سعید حبیبیان دهکردی

Catamenial epilepsy may involve 10 to 70% of women with epilepsy in which, seizures are exacerbated by the menstrual cycle. Artemisinin is a herbal compound with widespread modern and traditional medical indications. Because of GABAergic interaction, this study was designed to study the antiepileptic effects of Artemisinin during the estrus cycle.  A total of 360 adult female mice were placed in 10 groups: control, solvent (ethanol 10ml/kg), Artemisinin (75&150 mg/kg), Bicuculline (2mg/kg), Bicuculline (2mg/kg) + Atremisinin (75&150 mg/kg), Saclofen (2mg/kg), Saclofen (2mg/kg) + Atremisinin (75&150 mg/kg), each with four subgroups (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus) (n=9). One week after acclimatization, estrous synchronization and phase determination was achieved. Acute epilepsy was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 80 mg/kg of Pentylentetrazole (PTZ), 30 minutes after i.p injection of Artemisinin and ethanol. Initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), initiation time of tonic-clonic seizures (ITTS), seizure duration (SD), and mortality rate (MR) were recorded for 30 minutes. Data were displayed as mean ± SD and evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Artemisinin significantly decreased epilepsy incidence, duration, and mortality rate, in parallel to increasing ITMS and ITTS in a dose-dependent manner which were more prominent during the luteal phase. Co-administration of Biccucluline significantly inhibited antiepileptic effects of Artemisinin, while Saclofen did not have such an inhibitory interaction. It seems that increased neurosteroid metabolites and GABAA receptors, neural hyperpolarization following GABA interaction, and anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties which decrease neuroinflammation and neural excitability can participate in the antiepileptic effects of Artemisinin.

Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels and defects in insulin production and function. Contamination of food and the environment with lead can worsen the condition of diabetics. This study investigated the effect of thiamine on the small intestinal histomorphology of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

In this interventional study, 63 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 9 groups. Three groups of animals were considered as control group (A), thiamine+lead 200 (H) and thiamine+lead 1000 (I). Lead in ppm and acetate form was added to drinking water. The other groups became diabetic via alloxan at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Group B: diabetic mice; Group C: Diabetic mice receiving thiamine; Groups D and E of diabetic mice receiving lead 200 and 1000 were named. Mice in groups F and G received 200 and 1000 ppm of thiamine and lead. Thiamine was used daily and peritoneal with 70 mg/kg dose. On the 29th day, histotechnique was performed on small intestine samples and their histomorphometry was examined.

Histomophometry of intestinal structure in mice receiving untreated lead in diabetic group showed a significant increase compared to healthy mice. However, these parameters did not show a significant difference in lead-receiving diabetic rats treated with thiamine compared to the control group. The thiamin improved insulin secretion and reduced turbulence in villi´s of small intestine and improve size of muscular layer in digestive lumen.

Probably the antioxidant compound in the thiamin can reduce some complications of lead acetate in diabetic patients.

Coccidiosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in poultry that causes huge economic losses. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a medicinal plant that used traditionally. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of this plant on the Emeria tenella oocysts in vitro.

The unsporulated oocysts were obtained by inoculation of 14th day-old broiler chicks with 75,000 oocysts. To obtain sporulated oocysts, 9g of feces samples was soaked in 2% potassium bichromate and incubated at 27°C for 72h. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra in concentrations of 1, 2, and 5% were prepared and oocysts were exposed to these extracts for 48 hours. Thereafter, the number of sporulated and unsporulated oocysts were counted at 1, 12, 24, and 48 hours. In order to prevent any error, the experiments were repeated three times.

Both extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra in all tested concentrations cause a significant reduction in the number of sporulated and unsporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts compared with control (p<0.05). The rate of inhibitory effect of extracts had a direct relationship with exposure time, and inhibition was continuously increased over time.

