سعید فیروزی

A two-year field experiment was conducted in flooded rice fields of Islamic Azad University, Astara Branch in 2018-2019. Experiments in the form of randomized complete blocks in two places (in saline and normal soils) and experimental treatments including inoculation with plant growth-promoting microorganisms at five levels (Pseudomonas putida; Pseudomonas fluorescent; Arbuscular mycorrhiza; P. putida + P. fluorescent + mycorrhiza; as well as a non-inoculation treatment as a control). The results of the combined analysis showed that the effect of microorganisms and soil salinity on sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations of roots, stems, young and old leaves, and yield and yield components were significant. Soil salinity increased Na+ concentrations in roots, stems, young and old leaves, while microorganisms significantly decreased Na+ concentrations in all organs except roots and increased K+ concentrations in them, especially in young leaves. Also, microorganisms increased rice grain yield in normal soil by 34% -25% in the first year and 67% -21% in the second year and in saline soil by 45% -22% in the first year and 67% -45% in the second year compared to the treatment. Witnesses increased. Among microorganisms, except P. putida, other microorganisms showed significant superiority over control in most of the measured traits. In general, P. fluorescens + AM fungi + P.putida inoculation is recommended for rice cultivation in saline soils of northern Iran.

Amir al-Mo'menin Imam Ali (AS) as a powerful commander and leader, had a special style of influencing the fighting forces and other audiences such as the people, relatives and enemies, which arose from the revelation and is taken from the biography of the Holy Prophet of Islam, Mohammad Mustafa (AS). The purpose of this article is to enumerate the principles governing the style of leadership, management and military command of Imam Ali (as). In terms of purpose, the research is a combination of methods, applied-developmental, survey (descriptive) and data foundation theorizing strategy. In terms of method, it is qualitative. The information required in this research has been collected by the library method using fishing tools, scientific and specialized books, scientific and research articles. By extracting 1046 themes from the entire research source, finally, his leadership style, which shows how each commander interacts with the four target groups, as well as the beliefs and personal characteristics of a commander, has been formulated. Finally, it should be noted that the style of command and management of Imam Ali (AS) is a set of appropriate behaviors that are applied according to the situation and in accordance with the requirements of the time and according to the understanding of subordinate forces that may be the style of command and leadership in Somewhere it is completely authoritarian and in another place it is participatory and in one place it is justification and in another place it is command, and in another place it is compassionate and in another place it is gentlemanly.

In the view of most analysts, many of the events in the region are to control Iran as much as possible and in some cases to occupy Iran so that the Zionist regime can slowly do its plans and progress in the occupied Palestine. In some cases, with the help of reactionary countries in the region, to measure the combat capability of Iranian forces to fight against American forces. The tactics used by the Mongols and ISIS, enabled them to achieve most of their goals at the time and in their target area. The purpose of this study is to examine the style of warfare and battle of the Mongols and who or what government has influenced them the most and has used their style the most. In this research, a descriptive method has been used. The information required in this research has been collected by library method and by taking notes from scientific and specialized books, scientific and research articles. The results of the research show that in order to comparatively study the fighting style of these two groups and not to miss a tactic, we have to examine the tactics of this group and the Mongol rule in three stages before the operation, during the operation and after the operation.

The aim of the present study was to diagnose the pathology of teaching methods in specialized courses in Imam Hossein (AS) University of Officers and Guards Training, with a case study of Resalat Cultural and Educational Faculty in the dimensions of knowledge (cognitive), motivational (emotional) and skill (psycho-motor) along with providing appropriate solutions. The statistical population of this research is the whole of students of one of the discontinuous undergraduate courses in Resalat Faculty who have been conducting their course from 1396 to 1398. The research method in this research is applied-developmental and survey (descriptive). To achieve the objectives of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire on the pathology of teaching methods was used, the validity of which was confirmed by 20 professors of Imam Hussein (AS) Military University and its reliability was given to 75 students of this university in a preliminary study. in total, 63 of these questionnaires were returned and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be 0.951. Descriptive-inferential statistics were also used to analyze the data. Findings of the study indicated that there are 19 factors as effective factors on the pathology of teaching methods of specialized courses that were significantly related to the components of the research.

