فهرست مطالب سحر فرخی

Single-leg landing is a difficult task for the lower limbs. This movement is very common in basketball and is one of the main causes of lower limb injuries, especially anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Single-leg landing causes a ground reaction force and torque to the lower limb. By increasing the internal torque and controlling the reaction force at the level of its application, the muscular strength of the lower limb can control the ground reaction force of the surface applied to the limb. This study aims to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of strength training on the ground reaction force in single-leg landing

In this study, 20 semi-professional male basketball players were divided into two equal groups of test and control. The samples of both control and test groups were asked to perform three single-leg landings from a 40-cm platform on the force plate. Then, the test group underwent 8 weeks of lower limb strength training, and after the end of the training, the members of the test and control groups were asked to repeat the landing movement. An average of three movements per person was considered. For data analysis, the paired t test was used for intra-group comparison, and the 1-way ANCOVA method was used to compare inter-group effects. Statistical analysis of the study was performed using SPSS software version 20, at a significance level of 0.05 for all tests.

The results showed that the training program had no significant effects on the ground reaction force in the X direction in both internal and external directions, as well as, in the Y direction in the anterior and posterior directions, both within the group and between the groups. But, the training program had a significant and incremental effect on both within the group (P=0.005) and between the groups (P=0.002) in the Z direction.  

The strength training program lacks enough effect to reduce ground reaction force applied to semi-professional basketball players during a single-leg landing movement.

 The most essential and common sports injury in the lower limb in many sports fields is the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Knowledge in this field and appropriate exercise programs can help prevent this injury for all athletes and coaches. The present research aims to investigate the prevalence of this injury in different sports fields and the results of various training programs in reducing the risk of injury to ACL.

 The current review was conducted using international information resources, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, ProQuest, Emerald Insight, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of knowledge, and internal information resources including Magiran, Civilica, SID, and Iran Medex were applied. The research date range was defined between 2000 to 2020. In international articles, keywords such as Single-leg Landing, Landing, Injury, Knee injury, Drop-landing, Training, Exercise, ACL, and in domestic papers, keywords such as ACL, Knee Injury, Single-leg Landing, Jump, Land, and Training program were considered. According to the exclusion criteria, only 42 articles were selected and examined out of 220.

Women with this injury are more affected at all skill levels, so at the professional skill level, women were affected up to 5 times more than men, and at the amateur level, the infection rate is about 3 to 4 times higher. The highest incidence is related to women professional basketball players with a speed of 5.5 per 1000 athletes training, and the lowest is among amateur male athletes with a rate of 0.02 with the same criteria. Of the articles reviewed in the appropriate injury prevention training program, 32% examined the effect of neuromuscular training, 18% combined training, 26% strength training, and 24% central core stability training. With 80% effectiveness, core stability training seems to be the most effective injury prevention program.

 Considering the rate of this injury and the impact of this injury on treatment costs, the duration of returning to exercise, and creating the ground for other injuries, a comprehensive review of exercises effective in preventing this injury for athletes and coaches it’s important. This is especially important for professional female basketball players due to the incidence rate. The central core stability training program had the most practical effect among the training programs. The combined training program had the least impact according to different criteria for assessing and preventing injury.