Alcoholic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra had a better effect than aqueous extracts. 5% alcoholic extract had the best effect. However, further studies are needed to find the best dose for the most anticoccidial effects and also to show its effects on other species of Eimeria and in animal models.

Aims: Environmental pollution and exposure to toxic metals such as lead can induce to chronic and malignant diseases and has considerable complications including carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to compare the protective effect of clove essential oil and vitamin C on the toxicity of lead accumulation in quail eggs.
The current clinical trial study was performed on 360 quail chicks in a poultry farm of the Veterinary Medicine faculty of Shahrekord University in 2016. Quails were randomly divided into 6 groups with different diets. After intervention, at the age of 42 days, 5 eggs were gathered from each group. An Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the tissue accumulation of lead in quail eggs. To measure the amount of lipid oxidation, TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) test and Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test by GraphPad Prism 5 software.
Findings: The mean of lead accumulation in quail eggs in the group receiving lead and clove essential oil was significantly lower than those receiving lead (p The use of clove essential oil in quail diet has a more protective effect than vitamin C on the toxicity of lead accumulation in quail eggs.

This study was aimed to evaluate histopathological effects of growth hormone on growth plate of different bones of pre-pubertal rabbits. A total number of 16 white New-Zealand rabbits of 2-4 months age were divided into two groups of eight, the experiment and control groups, and were then caged under the same environmental and nutritional conditions. In the experiment group, 3 Iu/Kg Somatotropin was intramuscularly injected every seven days and control group received the same amount of normal saline.
At the end of study rabbits were euthanized using anesthetic drugs and Radius, Humerus, Femur, Tibia and the first lumbar vertebrae were isolated for histomorphometric examinations.
The results showed that the thickness of growth plate of radius had no significant statistical difference between rabbits of experiment and control groups while this parameter was statistically greater in other bones of the experiment group (P≤0.05). The results of this study showed that long term, low dose somatotropin injection to pre-pubertal rabbits causes thickening of growth plate and helps its longer activity during the growth period of cortical and trabecular bones although its effects is not the same for all bones.

Mastitis is one of the major diseases of dairy cows throughout the world which is associated with severe economic losses for dairy producer. Antimicrobial resistance, production of secondary harmful metabolites and drug residues in animal products following use of antibiotics are shifting interests of clinicians into the use of medical plants. The aim of present study was to evaluate in-vitro antibacterial activity of Achillea essential oil extract against some gram positive bacteria isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in Shahrekord. Essential oil was obtained by Clevenger apparatus according to British pharmacopeia protocol. The chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Disk diffusion and macro dilution methods were used for the determination of antibacterial activity. Disk diffusion method showed that the essential oil in concentrations of 5mg/mL may inhibit all bacterial growth. Macro dilution test revealed that for Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Enterococcus faecalis, the MIC and MBC were 4.73 mg/mL and 9.46 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC of Staphylococcus aureus were 4.73 mg/mL and 2.365mg/mL, respectively. According to the results, it was concluded that essential oil of Achillea extract might be used in vitro as a bactericidal agent for the bacteria that cause mastitis.

Due to identification of antifungal drugs side effects and development of antifungal drugs-resistant fungi, there are growing interest to replace antifungal drugs with the herbal remedies that have antifungal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal effects of Althaea officinalis and Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extracts on the two species of saprophytic fungi including Penicillium spp and Aspergillus spp. Antifungal effects were assessed at four different concentrations including 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/ml. The results of the present study revealed that Althaea officinalis and Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extracts have antifungal effects against Penicillium spp in all applied concentrations. Althaea officinalis aqueous extract had antifungal effects against Aspergillus spp at the concentration of 25 and 50 mg/ml, however, Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract had an inhibitory effect on Aspergillus spp at all concentrations. The results demonstrate ameliorative effects of these herbal remedies on Penicillium spp and Aspergillus spp Furthermore, these results indicate that the antifungal effect of Syzygium aromaticum is greater than Althaea officinalis.

