سکینه ببری گنبد

Global governance in the fields of soft power beyond hegemony shows the other side of global leadership that China's technological strategies and investments in artificial intelligence make sense in this spectrum. The competition in the West Asian region and the new regulations led this country to technological cooperation with the West Asian countries. In the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, China developed the infrastructure of AI with the approach of internal development and focusing on economic and technological policies, but after the 2008 financial crisis and the elite consensus for global governance in the emerging fields of power, a significant effort was made to change the world order in different fields from global economy, climate change to cyber space. The question of this article is what factors were involved in adopting the macro strategy of artificial intelligence in this country? The hypothesis of the article, which has been analyzed descriptively and analytically, is that China's large investments in the field of artificial intelligence, the feasibility of innovative standardization in this field by this country and the elite consensus for the global governance of this field are the most important effective factors in the strategy of artificial intelligence in this country. The findings of the article show that despite the promotion of this power with "Chinese solutions" to deal with the governance challenges created by artificial intelligence on the world stage and Asian West region, the establishment of Chinese governance in this field requires shared global regulations in the field. It is technical, political and legal.

Creation of the Shanghai cooperation Organization (SCO) as a Eurasian subject plays significant role in political conditions in the regional and global scale that is influenced by its bold members like Russia, China and India. In the other hand, regarding the imposed vast western sanctions against Iran and capacities of SCO, membership of the Islamic Republic of Iran and this organization could leave positive effects on economic and security interest of Tehran. Regarding significance of this issue, the present paper has focused on considering and elaboration of Iran’s membership in SCO effects on functionality of the sanctions. So, as the pivotal question of his paper we have to ask that “what will be the effects of the permanent membership of Iran in SCO on sanctions issue?” the findings of this paper show that regarding remarkable population of the member states and assuming the demand of some SCO members (China, India and Pakistan) for energy resources and also focus on multilateral agreement between the members or creation of united bank with unique currencies as financial mechanism of this organization as secure tool against US sanctions, the membership of Iran in SCO could create and foster attractive economic opportunities for Tehran in order to improve its foreign trade in global scale. The used methodology of this paper is based on descriptive-analytical approach and collection of the givenIntroductionShanghai Cooperation Organization as a Eurasian institution is of special importance in the field of international relations due to its political, geopolitical and geoeconomic influences. In this regard, Iran, with its full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, has moved towards strengthening the balance of power and by establishing closer relations with powers such as China and Russia, it can force the western players to give points in the field of demands and desirable areas. do it yourself This diplomatic victory can be a winning card at the critical time of nuclear negotiations. Of course, it depends on how to use this card. Iran should be aware that putting all its eggs in one basket, such as the basket of the Eastern bloc or the basket of the Western bloc, will force it to accept the conditions imposed by that bloc, which can naturally harm the national interests. Therefore, while optimally and intelligently using the opportunity of full membership in the SCO, it should receive its maximum points from the West and think about maintaining the balance of power. Therefore, considering that Iran's foreign policy has common goals with China and Russia; Dealing with the unilateralism of the United States and the possibilities of reaching and interacting with other regional agreements such as ECO, SAARC, ASEAN, actually limit the maneuvering power of the West and NATO. However, the closer the structural axes of the national power of each country, that is, the increase of organizational connections between commercial, economic, security, educational, etc. institutions in a reciprocal way, can lead to the formation of a new security balance’  Theoretical FrameworkThe current research was enlightened by Structural realism holds that the nature of the international structure is defined by its ordering principle (anarchy), units of the system (states), and by the distribution of capabilities (measured by the number of great powers within the international system), with only the last being considered an independent, a body of realist theories that argue states care deeply about the balance of power and compete among themselves either to gain power at the expense of others or at least to make sure they do not lose power. They do so because the structure of the international system leaves them little choice if they want to survive. This competition for power makes for a dangerous world where states some-times fight each other.  MethodologyThe research method in this article is a descriptive analytical method through which the effect of Iran's membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the erosion of US sanctions against Iran is investigated.      Results & Discussion Membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization can help expand Iran's regional and international markets, and Iran can set export goals based on this membership. Export target countries are easier to find with membership in international organizations and work is facilitated more quickly. In addition, membership in the Shanghai Organization can lead to the adjustment of some political and non-economic issues and problems. In the financial field, one of the dimensions of structural power, considering that the formation of the joint banking council is one of the most important economic functions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, it can be said that the movement towards the financing system of joint projects and capacity building to empower talents is one of the characteristics of this. It can also be argued that due to the image of its strategic position, economic potential, energy resources and extensive experience and expertise in dealing with terrorism, Iran can add more value to the current programs of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and use all its capacity as the bridge between the East and the Islamic world will be used to create a common political and economic vision for the region. Therefore, the issues of Iran's cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organizations appear more in the expansion of the synergy of cooperation in the fields of transportation, fighting terrorism, energy and trade.  Conclusions & SuggestionsFrom the point of view of this research, Iran's full membership in the Shanghai Organization is an important step in the direction of drawing a Eurasian identity. This issue is important because the past tensions in Tehran's relations with Dushanbe can be attributed to the lack of a coherent Eurasian policy. Currently, there is a consensus in Iran's strategic community that the Shanghai Organization is a suitable mechanism for advancing the policy of looking to the east of Iran. The evolution of Iran's participation in the Shanghai Organization from observer status in 2005 to full membership in 2021 shows the significant importance of this organization in the strategic calculations of Iran's Eurasian policy.

