سکینه ملایی توانی

With the increase in recent droughts and shortage of drinking water resources led to planning to desalinate water and set up mobile stations. The purpose of this study is to determine the microbial and physicochemical quality of water discharged from desalination plants and tankers in Qom.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for one year with monthly sampling of water from domestic water purifiers and mobile tankers. Samples were analyzed for microbial contamination and physicochemical quality (pH, TDS, turbidity and chlorination) according to standard methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software and compared with the standards.

Positive values of fecal coliform contamination was 13.34% in tankers and 4.35% in domestic water purifiers. The pH, TDS, turbidity was in accordance with the national and WHO standards. T-TEST statistical analysis showed, microbial quality of water had a significant relation with variables of dewatering containers (P<0.021), tank washing (P<0.001), outlet valve contamination (P<0.011), contact with dust (P<0.014), the personal health of the distributor (P<0.026), temperature (P<0.033), water retention time (P<0.019) and environmental sanitation (P<0.003). ). . But there was no significant difference in the distribution of water between tankers and desalination plants (P < 0.068).

By preventing secondary pollution, the water quality of these places can be considered desirable. Therefore, periodic and regular water evaluation and training on maintenance and health issues should always be considered

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used in various treatments including inflammatory disorders, pain relief and fever. The permanent presence of these compounds in water resources and possible adverse effects due to toxicological and chemical properties is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate of the efficiency of P4VP-Fe3O4 nanocomposite on the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solutions.

Adsorbent properties were determined by TEM, SEM, VSM and FTIR techniques. Effect of independent variables such as pH (3-9), adsorbent dose (0.1-2 g/L), contaminant concentration (2-20 mg/L), mixing speed (100-250 rpm), temperature (25-40°C) and the presence of interfering ions (120 min) were investigated. The adsorption process was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Tamkin isotherm models, and kinetic models of the adsorption process as well as thermodynamic studies.

Results showed that by examining the size and shape of P4VP-Fe3O4 composite, the composite had properties such as nano range size, polygonal structure and non-uniform shape. The peak of the pyridine ring in the results of FT-IR analysis of P4VP@Fe3O4 composite indicated the presence of C=C bands. In the adsorption process, the optimal removal conditions for diclofenac (contaminant concentration 15 mg/L, pH=5, contact time 75 min, adsorbent dose 1 g/L), the maximum removal efficiency of diclofenac 93.34% and adsorption capacity (qe) 9.33 mg/g was obtained. Also, the study of adsorption isotherm and kinetics showed that diclofenac adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm (R2 <0.956) and quasi-quadratic kinetic model (R2 <0.976). The results of thermodynamics also showed a spontaneous reaction.

P4VP-Fe3O4 composite can be used as an effective and useful adsorbent in the adsorption of diclofenac and pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous media due to its advantages such as simple and fast separation, recyclable, cost-effective and high removal efficiency.

In order to properly grow the body, the production of thyroxin hormones and Etc. are highly dependent on iodine level. This study was conducted to measure the iodine level in edible salts consumed by food supply centers and training operators to evaluate their performance. This semi-experimental study was carried out in Qom city during the period of 2017-18 and the results were compared with the standards of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Available data were managed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS v.16. Of the 6770 Idiometric measurements, 93% of the edible salts were refined iodized. The iodine level was in acceptable range (30-50 ppm) for 91% of samples, while 2% of samples had higher iodine content than the acceptable level (50 ppm). Statistically, there was a significant relationship between age (P˂0.021), gender (P˂0.037) and education vendors (P˂0.001) and the level of knowledge of the trained operators for packaging type (P˂001), salt prices (P˂0.001) and storage conditions (P˂0.031) topics and also, a significant relationship found between the supervision of health authorities on expiry date (P˂0.003) and fraud checking (P˂0.020) and as well as training showed a significant value on practice of the instructors (P˂0.001). According to the results, 93% of edible salts, were refined iodized. Therefore, the success of the salt iodizing program requires increasing the awareness of the operators and monitoring them continuously.

