سیاوش ایمنی قشلاق

 The feeling of security is one of the basic conditions of travel and tourism, and in today's unstable and competitive world, it is considered as a competitive advantage for choosing a destination in the tourism industry. For this purpose, this research has identified and analyzed the factors affecting tourists' sense of security in the Rey city.

The study is applied and descriptive-analytical, and it is conducted as a survey. The sample size is 384 persons, and the statistical population of visitors who visited the city of Rey in 1397. A questionnaire created by the researcher was used to collect data and information. Multivariate approaches in SPSS statistical software were used to analyze the data.

Environmental factors such as the shrine's environment and space, as well as the surrounding urban environment; social factors such as police presence and performance, as well as media performance and role; and individual factors such as gender and social class all have an impact on a person's sense of security.
Results and

The results suggest that tourists in Rey city have a very high sense of security in the surroundings and inside the shrine and a moderate sense of security in the urban districts surrounding the shrine. Men and women had nearly identical feelings of safety. Tourists gave the police a high rating and the media a low rating. The strength and ability of public media and social networks should be used to increase awareness and develop a culture among the host community and visitors to generate a sense of security among tourists while paying essential and appropriate attention to the environment around the shrine.

Urban places often contain a wide range of attractions, accommodation centers, and other tourist facilities, which form an essential part of the urban tourism foundation. Among these accommodation centers, we can mention the boutique hotels. Due to the popularity of these hotels and the impact they have on the destination community, they can play an influential role in the development of urban tourism. For example, Hanna and Nezamiyeh boutique hotels located in the historical part of districts 11 and 12 of Tehran have great potential in the development of urban tourism due to their historical value. This research investigates the role of these two boutique hotels in three dimensions of urban tourism development .This research is descriptive-analytical, and data is collected through library studies and field studies such as questionnaire distribution. the Chi-square test results show that from the point of view of the local community, managers and staff, these two boutique hotels affect all three dimensions of tourism development in Tehran. However, from the point of view of tourists, these boutique hotels only affect the socio-cultural dimension. Given that the present study was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic,. This tourists’ impression was likely due to the pandemic conditions.

 Travel and tourism have a special place in the lifestyle of human beings today. They travel to diversify their daily lives, avoid stress, and achieve peace, good experiences, and sweet memories in possible opportunities such as weekends, summer, and New Year holidays. Driving accidents can make travel and tourism a bad experience and a bitter memory. The purpose of the research is spatial analysis of the travel and tourism, and the traffic accidents to better plan and manage the spatial and temporal distribution of travel and to reduce traffic accidents. 

 This research is applied and descriptive-analytical. Spring travel and tourism statistics in the four years 2016-2019 from the website of the Statistics Center of Iran and traffic accident statistics (deaths and injuries) at the same time were used by the traffic police. GIS and SPSS Software used for spatial analysis and statistical analysis. 

 Findings show a high correlation between the distribution of travel and tourism and driving accidents with a correlation coefficient of 0.702. Travel with accommodation and driving accidents are associated with a beta level of 0.88 and a significance level of less than 5% (sig. = 0.000). The model's fit shows that travel with accommodation predicts 65% of the variance of traffic accidents. 

 The research results indicate no correlation between the population of the provinces and traffic accidents, and traffic accidents are related to factors other than the population. One of them is the amount of travel and tourism in that province. Analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of travel and tourism and driving accidents based on the Moran index shows a random pattern.

the host community. Due to the increasing diversity of tourism, recognizing the effects of various types of tourism on the host community and understanding the differences and similarities between their effects is a necessity of planning and informed and normative management of tourism. This study aims to analyze the socio-cultural effects of religious and historical tourism in the cities of Qom and Isfahan to understand the differences and similarities. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which has been done as a survey. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Qom and Isfahan where 384 people were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and U-Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the data and Friedman test was used to prioritize their socio-cultural effects. The results show that in terms of social effects, tourism has had the greatest impact on social deviations in Qom and on the lifestyle of the host community in Isfahan. There was no significant difference between the two societies in terms of cultural indicators.