The military tradition of the Holy Prophet (may God bless him and his household and give them peace) in the wars was such that in order to spread Islam and invite to this religion, first he preached Islam and guided and then sent ambassadors to all parts of the world. The purpose of this study is to show the importance of the principle of surprise inspired by the measures of the Holy Prophet (may God bless him and his household and give them peace) in the wars of early Islam and finally concludes whether it is possible to use this principle to stand against enemy with a stronger state now and achieve the given goals? This research has been prepared by descriptive-analytical method and with reference to library sources and authoritative articles; And seeks to examine the importance of the principle of surprise in the wars of the Prophet (may God bless him and his household and give them peace).
The results of this research indicate that if we can fully surround the enemy's military doctrine in today's situation, which is an unequal battle, we can easily guess his movements on the battlefield and with unequal battle methods and the attack on the general strategy of the enemy took him by surprise.

Equipping and renovation of paddy field projects are known as an important infrastructure provisions in the development of mechanization of rice cultivation. In this regard, a survey study was conducted to evaluate the impact of equipping and renovation projects of paddy fields on the development of mechanization of rice cultivation in Amlash County, Guilan Province. Accordingly, using the Bartlett minimum sample size table, the sample sizes for two groups of farmers employed in traditional and equipped paddy fields were determined to be as 105 and 160, respectively. The research samples were selected using multi-stage stratified sampling method. The research data were gathered using a self-structured questionnaire as the data collection tool. Results showed that the degree of mechanization of rice transplanting and harvesting operations in equipped paddy fields were higher than those of traditional paddy fields, in all three groups of small (

The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of olive fruit production under different orchard size and upon organic and common agro-systems through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in northern Iran. The data were collected using a self-made questionnaire and face-to-face interview with 305 olive growers in the study region. Six environmental impact categories (IC) including depletion of fossil fuels, global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, depletion of phosphate and potash resources have been investigated. One tone of olive fruit was set as the functional unit (FU). Results showed that the large olive orchards (≥5ha) had the highest negative environmental impacts in all studied IC. Overall, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, and depletion of phosphate resources have been identified as the most important environmental challenges of olive fruit production with final indices of 1.58, 2.68, and 3.12, respectively. The results also revealed that the organic olive orchards are more environmental efficient than those of conventional orchards. Substituting a certain portion of chemical fertilizers used in the large olive orchards with the biological alternatives such as farmyard manure has been suggested to provide the nutritional requirements of olive trees. A regional strategy should be also planned to move to an appropriate integrated farming system to cut down the environmental hazards of olive fruit production in large orchards in the studied region.

A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, to determine the effect of seed inoculation with plant growth-promotingrhizobacteria on rice grain yield and yield components under different nitrogen (N) rates. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block with factorial arrangement and three replicates. Factors included seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria [control (un-inoculated), seed inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum, seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum, and seed inoculation with a combination of A. lipoferumand A. chroococcum] and N rates (100%, 75%, and 50% of recommended nitrogen rates, i.e. 100, 75 and 50 kg N ha-1, respectively). Results showed that the highest grain yield (7875 kg ha-1) was recorded for plants inoculated with a combination of A. lipoferumand A. chroococcum, while the lowest one was recorded for un-inoculated control plants. Moreover, rice grain yield, panicle number per m2, grain number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight increased by 9%, 9%, 18%, and 6%, respectively, as N fertilizer rate increased from 50 to 100 kg ha-1. The highest grain yield (7875 kg ha-1) was obtained when N was applied at the rate of 75 kg ha-1to seeds inoculated with a combination of A. lipoferumand A. chroococcum.