Today, nanoparticles with the development of nanotechnology and its applications in various industries are highly regarded. These compounds are available in a variety of natural and chemically modified species. Due to unique features such as high surface to volume ratio, special surface area, creating quantum effects, increased reactivity of the surface and its specific chemical and physical properties have been developed as antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles reacted with thiol group (-SH) protein, reduce membrane permeability, the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cell membrane, DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, changes in gene expression and cellular morphology change that ultimately lead to cell death. By choosing the right combination of two nanoparticles together, we can be used to expand the scope of performance, reduced toxicity and effectiveness. On the other hand, along with the many benefits and applications of nanoparticles, the results of toxicological studies of these compounds in the environment can cause risks for people and other organisms. Nanoparticle penetration in the brain, effects on the central nervous system and blood circulation system, Chromosomal disorders, delay in coming out of eggs, changes in the composition of microbial populations, inhibition of photosynthesis and reduced root growth are examples of the environmental impacts of these compounds. According to research done in this area and the concerns of the results of available studies, firstly, training should be given to people who work with these compounds, second choice for safe disposal of these compounds thought and reused if recycled. To be able to produce green combinations (biocompatible) in order to maintain and sustain the environment.

In recent years, public concern about the management of hospital wastes in the world has been increased. Medical waste categorized as a distinct group of solid waste, which has health and environmental risk potential. This study aim was to survey of medical waste characterization and management in Shohada Hospital of Behshahr, 2016.
This cross-sectional study performed in 2016 in Shohada Hospital of Behshahr to determine the quantity, quality and management of hospital wastes. Sampling performed twice a week for 6 months. A total of 48 samples was taken and each sample quantified by weighting.
Obtained results showed the rate of waste generation is 1.34 kg/bed. Day. For non-medical waste the hazardous and household wastes were 36% and 64%, respectively. The infectious, household, sharp, chemical and pharmaceutical waste generation rate were, 0.027, 0.065, 0.09 and 0.0006 kg /bed /day, respectively.
Our findings showed suitable solid waste management for non-medical wastes, while infectious waste management is not satisfactory and the need to revise. It can be concluded the need for training and capacity establishing programmes for all employees involved in management of the medical waste.

Nowadays food processing technology to extend life or improve the appearance, composition, texture, taste, color, smell, and nutrition value of the food is brought to the use of food additives. A significant increase in the use of synthetic colors and additives in addition to stimulate appetite and food palatability and improve its appearance and hide flaws food, it may lead to probable dangerous side effects in consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and frequency of unauthorized and synthetic dyes consumption in supplied food of city Nazarabad Township.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the measure of synthetic dye in dried sweets, raw barbecue chicken and barbecue chicken sauce of confectionaries, food shops, and restaurants of the Nazarabad Township was studied. A total of 25 random samples of the existing units based on the highest probability was taken and were transferred to the food laboratory. After extraction probable dye, the measure of the dye were quantified using chromatography. Then, the Food colorings were compared with the national standard.
According to the obtained results, 88% and 12% of the total samples were contained unauthorized synthetic and authorized synthetic dyes, respectively. The amount of 92.58% of the dried sweets samples, 81.18% of the raw barbecue chicken and barbecue chicken sauce samples were used unauthorized synthetic dyes, and 7.14% of dried sweets samples and 18.18% of the raw barbecue chicken and barbecue chicken sauce samples were used authorized synthetic dyes, respectively.
the results show that the frequency use of synthetic dyes might be due to lack of health knowledge and safety of food vendors, low price and easy access of dyes.

Backgrounds and Juice drinks have high nutritional value, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals which are widely consumed due to therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to survey the bacteriological quality of juices in Shahrood city.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the spring and summer seasons of 2014-2015, on juices sold in the Shahrood city study. A self-report questionnaire confirmed by the ministry of health, with certain modifications (as needed), was applied to determine the bacteriological quality of juices and the relationship between food safety knowledge and practices of vendors. In this study, all juice shops (9 units) were considered and the research was carried out by visiting and completing the questionnaires. In order to determine the bacteriological quality of fruit juices, sampling was done from juice shops. The samples the assessed for the presence of Staphylococcus, E. coli, total coliform, yeast and mold counts by using standard methods. The results were compared with the standards of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Then, obtained data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS software.
About 16.12 % of the samples contaminated to Staphylococcus aureus, 22.58% to Escherichia coli, 12.9% to total coliform, 38.7% to yeast and 9.67% to mold. Also, a significant correlation between parameters such as level of literacy (Education) of vendors, amount of sales, site and refrigerator hygiene, personal hygiene, food hygiene, and sanitation was existed (P ≤ 0.001).
The results showed that all biological parameters were higher than the standard level, which was due to the lack of principles and rules of personal hygiene, food hygiene and sanitation. Hence, management, monitoring and purposeful education was much more needed for food safety supervision and training to prevent contamination of food with pathogenic agents, and greater emphasis on compliance with regulations is Article 13.