Some heavy metals are toxic at low concentrations and can create free radicals that damage the cell. Essential oils have antioxidant properties and can chelate some toxic elements And prevent of bioaccumulation of these elements .
TBARS assay and ICP-OES have used for evaluating of oxidative stress and measurement of bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscle of quail, respectively. All measurements were carried out in triplicate and data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows.
The results of this research in 21 and 35 days showed that mean concentration of MDA in liver and muscle of lead group was higher than others and this difference was significant. The measurement of lead in liver and muscle in 21 day were not detected by ICP-OES. In 35 days the bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscle (µg/g) was higher than other groups and this difference was significant.
The results showed that the clove essential oil is effective in reducing of malondialdehyde concentrations (mg / kg) and reduces the bioaccumulation of lead in liver and muscles of quail.

Artemisinin is commonly used for the treatment of malaria, but recently has been considered as a potential substance to control poultry coccidiosis.
The aim of the present study was to determine the tissue distribution of artemisinin following single or multiple oral administration of different doses in broiler chickens.
A total number of 390 one day old Ross broiler chicks were divided randomly into two main groups, in the first group 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg artemisinin as a single oral dose was administered on day 44, but the second group were treated with 0, 17, 34, 68 or 136 ppm artemisinin from day 8 to day 44. The HPLC system was used to determine the level of artemisinin in different tissue samples. Data were assessed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey’s test (p Maximum concentrations of artemisinin were found in the liver of chickens in both groups in a dose dependent manner. While, the minimum level was determined in the brain and the kidney of chickens received multiple artemisinin administration; in the spleen of those chickens a single oral dose was administered. The concentration of artemisinin in the brain reached a plateau at 68 ppm in multiple administration and 125mg/kg at single dose, no shift was found with dose increment.
It can be concluded that tissue accumulation of artemisinin is time and dose dependent. Moreover, redistribution, saturation effect and tissue selectivity were also observed.

This study was conducted to evaluate antioxidant activity of Cinnamon and Thyme and its relationship to quails egg and meat production performance. 100 quails were fed five diets: G1: control, G2: control diet + 1% of Thymus powder, G3: control diet + 2% of Thymus powder, G: control diet + 1% of Cinnamon, and G5: control diet + 2% of Cinnamon. A complete randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments, 3 replicates and 4 birds in each replicate was used. Live weight, egg production, feed intake, and egg production conversion ratio were determined. After blood sampling, Nitric oxide and TBARS values were evaluated. The results indicated that G2 group had highest level and G3 and G5 groups had lowest level of live weight. Quails in the G4 group had significantly higher feed intake (P<0.05). There were no significant difference between treatments on egg production. The best performance and highest FI observed in G2 group (P<0.05). Nitric oxide values were not significantly different. Lowest amounts of TBARS were in G2 group (P<0.05) and highest amounts were in G5 group. In conclusion, this study suggests that using 1% Thymus has beneficial effects on laying performance and also Thyme has high antioxidant capacity in quails.

The antibacterial effect of alcoholic extract of Satureja bactiarica were investigated quantitatively and qualitatively on two foodborne pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Determination of the MIC and MBC values were used as quantitative method, and disk and well diffusion methods were applied as qualitative methods. The results of the disk diffusion test showed that extracts of Satureja bactiarica at the concentration of 2% and 5% has no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. The results of the well diffusion test showed that extracts of Satureja bactiarica in concentrations of 5% inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth. In this study it was shown that the MIC and MBC of the alcoholic extract of Satureja bactiarica against the Staphylococcus aureus were 1.56 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. MIC and MBC of the alcoholic extract of Satureja bactiarica against the Escherichia coli were 3.125 mg/ml and zero, subsequently. The results from evaluation of the antibacterial effects of the Satureja bactiarica revealed that at 4 and 15 °C, the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in test tubes containing meat extracts has increased from the beginning to the end of the experiment. In the present of the extracts of Satureja bactiarica at the concentration of 2% and 5% in the both tested temperatures the growth of the bacteria decreased in comparison to time zero (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the number of counted microorganism at various times between control and experimental groups in both tested temperatures and both examined bacteria (p<0.05). Based on the results from this study it is concluded that Satureja bactiarica can be used as preservative against these bacteria in the food industry.

