سولماز حیدری

Enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets is a significant problem. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) varnish and fluoride varnish in preventing enamel demineralization around and beneath orthodontic brackets.

Twenty extracted premolars were randomly divided into two groups and orthodontic brackets were bonded to their buccal surface by composite. The amount of fluorescent light reflected back from the enamel at the mesial and distal of the bracket was measured using a DIAGNOdent™ pen. MI varnish (CPP-ACP) was applied on the exposed enamel of the distal half of the teeth in group I while FluoroDose varnish was applied on the same area in group II. The mesial half of the teeth served as the control group. All teeth underwent two demineralization cycles and after each cycle, enamel demineralization was quantified at mesial and distal areas (T1, T2). The brackets were then debonded, and area under the brackets was also measured by DIAGNOdent™ pen (T3). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test.

In both groups, significant difference was noted between the mesial and distal areas in degree of demineralization at T2 (P<0.001), but both of the varnishes had no effect on the degree of demineralization.

FluoroDose varnish and MI varnish were equally effective for enhancement of enamel resistance to demineralization with no superiority over each other.

Since students’ mental focus is one of the main conditions for learning and academic achievement, investigation of the factors that can help restoring this factor in students, is very important. In the meantime, it seems that in addition to the student’s individual and the inner factors, the factors related to teaching and learning quality, physical variables in the classroom can affect this critical feature too. It seems that creating visual permeability and the optimal visual connection of classrooms with the view of outside through the classroom window as one of the physical variables of the classroom, by creating a visual opportunity, albeit short, to a view outside the classroom can be reconstructed student’s mental activity and help them to relieve their mental fatigue. The current research seeks to achieve an optimal state with restoration of mental focus of students via investigating some physical variables of the classroom window such as the window length and height variables. It can take a critical step in line with reducing the mental fatigue and restoration of mental focus of high school students who are in specific age range and have superior learning opportunities compared to other educational levels. From that point, the view from the window has a great impact on this process. It should be noted that the window in this study overlooks the natural elements and green space of the school yard.

The statistical population of this research is all male and female students who were studying during the educational year of 2018-2019 in the high schools of Shiraz city in the age range of 16-18, who were selected as the sample pf the current study via cluster random sampling. The subjects were first assessed by a psychological test approved by psychologists and then completed a researcher-made questionnaire to make that subject more generalizable. To analyze research data and to find a relationship between physical variable of window length and height and student’s mental focus restoration, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used.

The results show that changes in the physical state and the size of classroom window can affect the restoration of students’ mental focus. Accordingly, to the present research, decreasing the window length from 3.5 to 2.5 and 1.5 reduces the level of students’ mental focus from 149 to 148.9 and ultimately 148.1. As well, changing window height from 2 meters to 1.5 and 1 m, the students’ mental focus changes from 149 to 148.8 and 147.3.

The level of students’ mental focus does not depend solely on the students' conditions, academic performance, the quality and teaching methods of teachers; but also, the physical environment of schools and the interior design of classrooms can have a significant impact on this importance. The presence of classroom window as one of the classroom physical variables, not only does not lead to the student's distraction, but also, via creating views toward outside natural elements, conscious placement, suitable dimensions can be a really important factor in restoration of the students’ mental focus.

Mental focus is one of the main conditions for learning and academic achievement, which can be reconstructed by visual permeability and the ideal visual communication of classrooms with the outlook. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of visual permeability types on the basis of out landscape content on rehabilitation of mental concentration of students. The statistical population of this study was all students in the second section of high schools in Shiraz, aged 16 to 18 years, who were randomly selected as multistage cluster sampling (in each group of 15) ) were chosen. Subjects were evaluated by a questionnaire and psychological test in two stages before and after the intervention, and the totality of data was analyzed based on the paired t-test to find a meaningful relationship between visual permeability and cognitive mental restoration of students. The results of this research show that students' mental focus after conducting their activities can be greatly improved through visual access to the natural landscape of the outside environment. However, windowlessness in the classroom and the periphery of the physical elements have the least effect on restoring their mental concentration, respectively.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intravenous acetaminophen with combination of suppository diclofenac and incisional bupivacaine on post cesarean section pain.
This was a double blinded randomized clinical trial study. Patients were randomly allocated to the intravenous acetaminophen group (A) and combination of incisional bupivacaine and diclofenac (B) group. Secondary outcomes included: assessment of the time of first request for analgesic, 24 hr morphine consumption, patient's sleep, sedation score (by Wilson criteria), drug side effects (nausea and vomiting and pruritus) and pain intensity during ambulation and global satisfaction of the patients. Data analysis was done by SPSS software.
Findings: There were no significant difference between the mean age and mean weight of groups (p value was 0.15 and 0.41 respectively). During this study, pain score (pDiscussion & We noted that combination of suppository diclofenac and intraincisional bupivacaine could relieve pain better than intravenous acetaminophen and can be used for post cesarean delivery analgesia with more efficacy than intravenous acetaminophen for an opioid-sparing effect.

