and sickness absence. The present study concerns the relationship between sleep quality and sleepiness and sickness absence.
this cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 employees of a gas company. The study data were collected using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were applied for data analysis.
While 43.2% of the participants enjoyed satisfactory sleep quality, 56.8% had unsatisfactory sleep quality. The mean (SD) of KSS for the sample was 5.65 (2.19). Statistical tests indicated a significant difference between sickness absence of the personnel groups with good and poor sleep quality (p=0.0001). Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ = 0.777) indicated a statistically significant correlation between sleepiness index and sickness absence (p=0.0001).
The results showed a strong positive correlation between sleep quality and sleepiness index of the personnel and sickness absence; i.e. along with decline in sleep quality and incline in sleepiness, the personnel’s sickness absence increases.

Neck disorders among office workers are one of the main causes of the increase in the job absence, Jobs turnover and health care costs. Different factors are attributed to the occurrence of neck disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the association of psychosocial factors associated with the incidence of neck disorders in office workers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS).
In this cross-sectional study, 224 office workers of SUMS participated. Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire (NMQ) and Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were used as data collection tools. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS (ver. 19).
71.7% of office workers experienced neck symptoms during the last 12 months. Statistical analysis revealed that perceived psychological demands (lack of enough time to do the tasks and job tenure) were significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in neck region.
Neck disorders had high prevalence among office workers of SUMS. Lack of time and job tenure was found to be associated with neck symptoms. Interventional programs to prevent neck symptoms should be focused on the psychological demands and job tenure.

Since hypoglycemia sequel includes neurologic damage resulting in mental retardation, it requires immediate attention. Due to the risk of hypoglycemia in healthy term infants with inappropriate diet, this study was designed to determine the effectiveness of feeding on blood sugar levels in healthy term infants. This clinical trial study was conducted on 85 eligible pregnant women. Samples were randomly assigned to two groups of cases and controls. Three sessions of 90 minutes theoretical and practical classroom training were held in the last month of pregnancy for the cases for a period of one month. Blood samples were taken at 1,3,and6 hours of life and blood sugar levels were recorded in a special form. Then the collected data were analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS,16) using appropriate statistical procedures such as independent t-test, Chi-square, Pearson correlation, Regression and Anova. The highest mean blood glucose was observed in the cases and the lowest blood glucose in the controls. The highest rate of hypoglycemia was observed 3 and 6 hours after birth in the cases. The statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the qualitative and quantitative demographic variables and the infants, blood sugar levels. Height in newborn within the first 24 hours of life (by controlling other variables) in the p value less than 0.05 showed a significant correlation with hypoglycemia (pvalue= 0.003). The correlation was negative, i.e. an increase of 1 cm in neonates’height reduced the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia up to 40%. The correct method of breastfeeding significantly increased the blood glucose in healthy term infants and reduced the incidence of hypoglycemia in them. Therefore, despite the ongoing trainings in breastfeeding, further training sessions are needed for proper breastfeeding in pregnant and primiparous women. So paying attention to the low plasma glucose levels in the absence of proper breastfeeding in term infants is recommended.

Perceived work-related fatigue is an important issue since it may adversely impact workers’ performance. Additionally، workers’ fatigue is known as a main cause of occupational accidents in workplaces. Considering the consequences of perceived work-related fatigue، assessing fatigue at workplace is critical to work-related fatigue risk management. Therefore، this study assessed the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI-20) among Iranian employees. In this cross-sectional study، 501 employees of two petrochemical companies were selected by simple sampling method. The Persian version of SOFI-20 was developed using forward and backward translation processes and used to collect the required data. The validity and reliability of the translated inventory were examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient، respectively. Assuming that some items of the Persian version of the SOFI-20 were correlated، the confirmatory factor analysis was repeated to achieve better fitness. The results of CFA revealed an acceptable fit for the Persian version of SOFI-20. The total Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the SOFI-20 was 0. 95. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for different dimensions of the SOFI-20 were found to range from 0. 690 to 0. 887. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the SOFI-20 was acceptable for assessing the dimensions of work-related fatigue among Iranian employees.

Occupational fatigue due to its negative impacts of occupational fatigue on workers’ safety, performance and general health, has been increasingly considered. The objective of the present study was to assess reliability and construct validity of Persian version of Occupational Fatigue/Exhaustion Recovery questionnair (OFER-15) among Iranian working population. In this cross-sectional study, after determination of the linguistic validity of OFER-15 through forward and backward translation procedure, 501 randomly selected employees from two petrochemical companies with at least one year of job tenure entered the study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to determine validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The results of EFA identified a significant three-factor structure that had an acceptable compatibility to the model of original OFER-15 questionnaire. The best fitness in CFA analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the Persian version of OFER-15. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for internal consistency of dimensions including chronic fatigue, acute fatigue and recovery were 0.803, 0.814 and 0.684, respectively. The Persian version of OFER-15 questionnaire had acceptable reliability and construct validity for assessing work-related fatigue.