Iran is the world's largest pistachio producer and exporter. Hence, the sustainability of the production of this strategic product is of particular importance. The high cost of pistachio harvesting has reduced the income of pistachio growers and created a serious challenge to the motivation of producing the pistachios. So, in this research, the contributing factors of mechanical harvesting of pistachio nuts in Kerman Province as the pole of pistachio production in Iran were studied. For this purpose, the Delphi method was used in three stages. Accordingly, 25 experts of pistachio cultivation experts and big growers of Rafsanjan and Kerman cities were considered as the research panel of the study. The final results of the research showed that the factors "Improving water use efficiency by supporting the implementation of new methods for irrigation of pistachio trees" and "allocating suitable credits for the pistachio nuts harvesting" with 96.00% and 95.00% agreements of the research panel’s members were the first and second stimulants for the development of pistachio harvesting in Kerman Province. Also, the factors of "implementation of pattern projects for mechanized pistachio harvesting", and "Providing incentive policies for the development of mechanical harvesting among the pistachio growers" with 91.00% of the agreement, jointly ranked as the second priorities. Investigating the barriers to the mechanical harvesting of pistachio also showed that the factors of the "smallness of most pistachio gardens" and "not being single-base or single-nesting of pistachio trees in the region" with the 97.00% and 94.00% agreements got the first and second ranks, respectively. Therefore, special financial supports for implementation of efficient irrigation systems, modification and renovation of old gardens, and the establishments of pattern projects for mechanized pistachio harvesting are inevitable. Also, consolidation of small pistachio gardens in the form of agricultural cooperatives in order to increase the group's financial strength as a backbone for the modifying the old gardens and the provision of pistachio harvesting equipments are indispensable

A three-phase Delphi study was conducted to identify factors affecting efficiency of tea factories in Gilan Province of, Iran. In this context, 20 experts from the Iranian Tea Organization (ITO) and agricultural offices of Roudsar, Amlash, Langaroud, Lahijan, and Siahkal of Gilan Province were selected as the members of the research panel. According to the consensus of Gilan’s tea processing experts provision of suitable tea leaves, benefitting from skilled tea and acquisition of well-established and organized factorywill result in 97.17%, 92.44% and 90.37% efficacy in management of tea processing factories respectively.. Further paying attention to cultural practices, particularly pruning and providing adequate fertilization as well as implementation of mechanized irrigation should be regarded and practiced by tea growers as well as Iranian Tea Organization (ITO). Moreover, training and educating the tea processors in tea factories through conduction of educational courses by using experienced educators as well as coordination of supply of tea leaves by producers according to the processing capacity of factories in each region are considered as important factors and are recommended.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for assessing the environmental impacts associated with a product, process or activity, by identifying, quantifying and evaluating the resources consumed and all emissions and wastes released into the environment. This study examined the environmental impacts for tea production under Guilan climatic conditions by using LCA methodology. For this purpose, a functional unit equal to one ton tea leaf was assumed based on ISO 14040 methods. In the first step, all emissions and the consumption of resources connected to the different processes were listed in a life cycle inventory and related to a functional unit. Then, a life cycle impact assessment was done, in which the inventory data were aggregated into indicators for environmental effects, which included global warming, acidification, eutrophication for terrestrial ecosystems, land use, depletion of fossil sources, depletion of phosphate sources and depletion of potassium sources. Finally, the values were normalized and weighted and indicator values for these impact categories were calculated 0.05, 0.32, 0.56, 0.04, 2.31, 0.42 and 0.08. The highest potential for environmental impact of tea production was calculated for depletion of fossil resources category. Environmental index (Ecox) and resource depletion index were recorded as 0.97 and 2.62, respectively. It seems that management systems based on low input system including organic fertilizers, crop rotation and minimum tillage could be regarded as alternative management strategies to reduce problematic environmental impacts of tea production system.