Theorists believe that international institutions can have an important impact on the cooperative behavior of countries and the international order. In this regard, Iran's permanent membership in the Shanghai Organization is a turning point in foreign policy that can lead to extensive cooperation, especially in the economic field and the neutralization of sanctions.In fact, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization provides countless opportunities for its members in terms of market, population, economic capacities in the world, the amount of income and the role of the member countries in international trade, and Iran can benefit from the mentioned opportunities by being an official member of this organization. In this article with the purpose of examining the economic opportunities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization following Iran's permanent membership, we are looking for an answer to the question that; what economic opportunities does the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have for Iran?The main hypothesis emphasizes that the most important economic capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are: the large three-billion-people trade market, the field of energy and petrochemicals, transportation and trade of non-oil goods and that Iran, by expanding foreign relations with the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the development of transportation infrastructure can take advantage of the economic capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.For writing this article Descriptive analytical method has been used.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of Chabahar port on the security order of the Indian Ocean region. Chabahar port is located directly or indirectly on the path of several important international highways and has the ability to become one of the most strategic transit positions. This port is a member of two regional structures, the Oman Sea structure and the Indian Ocean structure, and can connect to the three continents of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. It has especially affected economic security. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question, what effect will Chabahar port have on the security order of the Indian Ocean region? The findings of the research show that the economic dependence of India and China, as well as the presence of the United States and other regional countries, has caused the security category in the Indian Ocean to become more important. The economic growth of China and India in recent years is due to trade and economic exchanges in the Indian Ocean. Due to the formation of traditional patterns of friendship and enmity as well as the strategic importance of Chabahar port, this port has played an important role in the equations of the regional security order of the Indian Ocean. The current research has been carried out by descriptive-analytical method and by referring to library-documentary sources.