Safflower is one of those herbal medicines that many studies rely on its use for the treatment of menstrual problems and diseases of the circulatory system. The flowers of this plant have long been used as a sexual stimulant medication. Furthermore there is evidence about its effects on the infertility and sexual disorders. Considering the effect of this plant on infertility, this study was designed to investigate the role of the aqueous extract of Safflower on the histomorphometric structure of female genital system in mice. 30 female balb/c mice were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. In group one, Safflower extract was given orally for 45 consecutive days at the dose of 40mg/kg. Safflower extract (80 mg/kg) was given orally to mice in group two for 45 days. Mice in group three (Control group) received water in the same volume, way and time. Results from present study were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey's test. The results showed that long term use of Safflower extract increased ovarian weight of mice (group one: 0.8±0.04, group two: 1.1±0.07) compared to control group (0.4±0.06), significantly (p<0.05). Histomorphological studies revealed that use of Safflower increased the number and diameter of secondary follicles (group one: 3±0.57; 9±0.66, group two: 3.25±0.25; 9.08±0.3), graafian follicles (group one: 1.1±0.17; 7.66±0.54, group two: 1.2±0.13; 8±0.75) and corpus luteum (group one: 4.75±0.75; 5.27±0.29, group two: 4.75±0.47; 5.4±0.31) significantly (p<0.05). However, the number of atretic follicles were decreased in experimental groups (group one: 2.5±0.0.28, group two: 2.25±0.62) significantly (p<0.05). Furthermore, the diameter of granulosa layer (group one: 4.58±0.3, group two: 3.25±0. 3) and colosum oophorus (group one: 2.5±0.18, group two: 2.58±0. 15) in experimental groups were changed compared to control group (4.66±0.33, 1.87±0.15,) significantly (p<0.05). Safflower had no significant effects on the histomorphological structure of uterus (p>0.05). It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of Safflower is more effective on ovaries compared to uterus and may have positive effects on fertility in female mice.

Genetic polymorphism of milk proteins has been associated with composition, manufacture, and traits of milk. Caseins are the most important milk proteins that its genes are strongly linked and inherited together. κ-casein, which is a quantitatively minor constituent of bovine milk, is thought to play a critical role in organization, fixation and aggregation of casein micelles and firmness of curd during cheese making. In this study, we aimed to investigate the polymorphism of κ-casein gene in Iranian Holstein cows. In this study, κ-casein gene polymorphism among 50 DNA samples of Iranian Holstein cows via polymerase chain reaction sequence analysis (PCR sequencing) was analyzed. For data analysis SPSS 11.5 (ANOVA test) was used. Four polymorphic sites that created four variants and seven different genotypes of κ-casein gene were identified. In this population the frequencies of A, B, C, and E alleles were as 0.391, 0.413, 0.087, and 0.109 respectively. We suggest that the frequency of κ-casein gene B allele should be increased in Iranian Holsteins because it is an essential factor in marker-assisted selection for milk traits.

Klossiella muris is ordinarily nonpathogenic، although in heavy infections the kidneys may have minute grayish necrotic foci over their entire surface and the epithelium of the infected kidney tubules may be destroyed. For histopathological diagnosis of Klossiella muris infection، kidneys of 24 mice were studied that Klossiella in various stages of development were observed in the renal tubules of 4 (16. 66%). The cytoplasm of infected tubular epithelial cell was markedly distended and the nucleus was displaced to one side of the cell. In some instances، however، tubular epithelium was not discernible and the parasite seemed to lie in a cystic space. Small focal infiltrations of lymphocytes، plasma cells in the interstitium of the cortex and renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis were seen in association with the parasite in some sections. The parasite was identified as Klossiella muris based on host species، affected organ and morphological appearance. Due to the presence of Klossiella muris and its potential ability in creating histopathological lesions and reducing immune responses against different antigens، to prevent adverse effects and obtaining false results in different studies، sanitation during mice breeding is recommended and emphasized.

