مجله راهبرد سیاسی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 14، پاییز 1399)

At present, one of the common concerns of the international community is to prevent the destruction of the environment and to examine ways to protect it, so that the United Nations has considered environmental security as one of the most important components of human security; The importance of this issue from the perspective of all societies is such that the need to protect the environment in various domestic, regional and international documents has been repeatedly considered and emphasized. Since the goal of environmental protection depends on the adoption of a coherent and effective criminal policy against environmental crimes, this study focuses on the pathology of Iranian criminal law and policies, while criticizing the law, one of the most important parts of criminal policy. That is, to criticize the criminal policy towards environmental crimes and in the light of that, by understanding the gaps and shortcomings of the current policy, the ground for adopting a desirable and efficient criminal policy is provided. In this study, which was conducted through a library study and descriptive-analytical method, it was found that Iran's criminal policy towards environmental crimes is subject to issues such as fragmentation of laws, lack of guarantees of efficient implementation, inefficiency.

In recent decades, regionalism and the creation of regional institutions to exploit the capacity of member states to achieve common goals and interests has become increasingly important.As we are witnessing the emergence and formation of various regional organizations and institutions in different parts of the world.In this regard, the various dimensions of the importance of the Indian Ocean region have led to the preservation and security of this region on the agenda of coastal states such as the Islamic Republic of Iran and, as a result, institutions for regional security.Among the institutions established to provide maritime security in the Indian Ocean region is the IONS, or Indian Ocean Naval Symposium.Given this, the main question of the research is based on the causes and areas of security convergence of IONS member countries and what challenges and limitations do these countries face in developing regional cooperation? The research method is analytical-explanatory and the theoretical approach of convergence has been used to explain the subject. The main hypothesis is based on the idea that a common understanding of regional issues, as well as common environmental and regional concerns, has paved the way for the convergence of countries and, ultimately, the establishment of IONS.

Afghanistan is the largest producer of narcotics in the world, and despite being a landlocked country with no mineral resources, it still has an important position in the region; Including its proximity to world powers such as China and Russia and its proximity to the Caucasus, which has made Afghanistan one of the most important areas to achieve the goals of terrorist groups and countries such as the United States. This article examines the role of the Taliban terrorist group in supporting poppy and narcotics production in Afghanistan using a descriptive-analytical method. There are various terrorist groups operating in Afghanistan. Most of these terrorist groups use the proceeds from the production and trafficking of narcotics for their own terrorist purposes. The most important terrorist groups active in Afghanistan are the Taliban, ISIS and al-Qaeda. In this study, while pointing to the role of the Taliban terrorist group in supporting poppy and narcotics production in Afghanistan Narcotics will be explained and studied scientifically on the activities of the Taliban in Afghanistan.

When Trump came to power in the United States, we saw changes in the foreign policy of this country in the international arena. One of the internal factors influencing Trump's victory was the widespread support of working-class whites who are always neglected in the United States. It was election time. Taking advantage of the unfavorable economic situation and chanting the slogan of restoring American greatness has fascinated a large part of the American society. Assessing Trump's personality, evaluating foreign policy positions, analyzing his interactions with foreign policy institutions, as well as their internal developments, are hypothesized that Trump's personality traits promote the status of "individual variable" over other influential factors in foreign policy. America, that is, has become systemic, bureaucratic, social and role variables. "Authoritarian populism," "narcissism," "revenge," and "incompatibility" are prominent features of Trump's character that reveal his "self-centeredness"; These personal characteristics of Trump have influenced the weight and relationship between the bureaucratic institutions of foreign policy, and now institutions are fully aligned with the views of the President.

The purpose of the present article is to test the relationship between the "components of Western modernity" in the political culture of post-revolutionary Iran and the "foreign policy of Hashemi Rafsanjani's time." With the coming to power of Hashemi Rafsanjani's government and full mastery of the requirements of the time, it was concluded that the approach of pragmatism in foreign policy must be used to achieve the goals. The government was familiar with the structural power of the West in the structure of knowledge, financial structure, security structure, production structure, etc., so decision-makers decided to benefit from relations with Western countries by adopting a policy of detente and constructive interaction. Achieve economic benefits. Therefore, in order to understand why and how to formulate the foreign policy of the construction period, in this research, an attempt has been made to study Western modernity in a constructivist way and its impact on the foreign policy of this historical region of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In general, this study raises the question: how has Western modernity as one of the three cultural aspects of Iran's national identity made the foreign policy of Hashemi Rafsanjani's era consistent and durable? To answer the main question of this study, we hypothesize that among the many theories and theoretical approaches to study the internal and external structure, the constructivist approach is better than the rest to be able to understand the foreign policy developments of the period under study. To explain. For this reason, an attempt has been made to evaluate the structure and context of the article with a constructive background.

