سمیه مدیری

Advances in science and technology have made it no longer acceptable to have works with a dubious author. Stylometry is a method that uses statistical analysis to determine the author of a literary work. Author attribution methods rely heavily on writing style; assuming that each person has unique style. Author identification is used in areas such as plagiarism, criminology, and unspecified author identification. Due to the fact that many factors are involved in identifying the author of texts, a method with 100% accuracy has not been presented so far, and researchers are still trying to find a way to minimize computational errors. One of the methods that is claimed to have good accuracy is Yule’s theory. In this article, Yule's theory and four other theories have been combined to compare the vocabulary richness of the Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya. Then, Using descriptive-analytical method and explanation of statistical datas, the correctness of the attribution of Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) has been investigated. The results show the high accuracy of the calculations and the independence of the output of the theories to the length of the text. Also, due to the slight difference between the vocabulary richness of the Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, its attribution to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) is confirmed.

The method of assembling words and creating an appropriate sentence plays a major role in better understanding the required content. In recent years, researchers, especially rhetoricians, have been interested in studying the style of texts and analyzing it from different angles. Therefore, they established a branch that studies this matter called ‘stylistics’, which helps to discover the main purpose of writing a specific text. The term ‘stylistics’ appeared for the first time in the nineteenth century, and was widely used in the early twentieth century. ‘Style’ in rhetoric is the method of selecting words and composing them to express meanings with the aim of clarification and influence. Stylistics is a linguistic critical approach based on the study of the literary text (a linguistic study) to extract the most important constituent elements of the literariness of literature. The primary task of stylistics is to examine the type of word choice and to study why one word is preferred over the other, and it is one of the areas of modern linguistics that analyzes literary styles.The present study deals with the comparative stylistics in the Holy Qur’an, and for this reason, surahs Al-Insan and Abas were chosen. The common feature of this comparison is the revelation of verses from God about caring for the needs of others, and the different feature of this comparison is the abundance of giving in surah Al-Insan (verses 5 to 22), and hatred and disgust in surah Abas (verses 1 to 10). Therefore, different methods are used to express the original purpose of the specific verses of the two surahs. The role of the methods in the aesthetics of God's words is studied through the descriptive-analytical approach derived from the statistical method.The research concluded that the most important styles used in the selected verses of the two surahs (Al-Insan and Abas) are: the declarative style, the composing style, the negation style, the adjective composition, the process of linking and repetition, the introduction and delay method, the omission style, counterpoint, and opposition. In both surahs, the declarative style is the most used style. In the declarative style, verbal sentences were used more in relation to nominal sentences, and among its types in terms of tense, the past tense is used the most (56%) in Surah Al-Insan, and the present tense is used the most (64%) in surah Abas.The verbs of command and prohibition were not used in both surahs, and this is consistent with their contents that describe the righteous, the frowning people, and how they work. The frequent use of the past tense in Surah Al-Insan is due to the fact that the content of this surah revolves around the reward, and the definite penalty for the work of the righteous, which there is no doubt about giving it, and in this way, it warns and encourages the audience to do so. The frequent use of the present tense in surah Abas depicts the story in the mind of the audience in a way as if it is happening in the present time, and it can be concluded that if a person is stingy, refuses to give, and doesn’t help the poor and needy, in the present or future time, he will have such a fate, and certainly, it will cause in God's wrath and dissatisfaction. In fact, the story of miserliness and the way a person turns away from the questioner were mentioned in the verses of surah Abas as a model for miserliness and the way they behave, for which we can also find evidence at the present time, and perhaps in the future. In this case, God by using more of the present tenses, warns that their behavior will always lead to this end.Also, the number of styles used in surah Al-Insan (109) is about twice the number of styles used in surah Abas (47). The use of adjective structures of all kinds includes the singular participle, the semi-sentence, and the descriptive sentence. And by presenting what is due to be delayed, the audience's attention is drawn to an important incident, its amazing results, and how they lived in Paradise.

