سودا فلاح جوکندان

The discharge of pharmaceutical effluent containing antibiotics into water resources is a great of concern associated with environmental pollution. In addition, conventional treatment systems are not capable of eliminating these antibiotics which commonly used in dealing with treatment of humans. Furthermore, over-consuming of antibiotics over the past few decades has forced researchers to find new techniques in order to deal with this environmental issues of great concern. In the present work, TiO2 was employed as a catalyst in the non-homogenous catalytic ozonation process for removal of Ceftazide antibiotics from synthetic sewage.

This fundamental-practical study was conducted in a pilot scale. The magnetic TiO2 nano-sized particles were synthesized through a sol-gel method. The properties of magnetized titanium dioxide nanoparticles as catalyst were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDX. The effects of variables: pH, catalyst dose, reaction time, pollutant concentration on the performance of catalytic process were investigated. The residual concentration of Ceftazide was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

The findings of present study indicated that the high removal efficiency of Ceftazide occurs in alkaline conditions and a direct relation was observed between removal efficiency and pH. The catalyst dose of 2 g/l was determined as optimum dosage and the Ceftazide removal efficiency was improved by decreasing the initial concentration as time proceeded. The results showed that the removal of Ceftazide by this catalytic process are fitted with the first-order model.

The results show that the catalytic ozonation process with magnetized titanium dioxide nanoparticles has high efficiency for removal of Ceftazide from aqueous media. The catalytic ozonation process can be considered as an effective way to remove Ceftazide antibiotics from aqueous environment.

Catechol is one of the most common compounds in the industrial wastewater including oil and petrochemical, pesticides industries. The drainage of these industries leads to aquatic organisms poisoning and adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of catechol toxicity changes before and after the catalytic ozonation process by Daphnia Magna bioassay. This study is an applied research in which the toxicity of catechol and its products from degradation was evaluated by bioassay method during the Catalytic ozonation process. First stock solution was prepared at concentration of 250 mg/l followed by preparation of 10 samples that each contained 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of volume of primary solution. Initial samples were prepared from reactor effluent in the same volume. Based on the standard method, 10 Daphnia infants were added to prepared samples. Samples were evaluated after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Finally, lethal concentration (LC50) and toxic units (TU) were calculated using probit analysis. According to the results, LC50 (24 hours) of raw effluent with an initial concentration of 250 mg / L of catechol increased from 13.30 ml/100 ml to 33.9 ml/100 ml after 60 minutes treatment. Consequently, the toxicity unit decreased from 7.51 TU to 0.9 TU which means that the toxicity dropped by 88%. Finally, the toxicity of treated effluent decreased during catalytic ozonation process to degradation of catechol. Bioassay is a simple and effective way to evaluate the toxicity potential of Catechol to discharge it to surface water. Based on the bioassay by Daphnia Magna, Catalytic ozonation process is able to reduce the toxicity of catechol by degradation this compound and breaking into other products.

Phthalic acid has high toxicity and low degradability which has put treatment of wastewater containing this compound prior to prevent its health and environmental hazards. Present study was conducted to Optimization of (UV/Na2S2O8/Fe2) process for phthalic acid removal from aqueous solutions with response surface methodology.
This is an experimental study which was conducted at laboratory scale and synthetically in the cylindrical reactor containing UV-C lamp with 16 Watt power. Effects of variables including pH of solution (3-11), reaction time (0-60 min), concentration of persulfate (0.1-0.5 mmol/L), concentration of Fe2 (0.1-0.2 mmol/L) and initial phthalaic acid (5-50 mg/L) on efficacy of process were investigated by response surface method (box Behnken method). The residual concentration of phthalic acid was measured by HPLC at a wavelength of 254 nm
FINDINGS: The removal efficiency of phthalic acid increased by increasing pH level and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiency of phthalic acid attained as 98 percent at pH of 11, reaction time of 60 min, 0.15 mmol/L of Fe2 concentration, persulfate concentration of 0.3 mmol/L and 5 mg of phthalic acid. The process of removing phthalic acid followed from first-order kinetic (R2=0.9766). The effects of all studied independent variables with p Obtained results indicated that the UV/Na2S2O8/Fe2 process for removing phthalic acid from the aquatic environments has high efficiency. This issue confirms the acceptable efficiency of mentioned method for the removal of phthalic acid.

