فهرست مطالب سودابه یوسف نژاد

Glaze is a prepared mixture of materials ready for application to ceramic wares by dipping or spraying. In Islamic period, decoration using the glaze was widespread. Different methods of glazing have played a major role in the beauty of glazed potteries during this period. Turquoise glazed potteries are one the significant groups of Islamic period. In this article, five turquoise glazed pottery sherds have been studied in order to identify their elements, composition and technology. The mentioned sherds dated back to 14 - 18 A.D (late Ilkhanate, Timurid and Safavid periods) , and identified from a historical house called Moravvej-e Ardabili House, in the historical part of Ardabil city. This site identified in a rescue excavation held by HassanYousefi which regarding to the cultural materials dated back to 11 - 18 A.D. The aim of this article is investigating and understanding the similarities and differences in five glazed sherds. Regarding to the mentioned point, XRD analyze applied for characterizing their phases as well as EDX analyze used for identifying the elements of glaze, and also their quantity. This research has an analytical approach and it’s method is based on analytical studies, textual evidences and comparative analyzes. According to the results obtained from analyzes, four glazes have an alkaline based and one has a lead base. Colorant oxides in glazes represent that copper used as the primary element to make the turquoise color. In general, the main elements in glazes include silica, aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium and a negligible amount of lead. Statistical analyzes represent that the most similarities exist in sample two and sample five which belongs to the same period (late Ilkhanate and Timurid),and the most differences exist in sample four and sample five which dated back to a different periods.

In the current study, the samples of Nare tile (glazed bricks) of the Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardabili’s Shrine and Soltanieh Dome were studied to understand the techniques of the tiling decorations applied in the architecture of the dome in the Safavid and Ilkhanid eras, emphasizing two prominent buildings of these two historical periods. The transition chromophore elements of the glazes were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma and constituent phases of the bodies by X-Ray Diffraction. According to the results, the nature of the glaze, its erosion, and chemical structure of the bodies of the studied samples was determined, and the possibility of the technical comparison of the samples of the two periods was provided in terms of the constituent compositions of the body and glaze and the rate of the erosion as well as the estimation of the  historical Nare tile firing temperature .

This is a phenomenological study in which phenomenology of time has been accomplished to achieve a theory in the field of restoration and conservation of cultural heritage. The time based on the views of thinkers is considered as the fourth dimension and the principle of the existence of objects, including the principle of the existence of cultural heritage. The main problem of research is that time as the fourth dimension in cultural heritage how can be distinguished and investigated and what is its function in restoration process. For solving this problem the phenomenological methodology is applied. Accordingly, time through event, material culture, place, human and the layers of frazzle in historical and cultural works can be appear and constitute in human consciousness. On the basis of the fundamental relationship of time with the principle of the existence of cultural heritage, it as much as possible the protection of the layers of extinction in historical works as an accumulation of the now layers have been emphasized. Measurement and study of the technology of the layers of historical works and burnout created during the transit of time on the level of historical and cultural monuments based on the principles of temporal of material and its relation to motion and change, the possibility of timeliness studies and pathological analysis in historical and cultural works has been provided. Also, studying and identifying the burnout layers in addition to evidence of time can be effective in choosing appropriate and optimal methods for conservation and restoration in order to preserve the durability of historical and cultural monuments. The phenomenology of time in the field of conservation and restoration of historical and cultural monuments, targeting human beings on its theoretical horizon, answering fundamental questions in the postmodern conservation and restoration, and beyond ordinary studies within the scope of the material analysis of monuments, provides the conservation and restoration with humanity and ultra-material analysis status. Based on the phenomenological method of time, focusing on the concept of event and material culture and their fundamental relationship with time, the preservation and restoration of historical and cultural remnants of the past is in fact the protection and maintenance of time. According to this research, the time in the four stages of the production of historical works, the time elapsed for the historical work as its life, and the time of encountering the historical monuments with consciousness of the restorer, and based on the subjective concepts of time like embodiment and material culture, the human time. Each of which, in the theory of the phenomenology of time has its own particular study position, and when the historical and cultural monuments encounter with the consciousness of the restorer, it is a methodological moment, the moment in which understanding takes place. Understanding the past in terms of the historical and cultural monuments left by it at the present time when this understanding initiates the process of conservation and restoration of these monuments in order to transfer past through the present to the future and coexisting past with the future.