Olive is one of the most valuable worldwide trees that produces useful products having high nutritional values. It is widely grown in many parts of world. The cost of olives hand picking is estimated to be about two-thirds of the total gross return of olive production. Therefore, various types of olive harvesting machineries were developed in the world.
Guilan Province of Iran is one of the leading regions for olives production in Iran. At the present time, almost all olives produced in Guilan province of Iran are manually harvested. Review of the reports showed that no research was performed to study the factors affecting the development of mechanized olive picking in Guilan Province, Iran. Due to the complexity of using the olive harvest machineries, identifying the factors affecting of their application is essential. Therefore, a Delphi study were conducted to identify and analysis the drivers and barriers for mechanized olive harvest in Guilan province, Iran.
This research was conducted using the Delphi technique in Guilan Province, Northern Iran. Delphi technique is a structured process to gather and classify the knowledge of a group of experts. Through consultation with professors and researchers in related institutions, 22 experts from the subsidiary offices of agricultural organization of Guilan Province were selected for the study. In the first round of the study, the participants were asked to answer to two open questions about the driving factors and barriers of mechanical olive harvest in Guilan Province. Nineteen items were found as driving factors and seventeen as barriers for developing the mechanical olive harvesting in Guilan Province. In the second phase of the study, the respondents were asked to answer to the all items written in the form of a five-level Likert scale, and finally, experts of panel were asked to answer to the top 10 items of driving factors and barriers in percent form. The results were analyzed using SPSS computer software and arranged in various tables.
Based on the findings of last phase of the Delphi study, ‘modification of olive groves and applying the technical fundamentals to the orchards’, agreed upon by 98.15% of the participants, was identified as the first driving priority to mechanize the olive harvest in Guilan Province. In this regard, pruning olive trees is the first modification practice which should be applied to the old olive groves of the region. Olive cultivar is the other parameter affecting on the performance of olive harvest machinery. Therefore, this parameter also must be considered in construction of new groves or renovate the old olive gardens.
‘Special support for related researches to construct and optimize the olive harvesting machinery’ was also as the second driving factor to develop mechanized olive harvesting in Guilan Province. In this regard, design and fabricate the new machinery based on the local conditions is a matter of great importance.
The findings of last phase of the Delphi study also indicated that ‘the slope of most olive growing plots’, agreed upon by 95.62% of the respondents was identified as the first barrier for mechanical olive harvesting in Guilan Province. Thus, research on all the technical aspects of hand-held harvesting machines, including hand-held shakers should take priority.
Lack or shortcoming of planning for the development of the olive harvest mechanization was also as the second barrier to develop mechanized olive harvesting in Guilan Province. Therefore, codifying a regional macro-plan to develop mechanized olive harvesting in Guilan Province must be considered among the important programs of Guilan’s Agricultural Organization, Iran.
The results of this study showed that many factors affect the mechanical harvesting of olives in Guilan province which modification of olive groves, special support for related researches to construct and optimize the olive harvesting machinery are among the most important driving factors. Therefore, to develop the mechanical olive harvester, developing the applied strategies to support the olive growers, modification of foreign machinery, and design and fabricate of new olives harvest machinery are essential in Guilan province, Iran.

In recent years, a major contribution of the nitrogen needed for agricultural production was supplied from urea chemical fertilizer in Iran; this issue would lead to the serious environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of the use of this important agricultural input through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology during 2007-2012. LCA in four sections including "the goal and scope definition”, “inventory analysis (inputs and outputs of the system)”, “impact assessment, and interpretation of the impacts were calculated. Investigation was performed on three impact categories such as global warming, acidification and eutrophication for terrestrial ecosystems. The obtained data analysis showed that approximately of 1.5%, 8.6% and 42.8% of the environmental consequences of impact categories including global warming, acidification and eutrophication for terrestrial ecosystems in Iran were related to the this input consumption, respectively. The amounts of weighted indices during the period for these impact categories were calculated 1160785, 11330566 and 25384073, respectively. Urea fertilizer consumption had the highest environmental hazards in terms of eutrophication for terrestrial ecosystems impact category. Therefore, management of the urea fertilizer consumption to minimize its environmental impacts and its replacement by non-chemical nitrogen resources is vital in agriculture sector of Iran.

The hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is one of the most cultivated and consumed nuts in the world, not only as a fruit but also as a main constituent into a wide range of manufactured food products. Iran after Turkey, Italy, USA, Azerbaijan, Georgia and China, is the world's seventh largest producer of hazelnuts. Guilan province is the largest producer of hazelnuts in Iran. More than 90 percent of hazelnut of this province, after removing the initial green shell is sold at low prices. Therefore, design and optimization of harvesting machines and processing equipment to produce this product is important. Thus, the aim of this research was to study the physical, mechanical and nutritional properties of three common hazelnut cultivars in Guilan province of Iran.
In this study, two common local cultivars of hazelnut in north of Iran (Gerd and Badami), and an improved variety namely Keshavarzi were considered for all experiments. Experimental samples were supplied from Eshkevarat region as the major hazelnut producing part of Guilan province. All physical, mechanical and nutritional properties of both the hazelnut and kernel samples were measured and computed at moisture content of 2.3–3.3% dry basis.
Nutritional properties including crude protein, oil, crude fiber, ash, dry matter, carbohydrate and some minerals, i.e. N, P, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn contents of hazelnuts, were measured based on the standard methods. All nutritional and mineral data were analyzed through a completely randomized design with three replications.
Physical properties including dimensional properties, bulk and true densities, porosity, natural angle of repose, terminal velocity, and coefficient of friction on plywood structural surface and galvanized iron sheet were measured based on the standard procedures. All physical data were analyzed through a completely randomized design with five replications.
Mechanical properties including rupture force, deformation and energy absorbed at rupture point along with the hardness of nuts were determined by applying force to three major perpendicular axes of all nut samples. The energy absorbed for rupture nuts was determined by measuring the area beneath the strain-stress curves and hardness of nuts was computed as the ratio of rupture force to the corresponding value of deformation at rupture instant. All mechanical data were analyzed through a completely randomized design with five replications.
According to the variance analyses, there were significant differences between the hazelnut cultivars in terms of crude protein and fiber, ash and carbohydrate contents (p There were significant differences between a large number of physical and mechanical properties of three common hazelnut varieties in Guilan province, Iran. The differences among the engineering characteristics should be used in design and optimizing of hazelnut machineries and processing equipment.
The results showed that the improved hazelnut cultivar of Keshavazi had no considerable superiority to landraces cultivars of Gerd and Badami in terms of nutritional and mineral contents. Therefore, it is essential that along with the physical superiority of alternative hazelnut cultivars, their nutritional and mineral advantages be considered by the agricultural experts in Guilan province, Iran.

A Delphi study was conducted in three phases to identify the driving and inhibiting factors of the development of mechanized cultivation of rice in Guilan province. After consultation with professors and researchers in related institutions, 30 experts from the agricultural organization of Guilan province and its subsidiary offices as well as faculty members of agricultural research centers of Guilan province were identified and selected for the study. Results showed that “The development of infrastructures such as increasing the number of transplanting banks” with the acquisition of 97.5% of the final agreement of mechanization experts and “Improve the machinery’s after-sales services, especially for imported machines and equipments with 95.8% of experts agreement were the most driving factors for the development of paddy fields mechanization in Guilan province. The Delphi study of inhibiting factors also indicated that “the small and scattered paddy fields” with acquisition of 97.5% of the experts agreement and “Low price of milled rice” with acquisition of 92.5% of experts agreement were the top inhibiting factors of the development of rice mechanized cultivation in Guilan province.