One of the most important environmental pollutants is color Compounds that are generally used in the textile, paper, cosmetics, food and leather industries, and their discharge into wastewater has harmful effects on the environment. The aim of this study is determination of efficiency of ash and powder Rosa Damascena Wastes in removal of Reactive Blue from aqueous solutions.
In this experimental study, after the preparing of powder and ash Rosa Damascena Wastes absorbent, the effect of various parameters of operation such as pH (3-10), the initial concentration of dye (25, 50, 100 and 300 mg/L), contact time (5-180 minutes) and absorbent dose (0.5- 6 g/L) were studied. Finally the results were analyzed by kinetics and isotherm modeling.
In this study, equilibrium time of powder and ash Rosa Damascena Wastes Obtained 60 and 45 minutes respectively. The Maximum efficiency of absorbent powder and ash was obtained 74 and 91 percent, respectively, at pH 3, contact time of equilibrium and absorbent dosage 4 g/L. isotherm studies matched with Freundlich isotherm models for both absorbents. Kinetic equations followed the pseudo-second of the model better.
The results showed that Powder and ash of Rosa Damascena Wastes can be used as an effective, available and affordable absorbent for removal of color pollutants from aqueous solutions.

Discharge of industrial wastewater containing Catechol has adverse effects on human and environmental health. Purpose of this study was to determine the effects of catechol toxicity before and after advanced oxidation process (ozonation process) by bioassay test with Daphnia Magna.
This study is an applied research in which the toxicity of catechol was determined by Daphnia Magna bioassay test during the ozonation process. First, Catechol stock solution was prepared at a concentration of 250 mg/L. Then, 10 samples were prepared that each contained 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of volume of primary solution. Initial samples were prepared from reactor effluent in the same volume as those of the samples. According to standard method, 10 Daphnia infants were added to each sample. The samples were observed after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Finally, lethal concentration (LC50) and toxicity unit (TU) were calculated using Probit analysis.
According to the results, Daphnia magna was affected by the toxicity of catechol. LC50 (24-hour) for raw effluent was increased from 13.30 mL/100 mL to 30.4 mL/100 mL after 60 minutes Treatment. The toxicity unit was decreased from 7.51 TU to 3.29 TU accordingly, showing reduction of 56% in toxicity. The toxicity of the treated effluent decreased during ozonation process of catechol.
Based on the bioassay test, ozonation process was able to reduce the toxicity of catechol. Therefore, this process can be used as an option to treat wastewater that contains catechol.

Poor air quality has a lot of damage on the environment and humans. Awareness of the air quality situation reduces health effects of air pollution. This study was performed with the aim of the comparative investigation of Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) and its application in seven major cities of Iran in 2011.
This study was a descriptive–analytic one. First, the required data of four criteria pollutants were taken from Department of Environment in seven major cities of Iran. The data were validated by the World Health Organization criteria. The air quality health index was measured based on the instructions and classified into low, medium, high and very high degrees according to the air quality standard tables.
The results demonstrate that according to air quality health index, the level of air pollution in seven major cities of Iran has been undesirable and air quality has exceeded the standard level in Ahvaz 85%, Arak73%, Tehran70%, Esfahan60%, Shiraz 47%, Tabriz 43% and, Mashhad 29% of days.
Due to poor air quality and health consequences resulting from it, importance of Air Quality Health Index is explored in planning to control and reduce air pollution and awareness of peoples from daily status of air quality and its health effects.

