فهرست مطالب سپیده غلامی

Increased risk of infections in surgeries suggests the importance of hand hygiene by the operating room staff. This study was conducted to compare surgical scrubchr('39')s effects with alcohol-based solutions and povidone-iodine on the growth of the bacterial contamination of hands over time.

The present study is an experimental study with a crossover design. The participants of the study were 30 undergraduate students who were eligible to participate in the study. They were divided into two groups of 15; one group scrubbed their hands with povidone-iodine, and the other hand rub with Decocept alcohol-based soluble. After a week, the groups changed the scrubbing procedures. Samples were taken from inside the gloves before scrubbing and 10 and 30 minutes after scrubbing. The models were cultured in blood agar and EMB agar media.

Staphylococcus epidermidis had the highest colony growth, followed by Streptococcus pyogenes, Diphtheroid, and Staphylococcus in descending order. Comparing the results of cultures for the two groups of Povidone-iodine and Alcohol-based soluble did not show any significant difference (P = 0/243).

Alcohol-based soluble has similar effects with Povidone-iodine on the growth of bacteria. Given that Alcohol-based solutions like Decosept have fewer side effects and are more effective, Decosept is recommended to be used as an alternative to 7.5% Povidone-iodine.

Chlamydial infection is a common infection. This bacterium can cause complications such as: pelvic inflammatory infection (PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility and abortion. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with a history of abortion referred to Bental-Hoda Hospital in Bojnurd.

This descriptive study was performed on 90 women with a history of abortion who had referred to the Bental-Hoda Hospital in 2019. The research tool was the questionnaire and the study's sample was blood which was transferred to microbiology laboratory for ELISA test. Patient's demographic information and medical history including age, number of pregnancies, number of abortions, place of residence and number of successful deliveries were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19) and Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The prevalence of Chlamydial infection was 12.2% (n = 11). There was no significant relationship between the test's result (Chlamydial infection) and patients' age (p=0.92). The mean age was 27.7± 7.8 years in patients with chlamydia positive infection and 27.9±7.6 years in patients with negative infection. Also, no significant relationship was found between gestational age, number of pregnancies, place of residence, number of abortions and number of successful deliveries with test's result (chlamydial infection) (p<0.05).

Since in this study, the prevalence of Chlamydia infection was 12.2% in women with a history of abortion, in order to reduce the burden of disease in the community and prevent its complications, screening for Chlamydia by ELISA method can be considered as a part of routine care programs before and during pregnancy in all health centers.

Delivery is a stressful event and maternity blues after delivery is most common postpartum mood disorder that happiness is one of the most important factor in coping with stress and depression. So, this study was performed with the aim to determine relationship between happiness and perceived stress during labor and maternity blues.

This descriptive correlational study was done in 2017 on 80 pregnant women referring to Taamin Ejtemaei hospital of Zahedan. At the time of referral, was completed Oxford happiness questionnaire and Cohen perceived stress questionnaire during labor and was completed Back depression questionnaire on the third and tenth days after delivery. Data was analyzed by Spss software (version 16) and Spearman/Pearson correlation coefficients and regression.

The result of Pearson correlation coefficients showed a significant reverse correlation between happiness and perceived stress (P < 0.0001, r = - 0.88) and a significant reverse correlation between happiness and maternity blues of the third day (P < 0.0001, r = -0.92) and tenth day (P < 0.0001, r= - 0.90)

There is a relationship between happiness with perceived stress during labor and maternity blues after delivery. With higher levels of the happiness of pregnant women, the less stress will be felt during labor and they will be less affected by mood disorders and postpartum depression. Therefore, the provision of happiness for women can improve their mental health at the time of delivery and afterwards.

Due to the resistance of microorganisms against antibiotics, the use of medicinal herbs as alternative medicines has become commonplace. The purpose of this study was to explore the antimicrobial effects of aqueous, ethanolic and acetonic extracts of Rosa damascenon on E. coli as one of the most common pathogenic bacteria.

Extraction was carried out using soaking method. To determine the antimicrobial effect of different extracts of Rosa damascenon, Agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were employed.

The results showed that ethanolic extract has better antimicrobial effect than other extracts. The halo size and the minimum inhibitory concentration for the ethanolic extract of Rosa damascenon were 21mm and M=25μg / ml respectively. The aqueous extract of Rosa damascenon was free of any antimicrobial effect against E.coli.

Because of the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Rosa damascenon, clinical studies can be conducted to illuminate the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of Rosa damascenon in treating infections.