Today what has attracted more than each other category of human thoughts is the problem of environmental pollution by heavy metals, which affect the health of humans and humans due to their lack of absorption and the effects of physiologic effects at low concentrations. Cadmium has been identified as a carcinogen due to severe toxic effects on human organs. The sources of cadmium inputs to aqueous solutions include wastewaters from chemical fertilizers, pesticides, mines, melting, building batteries, pigments, stabilizers, and alloys, plating, sewage sludge, plastics and synthetic rubber.The daily intake of this substance is 10-35 μg / liter. Smoking is another source of cadmium exposur. According to Standard 1053 of Iran, the maximum allowable cadmium concentration in drinking water, based on the average daily consumption of drinking water equal to 2.5 liters, for a human with 70 kg is 0.005 mg/l. According to the World Health Organization's 1996 standard, cadmium concentrations in drinking water were limited to 0.003 mg /l. Newadays, There are several removal processes for heavy metals from wastewater such as; chemical deposition, membrane processes, ion exchange, coagulation, flocculation and absorption. However, absorption method is one of the most effective and efficient methods. In fact, it can be argued that in many cases protective shells not only prevent the oxidation of iron, but can also be used for more function. Magnetic oxide nanoparticles are most often used in aqueous solutions due to their many advantages such as high surface to volume ratio, very small size, high reactivity, and better absorption of toxins and heavy metals. But one of the main challenges of pure iron oxide nanoparticles is their high chemical activity, which makes it easy to oxidize against air (especially magnetite) or in acidic aqueous media. This will result in the loss of magnetism and the dispersion of iron oxide nanoparticles. Therefore, in order to prevent this occurrence, providing the appropriate coverage level and developing some effective protection strategies to maintain the stability of magnetic iron oxides is very necessary.Protective shields (especially silica), in addition to stabilizing iron oxide nanoparticles, have the benefits of preventing the accumulation of iron nanoparticles, increasing the compatibility of magnetic nanoparticles with solid matrices in the environment, creating graphene and bonding more nanoparticles with organic ligands, reducing the release rate of the oxygen molecule To the magnetic nuclei and to stabilize the crystalline structure of nanoparticles at high temperatures. A two-step method was used to prepare magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica. In this study, cadmium adsorption was performed on adsorbent Fe3O4 @ SiO2 iron oxide mesopes in a closed reactor within 100 ml echinoderms. In the first step, the iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation and then, in the second step, the tetraethyl ortho-silicate was used to coating it. For this purpose, 22 g of Fe2Cl3.6H2O and 8 g of FeCL2.4H2O were mixed to 400 mL of deionized water and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h in the presence of nitrogen gas at 80 ° C. Then, 15 mL NH4OH (25 % w/w) was added drop wise to reach pH 9. The produced nanoparticles were collected from the solution using an external magnetic field (1.2 Tesla) and washed several times with ethanol and deionized water and then, dried in an oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours. In the second step, a tetraethyl ethoxylan (TEOS) material was used to mixter of Fe3O4. therefore, the nanoparticle was synthesized in the previous stage with 15 ml of TEOS, 6 ml of ammonia (25%), 80 ml of ethanol (65%) and some of the deionised water injected into the reactor. At the same time, a litttle amount of ammonia used, because it reduces the size of the nanoparticles and increases the number of free groups of silanol (Si-OH) on the nanoparticle surface and activates them. Finally, the supernatant was isolated by magnet and washed five times with distilled water and ethanol and then, dried in an oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), transient electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to study absorbent properties. Discussion of the The calculation of the adsorbent isoelectric point (pHZPC) is an essential part of the adsorption process. The isoelectric point is called the pH where the adsorbant has a neutral load. At this point, due to the low electrostatic interactions between adsorbent and adsorbent, the amount of absorption of pollutants is reduced. However, at pH <pHZPC, adsorption load is negatively charged due to the presence of H + ions and at pH> pHzpc the adsorption load is negatively affected by the presence of active hydroxide ions (OH). The pHZPC of Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nanoparticles is calculated to be about 3.26. Therefore, according to the above, it can be stated that the adsorbent has a negative charge in pH>3/26. The maximum removal percentage and its adsorption capacity were 72.86% and 33 mg/g at pH 5, respectively. In this regard, pH 5 was used to continue the experiments. The cadmium adsorption was investigated at interval of 10–60 min. The results indicated that cadmium adsorption increased with increasing contact time. In the present study, iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles coated with silica as adsorbent in the cadmium adsorption process were used. Then, the effect of important pH and contact time factors on the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions and kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic models were investigated. According to studies, It was found that the adsorption reaction rate increased by the adsorbent at initial times. The main reason is the availability of more active cadmium sites on the adsorbent surface, which over time will increase the amount of cadmium removal from the solution.The values of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms parameters of the cadmium adsorption process by Fe3O4 @ SiO2 are shown in Table 2. The results showed that regression coefficients of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were determined to be 0.984 and 0.957 ,respectively.The values obtained from the kinetic parameters of the first-order, second-order kinetics model are shown in Table 3. This suggests that the adsorption of cadmium on the adsorbent surface is more consistent with and consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. In order to analyze the results of the cadmium uptake process at the synthesized absorbent level, first-order and pseudo-second order kinetics models were used. According to Table 3, the regression coefficient in a pseudo-second-order kinetic model is higher than that of the pseudo-first kinetics (R2 = 0.991). In addition, in this study, by increasing the solution temperature from 25 to 45 degrees Celsius, the percentage of cadmium removal increased 72.3 to 78.12 percent. Increasing the absorption of pollutants at high temperatures can be due to the combined desire of adsorption sites for metal ions. In this way, the increase in temperature leads to an increase in kinetic energy and an increase in the number of collisions between the adsorbent and the absorbent and decreases the viscosity of the soluble, thus facilitating the addition of absorbed ions to absorption positions . Based on experimental results and regression coefficient, cadmium adsorption on Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles has been followed by a pseudo second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm. Finally, the thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process is of endothermic and spontaneous nature. Morphology analysis showed that Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles had a size of 15 nm approximately. The results of adsorption kinetics indicate that cadmium adsorption on adsorbent follows a quadratic kinetic model. The obtained optimal conditions for the cadmium adsorption were included, pH 5 and reaction time 30 min. Based on experimental results and regression coefficient, cadmium adsorption on Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles has been followed by a pseudo second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm. Examining isothermic models suggests that this process follows the Langmuir isotherm model, which indicates homogeneity and the single-layer absorption process.

Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic chronic, relapsing inflammation of the colon which is resulted from dysregulation of the mucosal immune system. In Iranian traditional medicine, oleoresin from Pistacia atlantica is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including peptic ulcers, dyspepsia and intestinal inflammation.

In this study, we examined the therapeutic and protective effects of oleoresin in acetic acid-induced colitis in rat.

The oleoresin was dissolved in Tween 80% (1% v / v) and doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were administered orally to animals. Three days after colitis induction, the rats were treated for 6 days and after determining the most effective dose in the treatment, the protective effect was evaluated using the optimal dose of the oleoresin for 6 days. In day 6, colitis was induced and continued for 3 days. At the end, animals were sacrificed for microscopic and macroscopic examination of colon tissues.

Dose dependently, Oleoresin of P. atlantica showed therapeutic effects on microscopic and macroscopic examination of colon tissue of rats with ulcerative colitis  induced by acetic acid, in comparison with control group(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between treatment groups and the control in the protective method (P>0.05).

This study showed the beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory and wound healing oleoresin of P. atlantica in acetic acid- induced ulcerative colitis in rats.

The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Sexual Self-Esteem Index for Woman-Short Form (SSEI-W-SF). Through convenient sampling method, 510 married women from public places in Mashhad, Iran were selected and investigated using Persian version of SSEI-W-SF, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21-item (DASS-21), Revised Moosher Guilt Inventory (RMGI), Revised Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (RCSEI), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Factor structure of the index was investigated using principal component method, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the Persian version of SSEI-W-SF, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients between scores of the mentioned instruments were calculated. Internal consistency of items for all the sample was 0.88. The correlation coefficients between each items of the scale and the total scale score varied from 0.54 to 0.72 (in all cases: p<0.001). Through exploratory factor analysis, five factors of experience and skill, control, attractiveness, moral judgment and adaptiveness were determined which account for 50.37 percent of total variance. The test-retest reliability coefficient for the whole scale was 0.91 and for its five subscales ranged from 0.82 to 0.94. There were also significant correlations between SSEI-W-SF and RCSEI (r=0.31, p<0.05) and FSFI (r=0.31, p<0.05) that shows convergent validity of the scale. Divergent validity of the sale was confirmed by observing negative correlation between Depression subscale of DASS-21 and SSEI-W-SF (r=-0.29, p<0.05). Considering the satisfactory reliability and validity, SSEI-W-SF can be utilized in clinical and research practices.