Iran is among the biggest emitters of greenhouse gasses in the world. Agricultural sector has a remarkable role in non-renewable energy consumption and then, the environmental impacts in this country. In this regard, the environmental impacts of watermelon production as the most important melons produced in Guilan province of Iran were investigated through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The primary data were gathered using the questioners and face to face interview with 58 watermelon producers in Kiashahr region of Guilan Province in 2014. The environmental impacts were classified into six impact categories including global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, depletion of fossil resources, depletion of phosphate and potash resources. Results revealed that the terrestrial eutrophication (0.185) followed by depletion of phosphate resources (0.116) had the highest negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, efficient use of chemical fertilizers, specially nitrogen fertilizer and replacing them with a variety of organic fertilizers and using the bio-fertilizers can reduce the negative environmental impacts of watermelon production in terms of terrestrial eutrophication and phosphorus fertilizers groups in Guilan Province, Iran.

Today, investigation on the environmental impacts of different cultural systems and determining the optimum cultivation patterns are the noteworthy topics in agricultural sector. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess and compare the environmental impacts of peanut) Arachis hypogaea L.( and peanut with bean )Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercrop farming systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. Primary data were obtained through interviews with 136 farmers in Kiashahr region of Guilan province, Iran. Global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, land use, depletion of fossil resources, depletion of phosphate and potash resources were seven groups involved in this study. The results showed that the NH3 emission had the greatest impact in terms of the acidification and eutrophication in both peanut cultivation systems. The environmental index (EcoX) values of the peanut sole cropping and intercropping with bean were determined as 0.68 and 0.42, respectively. Resource depletion index (RDI) also were calculated as 3.61 and 2.69, for sole and intercropping systems, respectively. Depletion of fossil fuels and terrestrial eutrophication had the greatest environmental impacts in terms of categories and depletion of resources in both cultivation systems. Overall, the environmental impacts of peanut-bean intercropping were less than the peanut sole cropping system in all seven impact categories.

In this research, field performance of four weeding methods for peanut crop was investigated in Kiashahr located at Guilan province. The weeding methods were included weeding by two types of motorized weeders (power tiller operated cultivator and power tiller operated rotovator at three forward speeds of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 km/h), weeding by hand-driven wheeled cultivator and hand weeding by trench hoe. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for the experiment. Weeding index, crop yield, field capacity, energy consumption and the economical index of benefit-cost ratio were measured and determined. Results showed that the highest weeding efficiencies of 98.61 and 97.37% were obtained in hand weeding for the first and second weeding stages, respectively. In all the mechanical treatments, the weeding efficiency of the second stage was greater than that of the first stage. The highest value of field capacity in the first stage (0.1263 km/h) and second stage (0.1287 ha/h) was recorded for power tiller operated rotovator at travel speed of 2.0 km/h. with amount of field efficiency was achieved in weeding with tiller rotovator at forward speed of 2 km/h (0.1263 and 0.1287 ha/h for first and second stages of weeding operation respectively). Among the methods, the lowest value of energy consumption with the average of 307.8 Mj/ha was registered for hand-driven wheeled cultivator. Results also indicated that power tiller operated rotovator at forward speed of 1.0 km/h had the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.06 compared to other treatments. Thus, weeding by power tiller operated rotovator at forward speed of 1.0 km/h is advisable for peanut cultivation in the region.

Losses in paddy milling are a major concern in Iran. Thus research on the optimization of operating conditions for milling machines is a need. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at rice research institute of Iran in autumn 2007. The effects of two engineering factors of blade type whitener on rice breakage and kernel fissure of Hashemi paddy variety were studied. Three numbers of 22, 24 and 26 for grate magnitudes and three levels of 8, 10 and 12 mm for the distance between blade and hub were considered. Results showed that as the grate magnitudes decreased the percent of rice breakage, at first decreased and then was fixed. Percent of rice breakage decreased with increasing the distance between blade and hub. Maximum fissure in rice kernels was observed at grate No. 22. The effect of grate No. 24 was as the same as No. 26 on rice fissure. Results of statistical analysis of the data indicated that the best treatment for minimum rice breakage and minimum kernel fissure for milling of Hashemi paddy variety by blade type whitener was the combination of distance 12 mm and grate No. 26.