Hospital wastewater due to having pollutants like pharmaceuticals and antibiotics, chemical and heavy metals and … In the absence of proper treatment and its entry into the receiving waters are causing health risks. This study evaluate treatment and the quality of effluents from a single wastewater hospital Behshahr's Shohada gynecology and compare effluent with environmental standards.
The study on wastewater treatment plant was to Descriptive - analytical method 2015-2016 in the hospital A single gynecologic Behshahr's Shohada. In order to determine the sewage quality and efficiency Wastewater treatment plant outlet effluent sampling was performed. Samples of BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, DO, turbidity, free chlorine, fecal coliform and total coliform were analyzed using standard methods.
The average daily water consumption of 33 m3 and the average hospital wastewater generated per bed is 26.4 m3/day. Average parameters BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, DO, turbidity, free chlorine, fecal coliform and total coliform in the outlet effluent treatment plant respectively is 112/25 mg /l, 157 mg / L, 1122/25 mg / L, 138/75 mg / L, 59/5 mg / L, 13 NTU, 1mg / L,4/75 MPN / 100mL, 46 MPN / 100mL.
The results showed that all parameters are above the standard level suitable effluent disposal to receiving the waters were, therefore efficiency is unsuitable the process of and requires management and leadership is more accurate. This wastewater treatment plant also can be used for agricultural use, Discharge into surface waters and catchy wells are not and Total coliform and fecal coliform amounts were measured only by the standards of the Iran Environmental Protection Agency were compatible.

Background and Supply of high-quality water (drinking water quality), is a critical component for sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to assess the current state of water quality supplied to the distribution system and importance of participating water and sewer its distribution network to improve the quality selected.
This cross-sectional study in 1394 in both spring and summer, during a systematic search, local information on the quality (microbiological, physical and chemical) drinking water distribution systems were evaluated using a questionnaire. The samples for the presence of CL, PH, TDS, sulfates, total hardness, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, turbidity and total coliform were analyzed by standard methods and 1053 were compared with the national standard.
The average parameters studied a total of 303 water samples collected from amount CL, PH, TDS, sulfates, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, turbidity and total coliform respectively equal Was reported 0/1 mg/L, 7/66 mg/L, 773/39 mg/L,108/15 mg/L, 287/84 mg/L, 31/59 mg/L, 50/05 mg/L, 0/02 mg/L, 19/56 mg/L, 1/08 mg/L, 80/57 mg/L, 0/6 mg/L, 24/5 MPN/100ML. The role of water and sewage company as well as the effect of the drinking water distribution network respectively physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water in the utility had a significant relationship (p The results showed that the water samples tested for microbial and physico-chemical parameters were within the range of Iran's national standard 1053 except the CL, which is less than the national standard. The role of water and sewage company distribution network and improve its quality is very important.

Todays a large amount of solid waste produce as a result of industries developing. Uncontrolled disposal of these solid waste can lead to cause irreparable environmental and health risks. This study aimed to investigate the solid waste management of active industries in city of Ramsar, Northern of Iran. This cross-sectional study was done to determine the current status of solid waste management in all active industries (small, medium and large) in Ramsar, in 2015. To collect required data a self-reported questionnaire of “Department of Environment, Islamic Republic of Iran” with certain modifications (as needed) was used to determine the quantity, quality and management of waste. In this study, all of the units (32 units) used to study and conducted for visiting and completing the questionnaires. According to the existing active industries type in Ramsar as well as, to facilitate administrative all active industries divided in food industry, wood and paper industry, sanitary products industry, plastic industry and Non-metallic minerals categories. After collecting the required data, entered into Microsoft Excel and SPSS soft wares. Finally, results represented in suitable tables and charts. 32 industrial units in the city of Ramsar is active, now. The industries are in the category of the food industry (31%), wood industry (31 percent), health care products industry (12.3%), plastics industry (12%) and non-metallic mineral industries (21%). Solid waste generation rate was 58.227 ton/month equal to 698.488 ton/year. None of them have a sanitary management and ISO 14000 certification. 28% of industrial units had recycling methods. According to the obtained results, establishing of an industrial park is the first step for establishing of a management system. More than half of generated solid waste in studied industries were recyclable. Additionally, remained part of solid waste can be used to composting or animal feeding.