Preventive measures for psychiatric preparation are one of the nursing practices and are part of their duties before painful procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the problems of nurses in the use of child and maternal psychological preparation before painful procedures for the child. This is a descriptive study that was conducted randomly in hospitals of Mashhad in 2017 in a random sample of 81 nurses working in pediatric wards who had a history of at least 3 months working. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing questions about demographic characteristics and the most important barriers and problems of nurses regarding the use of child and maternal psychological. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 using descriptive statistics. Most of samples are women (96.7%) and the level of education were bachelors (90.7%). Nurses reported their problems from the most disturbing as:large amount of work in the section comparing to the number of nurses (93%), management not supporting nurses (86.75%),lack of sufficient toys and entertainment tools (73.3%), improper arrangement of working shifts (70%). Nurses in pediatric wards, can play a significant role in the psychological preparation of the child and the mother before the painful procedure by using the findings of this research, which itself improves the quality of the procedure.

Medication errors are major healthcare concerns across the world, which cause mortality and physical and psychological complications in patients, their families, and the community every year. Considering the key role of nurses in direct patient care, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, barriers to medication error reports, and influential factors in medication errors in the viewpoint of nurses. This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 140 nurses employed in the teaching hospitals in Bojnurd, Iran in 2017. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of four sections, including the demographic data, evaluation of the type of medication errors, cause of not reporting medication errors, and their influential factors. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16. The most important causes of medication errors included ward-related factors (3.40±0.69), factors related to nursing management (3.31±0.91), and nurse-related factors (3.16±0.78). In addition, the most important cause of not reporting medication errors was the process of error reports. Significant associations were also observed between the demographic characteristics of the nurses, medication errors, medication protocols, nurse-related factors, ward-related factors, fear of the consequences of error reporting, factors related to the error report process, and fear of the managerial factors. Considering that most medication errors were correlated with ward-related and managerial factors, nursing managers must focus on correcting the influential processes in medication errors and their reporting, simultaneously seeking strategies to control and mitigate these errors.

Generally speaking, although citizens’ participation in the urban management has received increasing credit and attention since the 20th century, it is mainly a modern phenomenon. This study primarily aims to examine the key determinants associated with citizens’ participation in urban management. The results of this study are based on a survey that has been conducted in Amol City that includes a sample of 352 individuals. The results of this analysis show that the participation rate of the citizens in the urban management is below the medium level. Further, only the rate of social participation is fairly high, whereas the other aspects of participation including political, intellectual, financial and physical participations are below the medium level. Moreover, the results of logistic regression analyses show that citizens’ participation in the urban management is significantly associated with four key determinants: associative membership, knowledge, powerlessness, and socio-economic status.

Studies have shown that Cuscuta family can influence development of cancer cells. It is also important that medicinal plants applied as anticancer extracts do not exert cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells. Accordingly, the present study was carried out to determine the cytotoxic effects of hydroalcoholic Cuscuta europaea extract on breast cancer (MCF7) cells compare to and non-cancerous kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. In this experimental study, MCF7 and Vero cells were purchased from Pasteur institute cell bank and divided in to control group and groups exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/ml of hydroalcoholic Cuscuta europaea extract. 48 hours after exposure, cytotoxic effect of the extract on cell lines was measured using MTT assay method. The data were statistically analyzed between groups using ANOVA. Compared to control group, the exposure to 0.01,0.1,1 and10 mg/ml of hydroalcoholic Cuscuta europaea extract resulted in significant decrease in viability of MCF7 cells (54.47, 55, 44.62 and 4.64 percent, respectively) and Vero cells (58.42, 48.61, 43.14 and 5.35 percent, respectively) (P<0.001). The results of this study showed that although hydroalcoholic Cuscuta europaea extract has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells but at the same time has cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells; according to which, using the extract for breast cancer treatment is not favorable because of its cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells.

Neutrons have many applications in various fields, such as industry and medicine. In nuclear facilities, and especially in electricity production, we are faced with such radiation. Because of this, determination of neutron dose is critical for the health of workers and patients exposed to this beam. The neutron radioisotope sources produce gamma rays in addition to the neutron, and the neutron fields around these sources are mixed-field neutron-gamma fields. Different methods of dosimetry of the neutron field include the method of gold foil activation and the method of using a thermoluminescence dosimeter pair. One of the effective ways of neutron dosimetry is the use of the TLD-600/700 thermoluminescence dosimeter pair. The TLD-600 is sensitive to thermal neutrons due to the richness of 6Li (which has a high thermal neutron absorption cross section) but the TLD-700 does not have thermal neutron sensitivity in low fluxes. In this paper, to measure the neutron dose from the Ra-Be neutron source in the core laboratory of the Faculty of Science of the University of Guilan, six TLD-600/700 dosimeters were used in three intervals of 7, 14 and 20 cm from the source. Finally, by calculating the neutron dose through the source flux and estimating the calibration coefficient, the dose rate measured by the TLDs was determined and compared with the calculated dose rate.