along the years of relationships , these two countries have witnessed various kinds of engagement within political, economic and security areas. Among the most important issues between our two countries are, Hirmand River,the problem of narcotic,Taleban Terrorism and the problem of Afghan refugees as well as economic cooperation. Utilizing the descriptive-analytic method, this article provides true answers to the question of how the relationship between Iran and Afghanistan can be proceed within the De-security framework during 2000 to 2019. In order to test and evaluate the hypothesis of utilizing the theoretical concepts and parameters of securitization -desecuritization within the framework of Copenhagen Security School, endeavors have been taken place to understand better the relationship between two countries within the axis of dsescuritizstion. From this perspective, in answer to the main question, it should be said that with the gradual removal of security issues from the narrow military and political sphere and the transfer of foreign policy from the political-security layers to the economic-trade layers, Iran-Afghanistan relations is at the desired levels of their agents. The country will move towards insecurity. A look at the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan shows that these two countries are affected by each other due to their neighborhood. For example, the civil war in Afghanistan led to instability on Iran's borders and the influx of Afghan refugees into Iran. However, there are several factors in the formulation of security policies that have hindered the development of other relations and the emergence of challenges in Iran-Afghanistan relations. From the perspective of the Islamic Republic of Iran, US and NATO military movements in Afghanistan, political-consensus instability, and economic instability resulting from the presence of the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, along with drug trafficking, especially in the post-Taliban period from 2000 to 2019. It has been a collection of sources threatening the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This issue has emerged in the formulation of Iran's political-security relations with Afghanistan. This approach has hindered the development of economic-trade relations as a first step of cooperation and coordination. From this perspective, getting out of the narrow military circle is criticized from the point of view of those who considered security one-dimensional and in military dimensions, and comprehensive security is discussed. For this purpose, the above research seeks to study the theory of the Copenhagen school and explain relations Economic and trade and its impact on foreign policy orientation in order to destabilize relations; To answer the question of how the relations between Iran and Afghanistan during the period 2000 to 2019 are in the process of becoming insecure? Theoretical Framework According to Buzan, security is a sense of security (mental security), protection against danger (objective security) and freedom from doubt (trust in the personal perceptions of others) .The process of securing issues goes through four main stages: first, the security discourse, which refers to the identification and urgency of existential threats against the government; second, the legitimacy and public acceptance; third, emergency security operations to deal with threats; These actions affect the internal and external relations of governments . According to the practical solutions of the Copenhagen School to make many phenomena and threats insecure, an efficient political system is necessary to discuss the process of generating security threats before considering the appearance of the threat. the concept of building security is one of the most important topics in the Copenhagen School. A phenomenon becomes a security phenomenon when the actor secures the phenomenon during the process and his audience accepts it. Belief in "manifestation of threat" and "public acceptance" are the two main pillars of "security logic".   History of Iran-Afghanistan relations The Islamic Republic of Iran is neighboring 15 countries, but due to historical and cultural commonalities between Iran and Afghanistan, the relations between the two countries are different. The two countries have a common history, culture, religion and language, and in many other cases there are many commonalities and even a common enemy. The Islamic Republic of Iran has always tried to pursue good neighborliness properly. During the years of holy defense, when Iran was facing many problems, it did not hesitate to cooperate with Afghan refugees, which shows the depth of relations between the two countries. After the victory of Jihad, Iran was aligned with the Mojahedin government and did not leave the Afghan people alone during the Taliban rule. After the fall of the Taliban, he also helped build and institutionalize the government. Iran and Afghanistan, despite having a common political border and common cultural and religious interests, are believed to have the greatest potential for expanding political, security, economic and cultural cooperation. Conclusion The economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Afghanistan has been a common element of profit and profit and an effective and relatively sustainable lever in managing water disputes, if the two countries can define a package of mutual interests in the form of economic diplomacy, this dependence Bilateral economic, the two sides will share in the fair use of water resources. In these circumstances, when the outcome of the combination of economic diplomacy and the water issue forms a kind of win-win diplomacy and paves the way for a major deal, it is highly likely that the parties can reach a common solution to the management of the existing water dispute.

Afghanistan is the largest producer of narcotics in the world, and despite being a landlocked country with no mineral resources, it still has an important position in the region; Including its proximity to world powers such as China and Russia and its proximity to the Caucasus, which has made Afghanistan one of the most important areas to achieve the goals of terrorist groups and countries such as the United States. This article examines the role of the Taliban terrorist group in supporting poppy and narcotics production in Afghanistan using a descriptive-analytical method. There are various terrorist groups operating in Afghanistan. Most of these terrorist groups use the proceeds from the production and trafficking of narcotics for their own terrorist purposes. The most important terrorist groups active in Afghanistan are the Taliban, ISIS and al-Qaeda. In this study, while pointing to the role of the Taliban terrorist group in supporting poppy and narcotics production in Afghanistan Narcotics will be explained and studied scientifically on the activities of the Taliban in Afghanistan.

This book makes abundantly clear the sustained freshness of Snyder path-breaking and dauntingly original work, which has long set the agenda for the systematic explanation of foreign policy decisions. Thevery thoughtful essays prepared for the present volume demonstrate dramatically the continued centrality of the issues Snyder and his associates raised more than 40 years ago. Prescient in its focus on the effects on foreign policy of individuals and their preconceptions, organizations and their procedures, and cultures and their values, Foreign Policy Decision-Making is of continued relevance for anyone seeking to understand the ways foreign policy is made. in the end, addresses the evaluation and general explanation of the book and defense of essays in the area of Decision Making.