One of the most controversial issues in the present century is the existence of texts attributed to important people, for which there are no documents. Researchers have always tried to study these claims from different angles. The importance of this matter led to the emergence of a trend in linguistics, called "Authorship Attribution" (A.A.). Authorship Attribution is the task of identifying the authors of contested or anonymous texts, and aims to identify the author of unknown texts, based on writing style. There are various theories in this field, but so far, no comprehensive, preventable, and one hundred percent reliable method has been presented. In this research, Yule's theory was combined with four other theories about vocabulary richness, to study the validity of the attribution of the letter 53 of Nahj al-Balaghah to Imam Ali (PUH), through the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The results of the research indicate that in addition to the high accuracy for the calculations, the output of theories does not depend on the length of the text. Moreover, the results indicate that the variable W has the most important role in determining vocabulary richness, and its value for letter 53 is not very different from its value for the other selected letters, so it is proven that the author of letter 53 and the other letters was one person, and as a result, the doubt about Nahj al-Balaghah is false.

In our era, aesthetics is considered a branch of philosophy that studies beauty and art. The beauty of speech is achieved by carefully selecting specific words at times, and by combining different styles at other times. Diverse styles give the text a luster and a unique beauty, distinguishing it from others. Stylistics is one of the latest approaches that seeks to explore aesthetic meanings in the text, focusing on the analysis of literary texts and their styles in order to uncover aesthetic values. The importance of stylistic analysis lies in revealing the aesthetic meanings in the text. This study examines the aesthetic aspects of the rhetorical styles in Sermon 155 of Nahj al-Balagha, where the remarkable creation of the bat is described. The study investigates the artistic and aesthetic aspects of the sermon through the lens of stylistics, aiming to uncover the most significant stylistic devices used and their role in its beauty. This is done through a descriptive-analytical approach and by drawing on statistical analysis. The findings of the research indicate that the most commonly used style in this sermon is the informative style, with the active sentence being the most frequently used (50 times), which enhances the dynamism of the sermon. Furthermore, the process of linking is extensively utilized. The conjunctions "و " (wa) and "ف) " fa) are used in this sermon to connect the different styles present, such as connecting the informative style, linking the subordinate clause to describe Allah further, connecting the introductory clause, and expressing the purpose of the bat carrying its offspring, which contributes to the aesthetic description of the bat.