Epileptic child's mothers are faced with care problems such as low levels of management of self-efficacy care. These mothers have not received the same empowerment program yet. Aim of this study was to determine the effect of an epileptic child's care giving empowerment program on management of self-efficacy care in epileptic child's mothers.
This clinical trial study was conducted on 100 mothers of epileptic children who hospitalized in neurology department of Ghaem Hospital in 2013. Eligible mothers were selected via neurology de convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control group. At first, management of self-efficacy care was evaluated using standard care giving self-efficacy scale in both experimental and control groups. In experimental group empowerment care was performed and the control group received no intervention. Forty-five days after the last session of program implementation, management of self-efficacy care was evaluated in both experimental and control groups again. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5.
The results showed that the two groups were the same considering population variables and the mean scores of management of care self-efficacy (p=0.84). Mann- Whitney tests showed significant differences in two groups after the intervention (p Epileptic child's care giving empowerment program can be helpful in improving management of self-efficacy care of epileptic child's mothers.

Aims: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent childhood neurological disorders. As the primary caregivers, the mothers of epileptic children undergo different psychological pressures. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of empowerment on the self-efficacy of the mothers of the epileptic children, concerning psychological adaptation, gaining support, and receiving information.
In the controlled two-group random clinical trial with pretest and posttest steps, 100 mothers of epileptic children hospitalized in the Neurology Ward of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad were studied in 2014. The subjects, selected via convenience sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=50) and control (n=50) groups. Data was collected using the caregiver’s self-efficacy questionnaire. Only experimental group received the empowerment program, and no intervention was conducted in control group. The mothers’ self-efficacy was measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software using independent T, paired T, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and covariance tests.
Findings: The mean scores of self-efficacy, including psychological adjustment, gain a support, and receiving information, were not significantly different between the groups before the intervention (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the groups were significantly different after the intervention (p The empowerment program enhances the self-efficacy of the mothers of the epileptic children in psychological adjustment, gain a support, and receiving information.

The major problem of different wards of hospitals is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Regarding the global importance of this strain to create nosocomial infections, it is necessary to determine the rate of infection in different wards of hospitals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients admitted to the internal ward of Imam Reza hospital in Bojnurd. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 150 patients for 4 months in the internal ward of Imam Reza hospital. Methicillin disk diffusion method was applied for detection of methicillin-resistant strains. Susceptibility of Methicillin-resistant strains to commonly used antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method. From150 patients, 13 (8.7%) were nasal carrier of Staphylococcus aureus, and %10 of cases (76.9%) were resistant to Methicillin. Presence of nasal carriers, indicated presence of Methicillin resistant S. aureus in patients of Imam Reza hospital. Although the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was not significant, most of the isolates were MRSA that could potentially distribute widely.

As one of the most vital sections in every hospital، the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is where controlling nosocomial infections play an important role in recovery and health improvement of patients. In the present study، effort has been made to find out the Sources of bacteria causing nosocomial infections in order to prevent nosocomial infections in NICU. In this cross-sectional research، the involving bacteria were identified by collecting samples from hands and nipples of 50 mothers who regularly came in NICU to visit and breastfeed their babies. In addition، samples were collected from hands of 50 hospital staff، breast milk from 50 mothers، airstream in HVAC system، and 50 of the medical equipments available at NICU. This study indicated that in respect of frequency، coagulase-negative staphylococci، Klebsiella pneumonia، and Escherichia coli were the main bacteria isolated from mothers’ hands and nipples، hands of the staff، feeding bottles and breast milk samples. As for the airstream in HVAC system، however، no types of bacteria were observed. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Klebsiella pneumonia are the most widespread colonized bacteria causing nosocomial infections such as neonatal sepsis in NICU. Having isolated the highest amount of Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Klebsiella pneumonia، the present study revealed that hands and nipples of the mothers، hands of the staff، feeding milk bottles and the containing breast milk are among the major Sources of bacteria causing nosocomial infections at NICU. With regard to the cultured samples of the airstream in HVAC system، there existed no types of bacteria; therefore، it could not have been a Sources of bacteria at NICU.