Background and Catechol is a ring form organic compound with high toxicity that is used in petrochemical, pharmaceutical and manufacturing of pesticide. It has adverse effects on human and environmental health if discharged into the environment. The purpose of this study was removal of catechol using catalytic ozonation using core-shell magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide doped with silica and titanium dioxide from aqueous solution.
We conducted a basic-applied study in which magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 was synthesized using sol-gel method. To determine the characteristics of nanoparticle, XRD, SEM and EDX tests were used. Then effect of different parameters on removal efficiency were investigated. These included solution pH (2-10), reaction time (0-60 min), dose of catalyst (0.2-3 gr/L), initial concentration of catechol (50-1000 mg/L), recycled test (7 times), and determining the mineralization and scavenger effect. The residual concentration of catechol was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography at 275 nm.
The optimal pH for the catalytic ozonation process was 8. The maximum efficiency of the process in optimal conditions (catechol concentration 1000 mg/l, pH=8, catalyst dosage 3 gr/L and dose of ozone 0.38 gr/hr) was 100% after 60 minutes of contact time. Kinetics of degradation of catechol followed first degree model. After reaction time the amount of mineralization was 91.5%. Reusability of catalyst was done 7 times and its efficiency decreased by about 4%. Scavenger (1 gr/l tert-butanol) decreased removal of catechol by 4.16%.
The catalytic ozonation process using Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 nanoparticles in an alkaline pH was found to be capable of eliminating high concentrations of catechol effectively.

according to World Health Organization estimations¡ 3.7 million deaths were attributable to ambient air pollution annually¡ that shows pollutants associated with high rate of mortality and morbidity. So¡ present study with aim of quantifying and estimating health impacts attributable to two pollutant of PM2.5 and CO in 8 industrial cities of Iran during 2011 by AirQ model were performed.
At first¡ required data were taken from Department of Environment in understudy cities. With coding in excel¡ analysis and calculation of statistical parameters was performed for quantifying¡ and information imported to AirQ model. Finally results of total mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease presented in tables and graphs format.
According to results¡ with increasing each 10&mug/m3 concentration of PM2.5 and 1mg/m3 increasing in CO¡ risk of mortality increased 1.5% and 0.7% respectively. Cumulative of total mortality attributable to PM2.5 in Isfahan and Shiraz was estimated 585 and 454 cases that this rate is allocated of 5.42% of all deaths in these cities. Sum of cumulative cases of mortality for CO in Isfahan¡ Tehran and Shiraz estimated 14 (2.15%)¡ 24 (0.86 %) and 3 cases (0.69%) respectively.
The study emphasized that PM2.5 and CO as well as other pollutants have adverse affect on human health. Among 8 under study cities¡ Ahwaz had lowest mortality attributable to CO and highest mortality attributable to PM2.5¡ which it can be due to either continuing of days with higher concentration of particulate or higher average of this pollutant in Ahwaz city.

Air pollution is considered as one of the the most important risks of uncontrolled growth of cities, economic development and energy consumption in the last century. In large cities, such an increasing trend seriously threatens the health of residents.
This study aims to evaluate the health effects of PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, and estimate the mortality and morbidity rate of cardiovascular, respiratory and Chronic obstructive pulmonary, attributed to the aforementioned pollutants, using AirQ model in metropolis of Tehran in 1392.
In this cross-sectional study, Data required were collected from environmental protection organization and air quality control center of Tehran. These data were analyzed by Excel, and the processed data entered AirQ model. Then relative risk, basis risk and attributable fraction were estimated. Finally, the gained results, being mortality and morbidity rate, were presented in tables and graphs.
The results showed that the average annual concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, were 73, 43 and 41 μg/m3, respectively, being 3.65, 4.3 and 2.05 times higher than the national standard of Iran and WHO guidelines, correspondingly. Total number of mortalities attributed to the PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, were about 2187, 2842 and 721, respectively, being 3.65%, 4.75% and 1.20% of total deaths of Tehran city (except accidents), correspondingly.
The results showed the health effects of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide pollutants, including total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory, hospitalizations due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and myocardial infarction in Tehran. So, it’s obviously clear that the proportion of mentioned pollutants are being increased in Tehran’s atmosphere that requires more attention of officials and experts to control air pollution.