The present article studies the indices of economic, social, political, and cultural development in Central Asian countries whose citizens have been a member of ISIS. After reviewing the theoretical approaches, the research data have been gathered through quantitative methods and secondary analysis; moreover, inverse questionnaire has been used for gathering data from indices of economic, social, political, and cultural development published in the Finnish Institute of International affairs website (2015). In the next phase, the data have been analyzed through SPSS application; descriptive analysis and inferential analysis have been conducted in this research. The validity and reliability of data have been measured through content validity and reliability index; the reliability index has been more than 0.8. The findings of the research indicate that there is a significant difference between indices of economic, social, political, and cultural development in Central Asian countries – whose members are attracted by ISIS; the level or error has been 0.01 (P<0.01). Moreover, there is a significant difference between these indices separately; the level of error in this section has been 0.01 (P<0.01).

One of the emerging powers that has experienced a growing industrialization process in recent years is the People's Republic of China. Diplomacy has defined energy security for its future. The best option for that country's energy supply is the strategic Persian Gulf region. The question is, what opportunities and challenges does the People's Republic of China face in the strategic port of the Persian Gulf? And how is Beijing's strategy assessed in the face of opportunities and challenges ahead? In order to answer this question, an attempt has been made to study Beijing's strategy in the Persian Gulf region at three levels: global, regional and domestic. At the global level, the biggest issue is the influence and influence of the United States in the region. At this level, the Chinese are seeking to build trust. But internally, the most important issue, especially in recent years, has been political developments in West Asian countries and issues related to government conflicts with their nations in the region, which has the potential to do so. China's energy security, which is one of the main reasons for Beijing's presence in the Persian Gulf, faces deep challenges.

The spread of unconventional behavior and international rules by governments as key players in international law and the politicization of the United Nations, especially the Security Council and other international organizations, has jeopardized world peace. Endless conflicts in the Middle East, the arms race between the great world powers, the genocide of Bosnian Muslims, Rohingya and Uighurs in China, repeated crimes against humanity in Africa, widespread environmental degradation, and growing violence against minorities. Ethnic and religious discrimination, Endless conflicts in the Middle East, the arms race between the great world powers, the genocide of Bosnian Muslims, Rohingya and Uighurs in China, repeated crimes against humanity in Africa, widespread environmental degradation, and growing violence against minorities.gross and systematic violations of human rights in many countries of the world, unilateral sanctions, etc. are evidence of the ineffectiveness of Westphalian international law. So; Can civil society play a role in international law, get out of the current situation and adjust and control the deviation of states from the rules and laws of international law?

Revolution is a phenomenon of change in society and politics that is influenced by intellectual foundations. The intellectual and political current of Fardid and his followers, based on their intellectual and philosophical principles, has been particularly influenced by the views of Heidegger and Ibn Arabi. It is believed that historical periods can be explained in terms of semantic meanings contained in them based on one of these names. . Accordingly, this view, based on the wisdom of history, tries to free itself from the shackles of modern humanism and to design a spiritual horizon based on a new relationship with God and also existence. One is the issue of revolution, which is important both conceptually and in terms of Fardid's attention to the two important events of the Constitution and the Islamic Revolution. as well as his approach to history and what he has referred to as historical circumstances, to reread his views on the revolution of his intellectual system and the challenges and The possibilities of raising this issue are explored by him, especially in the horizon of the possibilities of future progress and in launching a new plan in the post-tomorrow thinking of the world.

US strategic relations with Egypt peaked during the time of Anwar Sadat, and it was after the peace talks at Camp David (September 1978) that military and economic cooperation between Egypt and the United States intensified and the two countries established close ties. US interests in Egypt include securing Israel and maintaining the 1979 peace treaty, fighting terrorism and controlling fundamentalism, countering the expansion of Russian influence in Egypt and the Middle East, maintaining the US gateway to the region and leading the Arab world, and improving bilateral relations. Maintaining stability and balance of power in the region and military cooperation. The question that the authors of the present study have tried to answer with a descriptive-analytical method and using the theory of defensive realism is what was the foreign policy of the United States towards Egypt after Al-Sisi came to power and what are the goals of the United States? In response, it can be pointed out that US foreign policy is to exploit Egypt for its own interests, and that the US approach has been to pursue a dual and contradictory policy; The United States, on the one hand, is calling for democracy, and on the other, endorsing al-Sisi's government, whose first priority is to ensure stability and peace, maintain a peace treaty with Israel, and maintain its position in Egypt. US-Egyptian relations are aimed at maintaining regional stability, maintaining the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty, and improving bilateral relations.