How words are chosen, as well as how they are put together in sentences, have an important role in conveying the intended meaning to the audience. Studying and analyzing each person's style carefully will help us greatly in understanding the implications of its effects. The style is the way to create the idea, and to highlight it in the appropriate verbal form. Stylistics is the analysis of an expression, a description of its purpose, and its effect. Finch believes that stylistics is one area of modern linguistics that analyzes literary styles. Each choice of language can be considered a stylistic indicator. The main task of stylistics is to examine the type of word choice, and why one option is preferred over the other.There are multiple trends in this field, including: Statistical stylistics, and all studies around it have been conducted on the assumption that finger print is possible. Statistical stylistics is one of the most important recent trends of new rhetoric that studies the characteristics of writing style. Each author creates a style unique to himself through the special placement of words. Statistical methods by converting quantity to quality, lead to scientific judgment on the studied texts. One of the most notable stylistic features is “vocabulary richness” that can be used to analyze literary styles. The basis of vocabulary richness theories is that the fewer words in a text are repeated in relation to another text, the more vocabulary richness it has.The imams are more interested in taking into account the context of the public situation than any other person, and they convey to them the required concepts by choosing the appropriate words. In this research, we shed light on the method of writing, and the choice of words by Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in the letters of Nahj al-Balaghah to obtain the degree of similarity of how it was stated in the letters, as well as how to use the repeated vocabulary appropriately with the situation of the addressee, through the descriptive-analytical, and statistical approach.For this purpose, we chose Johnson's theory and Honore's equation to calculate vocabulary richness. Since one of the conditions for improving the application of vocabulary richness theories is the equality of the number of vocabulary selected texts, as well as their similarity in some areas, we select the messages that have similar topics.The messages of Nahj al-Balagha have been classified into 19 categories according to their different topics:1- historical, political; 2- political; 3- Ethical, economic; 4- Military, political; 5- Ethical, political; 6- political, belief; 7- Military; 8- Military, moral; 9- Ethical; 10- Economic; 11- Ethical, political, historical, doctrinal; 12- Ethical, educational, historical, belief, economic, political, scientific; 13- political, economic; 14- Ethical, political, belief; 15- political, moral, economic; 16- Spiritual, devotional; 17- political, moral, economic, devotional; 18- historical; 19- Political, scientific.In this research, the second category (ie political messages) was selected, which contains 23 messages. We choose five messages from this category as the sample for research. The letter No. 29, 33, 35, 38 and 63 is our statistical community, and by comparing its vocabulary richness, we study the degree of similarity in the writing style of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) on the similar subject.The number of words for the selected samples in this study ranges between 84 and 138, and since one of the conditions for a good comparison is an equal number of vocabulary words for the studied texts, to apply Johnson’s theory we choose the first 80 words for each of the selected letters, and divide each sample into four parts (20 words). Then we draw an independent table for all samples, and cross out each repeated word, according to the frequency criteria. For the R equation, after counting the words used once, as well as the non-recurring words, we calculate the value of the equation for each of the letters selected in this study.One of the most important results that we reached is that the difference of the highest vocabulary richness and the lowest for the selected letters, according to Johnson’s theory, is 11%, and according to Honore’s equation is only 15%, and this is indicative of the similar style of writing political letters from Nahj al-Balaghah. However, the slight difference between the vocabulary richness of the selected samples is related to the influence of the circumstances and reasons for writing each of these letters, for example: the type of the addressee, how he behaves, the need to deal with him, encouragement or incitement to an important matter, and these differences are not to the point of causing great differences in the style of the letters.

Cognitive linguistics is one of the newest categories of linguistics that has established a relationship between language and human thought, and includes various theories including conceptual metaphor, image schemas, etc. The theory of image schemas, developed by Lakoff and Johnson, examines the ways in which meaning and perception are derived from and relevant to our physical experience. The human mind understands the meaning of schemas without the need for complex processing and training. In other words, in an image schema, sensory experiences are mapped to conceptual structures, and they can be used to talk about abstract domains. The present descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the meaning of image schemas of the Holy Qur’an. For this purpose, using Johnson's theory, the image schemas of Surah As-Saffat were extracted and analyzed. The results indicate that the highest frequency is related to the force schema (53%), and the frequency of the transformational schema (24%) and the spatial schema (23%) are almost the same. This is in line with the purpose of this Surah which is informing about the hereafter and giving a warning to the servants of God. Also, in the spatial schema, the preposition "fi", repeated 15 times, and in the transformational schema, the preposition "ila", repeated in nine cases, had the highest frequency. These schemas have been created to help the readers better understand non-empirical concepts, such as heaven, hell, infidelity, faith, reward and punishment, the power and will of God, and so on.

One of the most important ways to understand people's thoughts is to study their written works. Each author draws a method consistent with his or her desired goals in order to affect the minds of readers. The style plays an important role in content transfer and access to the purpose of writing, because the readers’ inclination to read texts depends a lot on the proper structure of sentences. The most important modern trends are Stylistic that has multiple approaches, including Statistical Stylistics, a trend that uses quantity to achieve quality. This research deals with the study of Statistical Stylistics in Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah. Ten prayers based on their words and subjects were selected and then compared their vocabulary richness, according to the two theories propounded by Yule and his colleagues, and Johnson, through descriptive-analytical and statistical approaches. We concluded that the highest vocabulary richness of Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah is for the prayer 19 (Johnson's theory), and prayers 19 and 29 (by theory of Yule et al.), and the lowest is for the prayer 38 (Johnson’s theory), and the prayers 38 and 54 (by theory of Yule et al.). Thus, according to the two theories, the highest vocabulary richness is related to the moral category and the lowest is related to the historical category, but the differences between them was not much, and the reason of this differences have been the impact of social conditions.

