فهرست مطالب سهراب آقازاده

Benefit from the spin off companies as practical strategy for commercialization technologies especially high technologies in recent years, has a special place among experts and policy makers. Based on this goal, this paper examines the concepts and important issues regarding the formation and the development of spin off companies and the factors affecting the process. Studying the theoretical concepts associated with these companies shows the different approaches to the issue. Beside the definitions and the different patterns of commercialization, such as spin off companies, also there is an important issue that is essentially business processes and patterns of new technologies and products have been developed in advanced countries and do not necessarily use them in less developed countries for leading to technology commercialization, because agents and numerous challenges in developing countries on the way to technology commercialization and, in particular the creation of spin off companies, that there is not in developed countries.

The lack of unified laws and regulations regarding intellectual property rights and how to give it to innovations, inventions and patents on living organisms is one of the challenges in developing countries. The aim of the current research is to investigate the challenges in the laws and rights of intellectual property on commercialization of biotechnological products in Iran. We have chosen mix method to conduct this study. In the qualitative part of the research in order to figure out the main challenges in the laws and rights of intellectual property, by using the literature review and interviewing 11 active Expert or not to implement them in the field of commercialization, the main challenges have been presented. In the quantitative part, the questionnaire related to the challenges of the rights of intellectual property have been distributed among 21 researchers in the field of biotechnology who are also familiar with the laws and rights of intellectual property,and by using confirmatory factor analysis, one sample T test and freedman test we studied the challenges and its ranking in the field of biotechnology. The findings show that the main challenges in laws and rights of intellectual property in the field of biotechnology are: the current obstacles in the part of the intellectual property of the projects, Lack of some rules, standards and policies or not to implement them and the high rate of dependency of the companies to the protection of patents.

Despite the great importance of comprehensive evaluation of mobile health services, as a part of ýnovel health services, most researches have only focused on the evaluation of the technical ýaspects and have neglected other aspects of these services. The main objective of this study was ýthe identification and prioritization of the indicators and dimensions of mobile health systems’ ýquality by considering all critical aspects including technical, information, and interactive ýdimensions.
This applied and descriptive study was conducted through survey method. A questionnaire was ýused to collect data the validity of which was confirmed by academic experts. The statistical ýpopulation of the study included experts of health services quality evaluation with emphasis on ýmobile health with more than 3 years of experience in this field. Using judgmental sampling (non-ýprobability purposive sampling), 28 subjects were selected and questionnaires were distributed ýamong them. The content validity of the scale was confirmed by experts and its reliability was ýapproved through calculation of inconsistency rate for all pairwise comparison matrixes (less than ýý0.1). The collected data were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process in Expert Choice ýSoftware.
The interaction quality dimension was the most important among the dimensions of quality ýassessment of mobile health services. In addition, the indicators of privacy, effectiveness, safety, ýreal-time performance, accountability, after-sales service, and patient-centered services were ýrespectively, the most important quality indicators.
It is necessary to study mobile health services in the context of other health services and not just ýsimply as software. The success of a mobile health system is based, first, on the quality of general ýhealth service indicators such as accountability, patient-centered services, and privacy, and then, ýon the quality of software system indicators. Therefore, it is necessary for all stakeholders to be ýinvolved in the process of designing a mobile health service in order to improve the chances of ýsuccess.

One of the main solutions to commercialize intellectual assets of universities and research centers is developing spin off companies. The main objective of this article is identification and prioritization of the challenges which these firms confront with to become successful. To address the objective, we used exploratory mixed method. After investigating the related literature, we made eleven interviews with biotechnology commercialization experts and some key chllanges were extracted by using thematic analysis. In the quantitative section, we prioritized these challenges using confirmatory factor analysis, t and Friedman test. According to the research results, 41 challenges were classified into six dimensions. The most important challenges included a) lack of information and, precise understanding about market and customer needs, b) lack of supportive pricing mechanisms and c) ultural gap between research centers and industrial firms.