Microleakage is a drawback of composite restorations and it is more noticeable in dentinal walls. Despite advances in dentin bonding agents, no adhesive can completely eliminate microleakage and provide a hermetic seal. This study aimed to compare microleakage of three resin bonding agents namely a universal adhesive, two-step self-etch system and two-step total-etch system.
This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 68 human molars. Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal or lingual surfaces of the teeth with occlusal margins in the enamel and gingival margins in dentin. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups of 17. Group A: Adper Single Bond 2, group B: Clearfil SE Bond, group C: Scotchbond Universal adhesive (self-etch) and group D: Scotchbond Universal adhesive (total-etch). The teeth were then restored using different bonding agents and a microhybrid composite resin. The specimens were then subjected to 1000 thermal cycles between 5-55°C. The entire restoration surface except for 1mm around the margins was coated with nail varnish. The teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 hours and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction and observed under a stereomicroscope to determine microleakage. Microleakage in use of the three bonding agents was compared using the Kruskal Wallis test (P Based on the Kruskal Wallis test, no significant difference was noted in enamel and dentin margins among different adhesives but the enamel margin showed less microleakage than the dentin margin.
Different adhesive systems tested in this study showed similar microleakage at the enamel and dentinal margins.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the invitro and invivo performance of a 3 wt% of strontium additive hydroxyapatite calcium phosphate cements (CPC). The prepared calcium phosphate cement was characterized with XRD, FTIR, setting time, STA and in vitro and in vivo biological analyses. The MTT assay ALP activities as in vitro study and radiological and histological examinations as in vivo study between the three groups of 3 wt% Sr-HA/CPC, CPC and control were performed and compared. Data were analyzed using T-test and One-way ANOVA. XRD analysis demonstrated that by increasing the ratio of Powder/Liquid (P/L), the crystallinity of the prepared cement increased. The substitution of strontium instead of calcium in CPC could also alter the crystal structure, including some structural disorder. However, in the CPC with no strontium hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA), no significant increase in the crystallinity was observed. SEM observations revealed CPC with increasing P/L ratio, the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals arising from the interaction of solid and liquid phase of cement was decreased. Also, the addition of Sr within Ca site culminated in a dramatic increase in crystallinity of hydroxyapatite. In vitro biological properties ascertained that addition of 3 wt. % Sr-HA into CPC enhanced MTT assay and ALP activity, which could be due to the presence of strontium ions. The histological study showed that greater remodeling was seen at 4 weeks after implantation when the 3 wt% Sr-HA/CPC was used. The obtained results cleared that CPC can be a potential candidate as a carrier with strontium additives for bone remodeling and regeneration.

The political and economic relations of Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkey have an increasing trend in recent years. Turkey unlike her hard stand on Iraqi Kurdistan in the past is now trying to expand her influence in the region in every possible way. Of course this attraction and tendency of Iraqi Kurdistan towards Turkey have been strengthened and in recent years due to several determinants like having common borders, the question of Kurds, religious questions, the issue of energy, economic and transit issues are among the most important factors in establishing close ties among Iran, Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan. On the other hand the question of unrest in Syria, the activities of parties and groups like PKK and close relations of Turkey with Iraqi Kurdistan and the United States, the spread of influence of Israel in Turkey, attempts by the Kurds to gain total independence etc. are among the negative factors affecting the relations of Iran with Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan. The methodology used by the paper is qualitative based on descriptive-analytical approach. Based on library material, the required information and data are gathered and analyzed by two methods, thematic method and content analysis of library and internet sources. The main question raised by the paper is what has been the impact of expansion of political and economic relations of Iraqi Kurdistan with Turkey on foreign policy and interests of Islamic Republic of Iran in the region? The underlying hypothesis is that taking into consideration the positions of Turkey in the region and also Iraqi Kurdistan approach in recent years, the expansion of relations of the two leads to distancing of Iran from the region in political and economic fields and as a result the interests of Iran is jeopardized. The finding of the study shows that Turkey in recent years has extensively influenced in Iraqi Kurdistan. Today Turkey is the biggest economic investor in Iraqi Kurdistan. In political field also Turkey has greatly influenced in the region and this has led to closer ties with Iraq Kurdistan and Iran is lagging behind in this regard which cause a threat to Iran’s interests in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Although lateral internal sphincterotomy is the procedure of choice for chronic anal fissures it is associated with significant complications. Injection of Botulinum toxin in the internal sphincter is a new treatment option with fewer side effects. This paper tries to compare these two approaches in terms of complications. In this cross sectional study، 50 patients with anal fissure who underwent lateral internal sphincterotomy in 1382 and 50 patients who were treated with Botulinum toxin، were evaluated. 20mg IV of Dysport was injected into the internal anal sphinter. Injection was repeated two weeks later if complete healing was not accomplished. Then the patients’ complications were evaluated within 12 months. In the sphincterotomy group the success rate was 84 percent (42/50) at 2 weeks and 94 percent (47/50) at the first month. Incontinence to flatus occurred in 16 percent and mild soiling was reported in 2 percent. Fistula occurred in 6 percent، and recurrence occurred in 8 patients. In the Botulinum Toxin group، single injection resulted in complete healing in 38 patients (76%). 12 patients were treated with a second injection، which resulted in an overall 90 percent Of healing. There were no complications and recurrence occurred in 11 patients. Injection of botulinum toxin is safe and effective in the treatment of anal fissure. No adverse effect resulted from injections of the toxin. We suggest two injections of Botulinum toxin as the first step in treatment of anal fissure. The patients who were not treated by injection of Botulinum toxin or had recurrence، underwent lateral Internal sphincterotomy.