Statement of Problem: The confrontation of restoration and truth oriented to the problem of time is investigated in this article. With the erosion of the work in the environment based on the type of inorganic or organic matter, a question arises for the restorer, how is the truth evaluated in the worn-out work? The challenge of the existence of the work in the past, or its current state of deterioration as a truth, is a problem which the restoration always faces, and responding to it by time analysis can determine the approach and the selection of conservation method for the work’s survival. the current study aims to create a time oriented theory for determining the position of the truth of the work as an entity in the present or the past.
Research In this research, truth has been studied based on the theories of time, with the theoretical foundations of phenomenology. Accordingly, the truth hidden in the mask of the material of the work related to the human existence, and from other aspects, the truth as the existence of the work in the past or its current condition in the present has been discussed. With the phenomenological view, the dependence of truth on the human existence gives to the work a protective status. In addition, the theory proposed in this article determines the truth of the work as an existence in the present or past, based on time theories and can create the theoretical foundations for selecting suitable restoration methods to optimally protect and maintain the work. By accepting the theory of dynamic time, there is no past; there is only present time, and the truth consists in the entire existence of the work in the present, not a thing left in the past, that, by eliminating the surface layers of the work, the restoration pursuits it; the totality of the existence of the work in the present is conserved and maintained for transmission to the future. In the theory of static time, with a chronological look at time, there is past, and the truth of the work is its past. With a reference to valid documentation, the existence of the past of the work is restored in the present

In this paper the bituminous water proof mortar, which has been used between the bricks in the Achaemenes monument of Tall-e-Ajori in Persepolis, has been analyzed by different instrumental chemical analysis methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X ray diffraction (XRD and X ray florescence spectroscopies (XRF). Moreover, due to identifying the chemical structure and explanation the degradation processes during thousand years of remaining inburial environment, the classical extraction by organic solvents and optical microscopy studies were also done. According to classical extraction test results, the physical state of the bituminous water proof mortar is a duple mixture that include organic and inorganic parts, where the characteristic of the material is actually a natural asphalt. The organic part of this bituminous mixture was analyzed by FT-IR method for identifying the main organic functional groups such as alkanes and aromatic molecules, XRD analysis determined the presence of inorganic phases such as Calcite, Anhydrite, Feldespar (Ca), Quartz and Dolomite, and the result of XRF analysis determined weight percent of CaO, SO3, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and MgO. The degradation processes during thousands of years in the burial environment have developed the age-hardening reactions which decrease the saturated molecules concentration such as oils and resins in bituminous mixture, and caused the enhanced fragility and brittleness in the structure of the material. So, the results obtained clarifies the importance of conservation programming and climate controlling for optimum preserving of the bituminous mixture mortars in the Achaemenes monument remains of Tall-e-Ajori in persepolis.

Achaemenid glazed bricks of archaeological excavation of Tall-e-Ajori in Persepolis city were studied by multiple instrumental analysis methods such as XRF، XRD، SEM-EDS، ICP and Optical microscopy to identify the compositional features of glaze and brick body. Glaze samples are apparently white and yellow and this phenomenon are caused by the deterioration processes in burial environment، hence optical microscopic studies on the glaze layer determined blue areas on the white substrate and، high sensitivity quantitative analysis detected copper and cobalt as the producer of blue color ions، and Sb and Pb as the producer of yellow color ions. Due to instability of glaze chromofore elements such as Cu and Sb in temperatures higher than 1000⁰C، the reported elements show that، glazed bricks should be fired less in than 1000⁰C. The quantitative elemental analysis results are compared with the elemental analysis of Susa glazed samples of Apadana palace.