The landscapes and landscapes of nature are tourist-friendly destinations and attractions, so it is essential to protect them in order to achieve sustainable development. This paper investigates and categorizes two topics of ecotourism and environmental protection that have two different but interrelated approaches. Overall, it is important to look at how and how the negative and positive effects of the ecotourism industry and natural resources are to be treated. If, from the point of view of economics and the profitability aspect of tourism, natural resources are taken into consideration and more important to planners, the tourism industry will become a factor for destruction and an excuse for profitability of nature. In other words, nature will become an instrument for income generation and will disappear. But from a forward-looking perspective, the growth of the ecotourism industry in protected areas and natural areas can conserve these valuable resources and prioritize the protection of the environment over the tourism industry. Planning for ecotourism should be such that it is minimally and preferably free of biodiversity damage in the planning and management of ecotourism. The benefits of unsustainable tourism and damaging to natural and even cultural environments will be short-lived and will boom and irreparable damage to the environment. But while using ecotourism based on environmental principles, one can easily sense its long-term economic impact at national and local levels. Intercity Wildlife Refuge has the potential to attract tourists with the right location and specific ecosystem. In this research, descriptive and analytical and using library documents as well as field observations and SWOT analysis, the characteristics and potentials of tourism in Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge have been investigated, in addition to identifying their potential for ecosystem conservation and sustainability. Attempt to provide optimal conservation strategies in view of the role and importance of sustainable development.

In recent decades, tourism has become one of the most important activities in the world, and despite all the happenings always rapid growth in the economic development of communities and regions has created. Religious tourism is one of the most common forms of tourism around the world. Every year, religious attractions, shrines and holy places attract large numbers of tourists.The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of tourism on the local economy. This is an applied research, which is conducted through field studies and questionnaires were used to collect data.The statistical populationis the Imam Zadeh Hashim village’s people. On the base of Cochrane formula, 223 persons were selected by simple random sampling. Binomialtestwas usedfordata analysis. Results of this study indicate that tourism is creates jobs, increasing income, diversification of the rural economy, reduce unemployment and poverty in Emam zade Hashim village.Therefore, tourism can be very effective in local economic development and poverty reduction.

Water resources including oceans, Lakes, rivers, Waterfalls and Ponds are major tourism destinations in the world. This paper analyzes Uremia Lake drying up effects on tourism attractions and tourism industry of the area. Applied Methodology in this research is comparative and descriptive-analytical, based on documentation and field study. Data for the study were collected using a variety of methods including questionnaires, interviews, informal discussions, observations. Sample is including local communities, tourists and experts. 220 of local community, 40 tourists’ and15 experts are surveyed. Questionnaire is comprised of closed questions. A 5-point Likert scale was used to investigating the perceptions of residents, experts and tourists. The interviews and surveys have been done around the issues related to and impacts of lake drying up in tourism industry. Research findings show that all the studied groups and lakes and shores tourist attractions have been damaged by drying up of Uremia Lake. Many attractions have been destroyed and the few that remained are in critical situation. Created Facilities on the lake shore remained unused and they are going to be destructed gradually. This has significantly reduced the number of Tourists which has led to the tourism – related jobs reduction, income reduction and increased immigration of local people. According to research findings, the best and only way to deal with current problems is to solve water crisis and restore the lake as one of the major tourist destinations of the region for tourism industry to reborn and contribute to regional development in all dimensions.

Iranian rural women have been working side by side with men in many activities. But in recent years، due to social، economic and cultural changes، the role of women in many rural activities has declined، causing many social and economic problems in rural areas. Tourism is one of the activities in which there are too many opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship for women. Women are able to get involved with the business of tourism easily at the same time that they may perform their daily activities such as taking care of children، cooking and housekeeping. This study has been conducted by using a survey method، collecting the research data through documentary and field research methods. Questionnaires and interviews have been employed to collect the data. The study population consisted of women and girls in Kandovan and Eskandan rural areas. A total of 210 women were randomly selected from the two rural areas. The findings of this research indicate that tourism prosperity rural areas can create many opportunities for women. Tourism development grants the rural environment a stimulus and motivation for women entrepreneurship and self employment. The results of the comparison indicate that there are significant differences between the characteristics of entrepreneurial women in the two villages. The average value of indicators of women’s entrepreneurship in Kandovan is at a higher level than women''s entrepreneurship in Eskandan.