Infertility due to heat stress is one of the great economic problems in dairy industry. Heat stress at the earliest stages of follicular growth can affect the oocyte quality and developmental competence. The objective of this study was to determine factors which may have role to reduce of polyspermy in heat stress condition. For this propose, some changes in sperm concentration, maturation medium, and fertilization medium were done. In first step, three concentrations of sperm (0.5×106, 0.75×106 and 1×106) were selected. Results showed that with decrease in sperm concentration, polysermic rate did not significantly changed (p>0.05). But in 0.5×106 sperm concentration, fertilization rate significantly decreased (p<0.001). So, for next steps 0.75×106 sperm was used. In second experiment, fetal bovine serum in two concentrations (10 or 20%) was added to maturation medium. Result did not show any difference between these two groups in polyspermic rate, normal fertilization, and total zygote (p>0.05). In the next step, adding two different levels of heparin (1 or 10 μg/ml) in fertilization medium was evaluated. The fertilization parameters did not affected by both concentrations of heparin (p>0.05). In last experiment, non-essential amino acid was removed from fertilization medium. Polyspermic rate was reduced to less than 15% in non-amino acid group. The cleavage, blastocyst, hatched blastocyst rates significantly promote in group without amino acid (p<0.05).

The poultry Industry has been outbreak with an intricate problem called coccidiosis from the beginning and undoubted coccidiosis is one of the most widespread poultry diseases especially among breeder herds and ancestor. So the interest in alternative methods for the control of coccidiosis has been dramatically increased in recent years، and it is necessary to look for methods which are adaptable، safer and cheaper than chemicals. In this study for the first time in Iran effect of anticoccidial effects of powder of Echinacea on experimental coccidiosis caused by E. tenella was carried out. In this study، to evaluate the effects of Echinacea’s powder on fecal oocyst shedding and body weight gain of coccidi-infected broiler chickens، 120 one day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six treatments. Each treatment contained 20 chickens. Treatments 1 and 3 were fed diets supplemented with 0. 1% of Echinacea and Treatments 2 and 4 were fed diets supplemented with 0. 5%. Groups 1، 2 three weeks and 3، 4 six weeks were feed with diet supplemented with Echinacea and treatments 5 and 6 were designated as positive and negative control، received no Echinacea. Chickens in treatment 1، 2 and 3، 4 were inoculated with a suspension containing 200 micro liter of Eimeria tenella orally. Frequency of excreted oocyst obtained from feces samples during 7-13 days post -challenged was carried out. Body weight، body weight gain، feed conversion ratio were evaluated on days 7، 14، 21 and 42. The results revealed that Echinacea decreased oocyst per gram of feces significantly in 7-13 days post inoculation and improved production performance in coccidian infected broiler chicks.

Many different chemicals are used to prevent inflammation، including glucocorticosteroides، NSAIDs، leukotriens antagonists، etc. However، these drugs have a large number of side effects such as gastric ulcers، significant changes in blood profiles and kidney disorders. So attempts to find new drugs with minimum side effects continue. Clove oil is currently used as an anaesthetic in fish industry and as a local antigermal agent by dentists. In the present study، the use of clove oil as an anti inflammatory agent has been investigated. For this purpose، 10 male dogs with weight between 20-25 kg and age between 9-15 months were divided into two groups، randomly. Xylazine and ketamine were used as anesthetics. After induction of anesthesia a 5 cm incision was made in the abdominal wall، muscle and peritoneum. Then peritoneum، muscle and skin were sutured. The first group received 25 mg/kg IV clove oil for 5 days، while the second group received the same volume of normal saline. The results showed that clove oil reduced inflammatory factors after surgery. This agent can also prevent the changes of blood profile. Histopathological studies showed that in treatment group there are less inflammatory cells in the site of surgery compared to control group. The results from present study suggest that clove oil can be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent in dog.