Manual load lifting is the most common and most stressful activity in manual handling of loads that imposes the highest possible amount of biomechanical pressure on the body, particularly on the spine. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and to estimate the mechanical force exerted on the lower back in workers responsible for manual load lifting. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 workers responsible for manual load lifting activities in 7 industrial settings in the city of Shiraz. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used for determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the 3DSSPP software was used to estimate the forces exerted on the lower back during load lifting. Data were then analyzed in SPSS-19. The results showed that lower back problems constitute the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder (68.3%). Evaluations conducted in 3DSSPP showed that in 17.5% of the cases, compressive forces, and in 10.8% of the cases, shearing forces exerted on the L5-S1 disc were higher in the workers than the permissible levels. There were no significant differences between the rate of the prevalence of lower back pain at different levels of compressive and shearing forces exerted on the disc (p>0/05). This finding might indicate the limitations of the method used in this study for conducting a comprehensive assessment of loads exerted on the spine. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, in particular lower back pain, was estimated to be high among the subjects studied. The risk levels of compressive and shearing forces exceeded the permissible amount in a low percentage of the workers studied. The 3DSSPP software might have certain limitations in the assessment of the pressure exerted on the spine.

Permit to work (P.T.W) is a formal written system to control certain types of work which are identified as potentially hazardous. Although P.T.W is a means of safety system and coordinating different work activities to avoid conflicts, it may be susceptible for human error. The purpose of this study was quantitative human error assessment using engineering approach in P.T.W in a petrochemical plant. In this cross-sectional study, P.T.W procedure was analyzed using Hierarchal Task Analysis (HTA). Then, performance shaping factors were identified and were used to estimate the probability including skill based (S.K), rule based (R.B) and knowledge based (K.B) behaviour modes. Finally, human error probability in all P.T.W tasks was estimated using engineering approach. Maximum and minimum probability of human error were for flammable gas testing (0.38) and toxic gas and oxygen testing (0.0449) respectively. Among behavioral modes, maximum and minimum probability were for K.B (0.60) and S.B (0.0714) respectively. The total human error probability for all job tasks of P.T.W, was estimated 0.1465. Engineering approach technique, as a practical method, could be applied by safety and human factor specialists for quantification of human error probability in work processes.

One of the relatively common accidents in work place environments is Slips، Trips and Falls (STF) that can cause back injuries، sprains & strains، bruises، contusions، fractures، tears and even death. Aim of this study was slip risk assessment in different sections of a hospital in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was done using Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Slip Assessment Tool (SAT). Prevalence of slip accidents were investigated using a questionnaire among 178 of hospital staffs. Data analysis was done using SPSS-20 software. Roughness coefficient was measured using Roughness Meter TQC-SP1560. Slip risk level in 5 sections including outside stairs، surgery، ICU and emergency admission was significant. The maximum and minimum slip risk was related to stairs and physiotherapy section respectively. The prevalence of slips incidents were reported 47. 2 percent by healthcare workers. The results of this study showed that the surface contaminant as well as method and frequency of surface cleaning are the most important effective factors on slip risk in the studied hospital.

Optimism is defined as the tendency to choose the most hopeful view and an emotional and cognitive preparation regarding the superiority of good things over bad ones in life. Social competence is one of the main constructs of mental health and is defined as an individual’s ability to act adaptively relative to one’s age and cognitive ability. Development of social competence has been considered as one of the best predictors of behavior, academic achievement, and social, emotional, and behavioral problems both in present and future. The present study aimed to determine the effect of optimism training via educational movies on the students’ social competence. This quasi-experimental study aimed to determine the effectiveness of optimism educational movie on the social competence of male high-school students in Shiraz. In this study, 240 samples were divided into an intervention and a control group. The educational content was presented through group discussion and question and answer in two sessions. The data were collected using Flener’s social competence questionnaire and were analyzed by the SPSS19 statistical software. There was a significant increase in all social competence factors, including behavioral skills (189.35±31.09), motivation and expectations (33.06±8.94), cognitive skills (15.65±3.83), and emotional skills (16.58±3.78), in the intervention group compared to the control group after the training (p<0.001). The results showed the effectiveness of optimism educational movie on social competence factors. Considering the high-school students’ problems, optimism training via social competence factors can affect different aspects of their lives and strengthen their interpersonal and social relationships.

