سمیه محمدزاده

 Decreased vision is one of the sensory impairments that causes the sufferer to have difficulty in balancing and performing daily activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sensorimotor exercises on proprioception and balance in orderly women.

The present study is quasi-experimental and 30 women with visual impairment in the age range of 35 to 45 years were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed sensory-motor exercises for 8 weeks and three sessions per week. Before and after the exercises, knee proprioception at 40 to 60 degrees with imaging method and functional balance was measured using the Y test. ANCOVA test was used to analyze the data at the significance level of (P=0.05).

The results showed that after the intervention of sensorimotor exercises, the proprioception of the knee joint at an angle of 40 to 60 degrees and functional balance in the experimental group compared to the control group significantly improved (P=0.0001).

 Strengthening the proprioception through motor-sensory exercises and improving motor-sensory input can increase balance in the elderly. Sensory-motor exercises in the closed motor chain strengthen the deep sensory feedback of the lower limb muscles and thus improve the balance and deep sense of the elderly.

The objective of this study was to examine the challenges of ESP (English for specific purposes) curriculum of educational sciences majors and strategies to improve them. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 16 ESP teachers of educational sciences and 19 postgraduate students of educational sciences majors from four Universities of Iran (Allame Tabatabai University, Shahid Beheshti University, Isfahan University and Shiraz University). The face and content validity of the interview form was confirmed by five ESP and educational sciences specialists. The reliability of the results of interview was obtained using the audit trail. The theoretical infrastructure, data collection process and analysis process was confirmed. The findings showed that the main challenge of the ESP curriculum was related to the lack of the five language skills in objectives, content selection, the strategies of teaching content and assesment of ESP curriculum. The proposed basic strategy of both respondent groups was to emphasize on the realization and strengthening of the five skills in all four elements of the ESP curriculum. It is hoped that the realization of this procedure would enhance the research and the educational capabilities of students and facilitate scientific advancement.

In this paper a mathematical model is developed to investigate the effects of tidal river fluctuations on the groundwater head of confined aquifer. To simulate the interaction between groundwater flow of the confined aquifer near tidal river in unsteady flow, we used separation method. This model is for simulating groundwater level and it requires estimation of hydrogeological parameters of transmissivity and storage coefficient. Two things falling and rising water levels have been studied in this paper. To verify the analytical solution of the model used GMS software Modflow and the results of the survey conducted comparing the effectiveness of analytical and numerical model solved by separation of variables and methods proposed model for the hydraulic confined aquifer and river tidal showed. Compared with an analytical solution based on a sinusoidal assumption and a numerical solution generated by MODFLOW, this solution provided better performance in groundwater-level prediction in a confined aquifer According to the investigation done if the coefficient of transmissibility increases water level rises. Evaluations of analytical solutions show that the effect of changes in levels of transmission capability between 1 and 2 km from the border tidal was remarkable. And with increased transmission capability, head of the underground water level rises also away from the border reduced and it create wave whit lesser amplitude and need more time to create it.

The objective of this study was to examine the current situation of objectives, content, teaching strategies and assessment of the ESP curriculum of education disciplines and its distance to the desired situation.  This descriptive survey was done in Iran and data were collected with a researcher made questionnaire.  The validity of the questionnaire was approved by five English language and education experts.  The statistical population included graduates of four University of Iran.  248 students were selected as a sample through Cohen table.  The data were analyzed through SPSS software using one sample t-test, paired t- test, multivariate F test and Friedman test. The results showed that the current situation of objectives, content, teaching strategies and assessment of education disciplines was not satisfied and there was a significant difference between the current situation and the desired situation of objectives, content, teaching strategies and assessment of the ESP curriculum of education disciplines. At the end, an appropriate strategy was suggested according to the terms of Iran to achieve the desired situation of objectives, content, teaching strategies and assessment of the ESP curriculum.