Introduction &

Blastocyst implantation outside the uterine cavity is called ectopic pregnancy. Methotrexate administration is an appropriate medical treatment for the ectopic pregnancy. Methotrexate is administered in three protocols: single dose, double dose and multiple dose. The aim of this study was to compare the response to treatment with a single dose and double dose of methotrexate.

This double blind clinical trial study was done on 15-50 years old women with an ectopic pregnancy. Inclusion criteria included women with tubal EP that their adnexal mass was 4cm or less and their β-hCG level was below 15.000. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was treated with a single dose of methotrexate and the second group was treated with a double dose of methotrexate. Β-hCG level at determined intervals, the success rate, duration of treatment and the side effects of methotrexate was recorded and were compared for the two groups.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age, BMI, Parity, history of spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, ovulation induction, IVF, initial complaint, the average gestational age and average diameter of the ectopic mass. But there was a significant difference in the average level of initial β-hCG between the two groups (P=0.005). Finally, it was found that no significant differences existed between the treatment success rates between the two groups (P=0.72). Also, the mean follow up on the successful treatment of the two groups showed no significant difference (P=0.22). Frequencies of adverse events in the successful treatment of the two groups showed no significant difference (abdominal pain P=0.31, gastro-intestinal symptoms P=0.8, oral mucositis P=0.26, hair loss P=0.35, and increases in liver enzymes P=0.23).

In the treatment of ectopic pregnancy, a double dose of methotrexate in patients with higher initial β-hCG had an equal safety and efficacy with that of single-dose methotrexate in patients with lower initial β-hCG. So in patient with higher β-hCG, double dose and in patients with lower β-hCG, single dose is recommended.

Introduction & Placenta previa is one of the main causes of vaginal bleeding at the late phase of pregnancy. Many studies report that Placenta previa causes low weight at the birth (LBW) and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). Therefore، it increases neonatal mortality rate. This study was performed to estimate the relative frequency of placenta previa and its association with LBW and preterm delivery at Rasht al-Zahra hospital during 5 years. This is a descriptive study and was conducted at this hospital by using of patients files of those who had delivery in hospital from 2001-2006. Placenta previa was diagnosed before delivery. The collected data included neonatal weight، maternal age، gestational age، parity، history of previous cesarean and abortion، IUGR and preterm delivery. Of the total 32866 delivery، 79 cases of Placenta previa were observed، of which 29. 1% had LBW. 79. 1% of mothers were between 20 - 34 years old. 45% had parity one، 12. 7% had a previous cesarean and 22. 8% had abortion. The relative frequency of preterm delivery was 40. 5 % and 8. 9% had IUGR. The most frequent case of Placenta previa was found in 30-34 years old group. In this study، the relative frequency of LBW and preterm delivery in placenta previa were more than other studies.

Introduction & Hypertension is dangerous and relatively frequent risk factors in gestational periods. Studies have shown that central lipid precipitation is a cause of hypertension, insulin resistance and increased in plasma lipids. Waist circumference is a way for evaluating of lipid in abdomen and whole body in non-pregnant women and it has a close relationship with Body Mass Index (BMI). The aim of this study is the evaluation of relationship between waist circumference and preeclampsia and its diagnostic value in predicting preeclampsia. This was a cohort and prospective study on 800 pregnant women with singleton fetus and gestational age less than 16 weeks. Waist circumference, blood pressure, maternal age, gestational age on the basis of sonographic result and previous hypertension were recorded in first visit. Then these women were evaluated every three month for hypertension, until their delivery. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive and deductive tests. 25 cases (2.7%) of pregnancy related hypertension were recorded. There was no significant relationship between waist circumference and gestational age in 6-16 weeks of pregnancy, but there was a meaningful relationship between BMI and waist circumference at the time of admission. BMI and waist circumference were cleary higher in women with pregnancy related hypertension. Our study shows that waist circumference can be used as a facility means of predicting the risk of preeclampsia and pregnancy related hypertension. Informing women to decrease their weight before pregnancy has special importance.