Authors usually choose the most appropriate style to influence the reader's mind. Style plays an important role in conveying content because people's desire to read a story depends largely on its writing style. Style is the mirror of the author and therefore, its change indicates the effect of external and internal factors on the style’s owner. Stylistics is the knowledge that describes the  characteristics of a text and then the relation beween these features and the text, and one of its branches is Statistical Stylistics. This approach takes into account the quantity of lexical phenomena in the text and based on the results of this survey, rules. In other words, it uses quantity to achieve quality. This article deals with statistical stylistics in the Nahj al-Balagha's letters. Letters 23, 30 and 73 were selected as samples and their style differences were extracted using two statistical theories, Busemann’s equation and Johnson’s theory, using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The result of applying these two theories to the selected samples is that according to Busemann's equation, style  of the letter30 is more literary than the other two letters, and style of letter 23 and 73 are almost similar. Also, according to Johnson's theory, the vocabulary richness in the letter 73 is more than the other letters, and letters 23 and 30 have approximately the same vocabulary richness. The results indicate the obvious effect of social conditions on how words are chosen by Imam Ali (PUH).

The author's style and how he chooses the words plays the most essential role in the correct transmission of meanings to the readers. Accurate identification and analysis of each person's style will help to understand his/her content. One of the newest branches of rhetoric that deals with this issue is statistical stylistics.
Statistical stylistics uses quantity to achieve quality and with the help of it, we will be able to recognize the characteristics of texts and compare them from different aspects. In this field, there are different theories; Including: Johnson’s theory, Youl’s theory, Busemann’s equation, entropy, NLP, etc. So far, a complete and one hundred percent accurate way to identify an author's style has not been introduced, and all that has been done is an effort to improve the method of identifying and distinguishing authors' style.This research is an attempt to identify Imam Ali’s style, using existing theories, which have not yet become science. In order to achieve this goal, we have used two theories to examine two factors of the theorists' desired factors and achieve more accurate results; So we chose Johnson's theory and Busemann’s equation.One of the conditions for the application of these two theories is the equality of the number of words in the selected texts and also their similarity in some fields (Maslouh, 1993, pp. 89 and 105); Therefore, in this study, from among 19 general categories of letters (Dashti, 2016, p. 357), we selected the "ethical category" and selected three letters 23, 30 and 73, with 84, 88 and 82 words, as samples. Therefore, they do not differ much in terms of subject and  the number of words.

 Literature Review

Statistical stylistics is based on achieving the stylistic features of  a literary work using quantity and numerical values, and to achieve this goal, it counts the lexical elements of the literary work or the length of words and sentences, Or focuses on the relationship between adjectives, nouns, and verbs (Blith, 1989, p. 37). The use of statistical methods in style analysis has proven to be a reliable method (Biber, 1995). In this research, the output of these methods is used as quantity to achieve quality.

  Busemann’s equation

Busemann counts the number of verbs and adjectives and then divides them. The result of this division is used as a criterion for measuring the literary nature of the text; Thus, the higher this ratio in a text, the closer its style to the literary style, and the less, the closer its style to the scientific style (Maslouh, 1992, pp. 73-74). This equation is as follows (the same, p. 77):In this study, we counted the number of verbs and adjectives in each letter and, after calculating the ratio, drew graphs related to it.
  Johnson’s Theory

In Johnson's method, non-repetitive words are called “types” and the total number of words is called “Tokens”. Therefore, the diversity ratio is called “Type Token Ratio” (TTR) (Maslouh, 1993, p. 91). In this study, we selected the first 80 words from each letter as a sample and divided them into 4 groups (20 words). Then for each example, drew a table and removed the repetitive words.After obtaining the output of both theories, we discuss the cause of their differences and the effect of social conditions on this difference.