Since fever is a harmful reaction and should be controlled, use of antipyretic drugs in order to inhibit this reaction seems necessary. As chemical drugs have a lot of side effects, today attempt to apply herbal drugs which have lesser side effects is increased. Clove oil is currently used as a sedative and an anesthetic in aquaculture and an antigermal agent by dentists. The present study was carried out to investigate the suitability of this agent to use as an antipyretic drug in dog. For this purpose, 15 healthy adult male dogs were used, the animal body weight ranged from 20-25 kg and their ages were between 9-15 months old. Before the experiment, heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded. Then, dogs were anesthetized with a combination of xylazine and ketamine. After induction of anesthesia a 2 cm incision was made in the jejunum, then the jejunum, peritoneum, the muscles and the skin were sutured. No antibiotic was used after surgery. Twenty four hours later, dogs were divided into 3 groups, randomly. Group one received 20 mg/kg clove oil, intravenously. 20 mg/kg phenylbutazone were injected IV into the dogs in group two Dogs in group three received 3 ml of normal saline. Using a digital thermometer, the body temperature was measured and recorded every 5 minutes for 45 minutes. The results were assessed statistically using one way analysis of variances (ANOVA). The results of the present study showed that both agents reduced body temperature. These results, suggests that clove oil can be used as an antipyretic agent in dog and its effect is comparable with phenylbutazone.

Theranekron is an alcoholic extract of the venom of Tarantula cubensis، which effects on demarcation and epithelialization of inflammatory tissue. Although، there are a few reports about the effects of theranekron on the inflammation process، it can be used in cow، horse، sheep، goat، pig and dog. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of theranekron following subcutaneous administration. For this purpose، thirty rats (weight 250 ± 30 gr) were chosen and divided randomly into two groups. Under sterile condition، a circular incision of 1. 5 centimeters of diameter was created in each rat on back. Rats in group one received 1μg/kg theranekron after surgery and at day 4 after surgery، subcutaneously. Rats in group two received the same volume of normal saline at similar times، subcutaneously. On the day seven after surgery، rats were anaesthetized and from the site of wounds specimens were taken. The same time from the heart of each rat 2 ml blood was collected. The results of the present study showed that theranekron can prevent the blood picture changes. In addition، histopathological studies showed that at the site of surgery، there are less inflammatory cells in the rats of group one compared to group two. From the results of the present study، it can be concluded that theranekron can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Garlic has been used for centuries as a herbal medicine in treating different diseases. Furthermore in the past two decades human, animal and in vitro studies have confirmed the ability of garlic to reduce plasma lipids in different species when they received a diet rich in lipid. As garlic is usually used in broilers diet and the diet is balanced in its lipid content, so the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of garlic on total serum cholesterol, total serum triglyceride and adipose tissues in chicken. For this purpose 100 male Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into two groups. Chickens in group1, received 20 kg/ton dried, powdered fresh garlic from second day of their life. In group 2, garlic has been replaced with 20 kg/ton brane. In day 50 chickens were weighted out. Then chickens were sacrificed. Carcasses and adipose tissues were weighted out individually. During slaughtering blood samples were taken out and serum total cholesterol and total triglyceride were measured using routine laboratory methods. All samples were analysed and the results were assessed statistically using t. test. The results showed no significant changes in chickens weight and chickens carcasses weight, however significant decrease in total cholesterol, total triglyceride and adipose tissues, in group 1 compared with group 2 was observed (P<0.001). The results of present study suggest that fresh garlic is able to reduce total cholesterol, total triglyceride and adipose tissues in chickens.