Background and Parabens are a group of Para-hydroxy Benzoic acid alkyl esters which extensively used as preservative in personal care products. Parabens have been recently found in wastewater¡ rivers¡ soil and dust. Therefore¡ the purpose of this study aimed to Monitor the occurrence of parabens from selected wastewater treatment plants (Shahrak Ghods and south of Tehran) and evaluate the performance of different treatment methods for removing these compounds.
In this study¡ the samples from influent and effluent were collected from Shahrak Ghods and South of Tehran wastewater treatment plant as Seasonal and Three samples per season. Concentration of Para-hydroxy Benzoic acid esters was determined by HPLC¡ CECIL¡ 4100 at 242 nm.
After sampling in the different seasons from the west and south treatment plants¡ two selective paraben concentrations (Methyl paraben and Ethyl paraben) were measured. The results showed that average concentration of Methyl paraben (MeP) and Ethyl paraben) EtP( respectively were 740.7 and 277.7 ng/L in the Influent and 179.3 and 45.8 ng/L in the effluent of Shahrak Ghods treatment plant. Also¡ the average concentration of MeP and EtP respectively were 835.3 and 295.3 ng/L in Influent and 132.8 and 29.7 ng/L in the effluent of South of Tehran treatment plant. In the next step¡ Risk assessment of effluent treatment plants discharging to environment with comparing the studies was done. According to the paraben concentration in the effluent of both treatment plants¡ discharge of effluent treatment plants whit selective contaminants¡ have little biological effects on ecosystems.
The removal efficiency of Shahrak Ghods treatment plant in removing parabens¡ was lower than the South of Tehran. But the effluent quality of both treatment plant was less than the Effluent discharge standard. So both of treatment plant have appropriate performance to removal contaminants.

Air pollution is one of the disadvantages of unsustainable development cause to short and long term sanitary effects without consideration of environment in addition to destruction of environment. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the purpose of quantifying and estimating of health endpoints related to SO2 pollutants in six cities (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz) by using AirQ model during 1390.
At first, the raw data related to SO2 pollutant was received from environmental organizations of the under review cities. Then, according to WHO criterion and programming in Excel software, required parameter in AirQ tool was calculated and finally results are presented in tables for death.
the results showed that, annual average concentration of SO2 in Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Urmia are 49, 31, 11, 12, 21 and 76 mg/m3 respectively. The maximum and minimum of accumulative cases of cardiovascular mortality attributed to SO2 is related to Urmia and Tabriz cities that were 89 cases with 5.64 attributable proportion and 32 cases with 0.91 attributable proportions respectively.
The rate of air pollution in large cities of Iran is increased and become more intense day to day. Thus, this issue needs to pay more attention of officials and specialists for air pollution control.

Introduction and Purpose:

Nowadays, the air quality in many major cities is one of the most important environmental problems that seriously compromises the health of residents and causes a range of acute and chronic health effects. Therefore, this study was aimed to quantify and estimate the health effects related to the pollutants NO2 and O3 in metropolis of Tehran in 2014 was done by AirQ model.

Data acquired were collected from the environmental organization and the center of air quality control in Tehran. This data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel software, and the processed data was entered AirQ model. The relative risk, baseline incidence and the attributed proportion was estimated and the overall results in case of mortality and morbidity were presented in tables and graphs.

The results showed that the average annual concentration of NO2 and O3 in Tehran, was respectively 130 and 64 μg/m3. According to the results with baseline incidence of 543.5 per 100,000, the total cumulative number of mortalities attributed to nitrogen dioxide and ozone, were estimated respectively to be 1593 and 946, that included about 2.66% and 1.58% of total mortalities except traffic accidents in Tehran.

Our results showed that the level of air pollution has increased in Tehran, which requires more attention of authorities and policy makers to control the air pollution.

According to report of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), between 33 to 60 percent increase in agricultural production in the world due to the use of chemical fertilizers. Negative effects of fertilizers on the environment and health of living organisms, especially humans, has encountered the country whit challenges such as increasing the number of cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to replace chemical fertilizers whit biofertilizers such as compost. Compost Causes increases in productivity and controls soil erosion.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, literature review was conducted and to investigate the status of chemical fertilizers and compost in Iran and developed countries through internal and external databases, documents were collected.
Use of fertilizers in Europe forecasted to decline 16 million tons in 2030, while in the Iran, rate of fertilizer forecast increases to 6700 thousand tons in 2020. Total supply of compost in the country is 164 thousand tons in 2009 and will be to 590 thousand tons in 2016. The total demand is 472 thousand tons in 2009 and will be to 661 thousand tons in 2016. This indicates that there is 71 thousand tons deficiency in the supply until 2016.
Use more of compost in the country, need to a multi-faceted management issue that Ministries, municipalities and recycle of organizations must be working together. Therefore necessary awareness aboute the adverse effects of indiscriminate use of fertilizers and also promote the use compost, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, will be cause more demand for consumption of compost.