This research led to the following results:According to Busemann's theory, the highest (VAR) relates to the letter 30 and the lowest to the letter 23; Therefore, the style of  letter 30 is more literary than the other two letters, and the style of letters 23 and 73 is similar, but the style of all three letters is literary.
  According to Johnson's theory, in the letter 23  has used the most repetitive words and in the letter 73 has used the least repetitive words; Therefore, the highest vocabulary richness is related to the letter 73 and the lowest is related to the letter 23.Differences in the type of verbs used in letters indicate the effect of circumstances on how words are chosen. For example when Imam (PUH) intends to change the behavior of the reader, he has used maximum number of verbs, which indicates the overcoming of emotions.  Imam (PUH) is tired of correspondence with Muawiyah in letter 73 and avoids repeated conversations. Therefore, this letter has the highest vocabulary richness, but in letter 23, Imam (PUH) intended to clarify his will for the public, so he used more repetitive words to understand the subject well; Therefore, the vocabulary richness of this letter has decreased. On the other hand, the reader of  letter 30, unlike the letter 23, is a special person; Therefore, its style is more serious and has more vocabulary richness.Since all three letters were written during the caliphate of Imam (PUH), the general conditions for all three letters were the same and slight difference in the results indicates relative stability in the style of letters.

The method of translating texts and maintaining its effectiveness has been one of the main concerns of translators and critics; Because no text can be translated without making changes to it. This becomes even more important in the translation of religious texts, and we see numerous translations of them. Undoubtedly, every translation has positive and negative features, and the quality of the translation depends on the extent to which it has these features. There are several theories in determining the quality level of translated texts, and they have often tried to achieve complete and desirable translations. These efforts lead to progress in translation. In this study, we chose the model of Ms. Carmen Garces, which is designed in four levels: semantic-lexical, morphological syntactical, discursive functional and stylistic-pragmatic, because of its applicability to literary texts, and in a descriptive-analytical and statistically method, we compared Dashti and Shahidi translations of the wisdoms of the Nahj al-Balagha to determine which translation pays more attention to the target language and has more adequacy and acceptance. The results indicate that Shahidi translation pays more attention to the target language than Dashti translation and has more positive features and less negative features in the first, third and fourth levels, but in the second level, The features of both translations are the same; Thus, Shahidi translation has more adequate and acceptable. In addition, both translations, in the fourth level, need general and fundamental overhaul.

Writing is one of the most important ways of transmitting thoughts to others. Each writer chooses a style that suits with his desired goals, to influence readers 'minds, but it is possible, and perhaps often, despite of the similar purpose of writing, there are differences in the styles used by the authors. The style plays an important role in transmitting the content and achieving the purpose of writing, because the readers’s desire to read the text, depends a lot on the proper structure of the sentences used. Stylistics is one of the most important modern trends and has various subfolders, including: Statistical Stylistics. This trend is takes into account the quantity and number of lexical phenomena in the text and builds its rulings based on the results of this statistics. in other words, it takes advantage of the quantum to obtain the quality. With the help of Statistical Stylistics’s studies, we will able to distinguish between different styles, including: scientific, literary, rhetorical and ..... . This research deals with the study of Statistical Stylistics in the NahjolBalaghe and  the SahifehSajjadieh. We Selected the letter 74 and the prayer 38 as models and compared their style according to Bozeman and Johnson’s theories, during the descriptive-analytical and statistical methods. We concluded, according to Bozeman's theory, that the style of  the SahifehSajjadieh is closer to the literary style, and the style of the NahjolBalagheh, is closer to the scientific style, and according to Johnson's theory, that the Vocabulary Richness of the SahifehSajjadieh  is more than the NahjolBalagheh, but There is not much difference between them, and this difference was Because of the influence of social conditions.