Professional self-concept of nurses is as information and ideas that nurses have about their roles، values and behaviors. For better understanding of nurses and solve the crisis of nursing، there is a need to develop specific instrument for measuring Professional self-concept of Nurses. NSCQ (Nurse Self-Concept Questionnaire) which has been developed by Cowin is used to evaluate the professional self-concept of nurses. The present study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of this questionnaire and prepare it as an instrument for evaluating the professional self-concept of the Iranian nurses. In this cross sectional-analytic study of psychometric and validation of testing 200 nurses working at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences based on census method، completed the professional self-concept questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using split-half as well as Cronbach''s alpha coefficients، exploratory factor analysis، and inter-item reliability and Spearma Brown correlation coefficient. Spearman Brown correlation coefficient and Cronbach''s alpha were 0. 84 and 0. 97، respectively. Exploratory factor analysis through principle components method and equamax rotation demonstrated that the questionnaire contained six elements، including nursing self-esteem، communication، leadership، knowledge، care، and staff relations. These elements clarify more than 76. 63% of the total variance. Inter-item reliability of the questionnaire subscales was also confirmed. These coefficients ranged from 0. 41 to 0. 75 and were all significant. In conclusion، the questionnaire of nursing professional self-concept of Cowin could be used as a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the Iranian nurses'' professional self-concept. Considering greater sample size and different groups of people are suggested in future research.

Postpartum period is one of the vital stages in the women’s life which influences their quality of life. Instruction can influence their quality of life in this period. This study aimed to determine the effect of education on health-promoting behaviors at the postpartum period on the quality of life of primiparous women. The present controlled randomized trail study was carried out on 52 primiparous women who were randomly allocated into two groups (experimental and control). Instruction was presented for the experimental group for six weeks after childbirth. Quality of life of women between the two groups was compared by using Specific Postnatal Quality of life questionnaire at the first and sixth weeks. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Independent T-test. Results showed a significant difference between the mean score of quality of life pre-and post-intervention between the two groups (P<0. 001)، but this difference in the experimental group was more compared to the control group. Also، this difference in the 5 dimensions of quality of life (feeling about herself، baby، spouse، sexual activity، and health) in the experimental group was more compared to the control group (P<0. 001). The results indicated that health promoting can be effective in improving quality of life of primiparous women. Therefore، health care providers should focus on this important issue.

Estimation of the odds ratio (OR) with logistic regression is a widely used approach to identify the risk factors of hypertension. Based on a cut-off point for blood pressure, this method decreases the efficiency and precision of the analysis. An alternative is to calculate OR with linear regression analysis, which is a more precise approach. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension and the risk factors for hypertension by comparing the OR found with logistic and linear regression. In a cross-sectional study in 2005, 3997 persons in Shiraz were selected by random multistage sampling. The relationship between blood pressure and explanatory variables of interest including sex, age and body mass index was investigated by calculating the OR with both logistic and linear regression without dichotomizing. The data produced with both methods were compared through SPSS V.13 and S-PLUS 2000. The age range of all patients included in our analysis was 18-99 years; the prevalence of systolic hypertension was 10.8% and that of diastolic hypertension was 7.4%. Both OR calculation procedures detected a significant association with an increased risk of systolic and diastolic hypertension for sex, age and body mass index. Linear regression was more precise and had smaller confidence intervals than logistic regression. Linear regression can be used to calculate the OR to analyze risk factors for hypertension. This method may be more suitable than logistic regression because it does not involve a cut-off point to determine outcome or response variables.

Many factors are known to be involved in a number of human pathologies of obesity including serum leptin and thyroid hormones levels. The purpose of this study was to compare the serum levels of leptin and thyroid hormones in obese and non-obese women, in Shiraz-Iran during 2006. In this case- control study, 35 women with BMI≥30 Kg/m2 recruited as an obese group (Case group) and 35 women with healthy BMI (BMI<25 Kg/m2) were selected as a control group. General information data were gathered from each sample using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and BMI, WHR and percent of body fat (%TBF) were calculated for each subject. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects and serum was separated to determine the concentrations of serum leptin and thyroid hormones (T4, T3 and TSH) levels. Mean serum concentration of leptin was significantly higher in obese group than control group (p<0.001). Serum leptin levels positively correlated to anthropometric indices (BMI, WHR, %TBF). No significant difference was observed between obese and non-obese groups in serum thyroid hormones concentration. Serum leptin levels positively related to serum T3 levels (P<0.05). This study indicated that obese women had higher leptin levels compared to non-obese. The interaction between thyroid hormone in particular T3 and leptin can be one of the reason for increasing the serum leptin level among obse women.

Obesity is becoming a worldwide health problem, affecting all groups of age, sex and economy. This important problem is a major risk factor for some diseases. The prevalence of obesity not has been well studies in the rural areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and some of the relevant risk factors in women of Zarrindasht rural areas using the odds ratio estimated from the regression approach. Methods and Materials: In a cross-sectional study in 2005, a number of 920 women in fertility age from rural areas of Zarrin-Dasht, at eastern part of Fars province were selected by random multi stage sampling. Correlation ship between BMI and some variables including age, education level, number of children, socio-economic status and mean duration of breast feeding were evaluate. The age and education level of their husbands were also considerved. Odds ratio (OR) was using both logistic regression approach and the linear regression procedure (without dichotomizing). BMI of 25 or higher was considered as overweight or obesity The studied women aged between 17 to 47 years old and the prevalence of over weight (25Conclusions