Entrepreneur is a person of very high aptitude who pioneers change, possessing characteristics found in only a very small fraction of the population. On the other extreme of definitions, anyone who wants to work for him or herself is considered to be an entrepreneur. The word Entrepreneur originates from the French word, entreprendre which means "to undertake." In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. According to the field experts, entrepreneurship is the engine of development and its further advancement is one of the possible strategies to solve the rural areas challenges, guarantee the variety of rural economy, and optimal use of rural resources. Development of small and micro businesses can transform the local economy. Tourism emerged as the largest global industry of the 20th century and is projected to grow even faster in the 21st century. Tourism as a fast growing and largest global industries is definitely a proper ground for rural entrepreneurship development. Year by the year, variety of products and increasing destinations are among important reasons for its high demand. In this research, we study rural entrepreneurship development as well as its feasibility from the tourism viewpoint. Tourism SMEs are also significant for their economic development potential. This may apply inseveral ways. First, a flourishing visitor economy or circumstances where entrepreneurs sense thatvisitors will be attracted to an area - creates opportunities for new enterprise creation. In the context of alternative tourism, this is important because in some, perhaps notably rural, localities there is littleprospect of alternative forms of investment. Though individually such businesses employ few people,collectively the employment generated by businesses reliant on visitor spend can be highly significant.Further, the development of independent businesses can mean that much of the revenue generated byvisitors stays in the locality. This is an applied research which is done according to analytic – comparative survey methods and the related data are collected from both documents (to provide theoretical and background information) and also field survey methods like questionnaire, interview and observation.Study population is the youth (15-29 years) of Eskndan and Kandovan villages. The numbers of study samples are 123 people that Cochran's formula is derived. Questionnaires for assessing the reliability of Cronbach's alpha (reliability equal to 85 percent of them) and to assess the validity of the opinions of experts, scholars and professors have been used. Study areas are Kandovan and Eskndan village in Osku city of East Azarbaijan province. To evaluate the indicators for entrepreneurship, Characteristics of entrepreneurship were compared among youth in Kandovan village as a tourism destination and Eskndan (nontouristic village) both located in the same rural district with the same conditions. Kandovan as one of the Iranian Touristic villages located at altitudes over 2,200 meters on the northern slopes of Sahand Mount in Azerbaijani. Kandovan is one of the three rock villages. Since the environment has an important role in the formation characteristics and entrepreneurial spirit. The characteristics and entrepreneurial spirit were compared among young people in two villages. The amount of risk taking among young people in two villages were compared with 8 items, the results show that risk taking among kandovans youth is higher than Eskandans youth. The second Studied feature was the creativity and innovation, and the result shows that significant differences between the youth of two villages and the average among KANDOVAN youth is higher than others. We can say that the various and new demands of tourists has increased motivation, creativity and innovation among KANDOVAN youth. Entrepreneurs owe their success to their abilities and not know the fate and destiny. To assess the impact of tourism on the confidence of youth, was used of the five items. The results show that the confidence of KANDOVAN young people is higher than Eskandan youth. This is due to the presence of tourists from different countries and regions and cultural interactions with different people in rural areas and increased communication with the outside world and increase awareness of rural youth. With four items were compared uncertainty among young people in two villages. The results showed significant differences in three itenms between young people in two villages and the mean value of the items are also among the kandovan youth is higher than Eskandan youth. The last entrepreneural charactristic was Internal Iocus of control or non fatalism. The result of the research shows there arent significant differences between two village's young people in Fatalism. We can say that tourism has no effect on reducing youth Fatalism. The main reason can be the beliefs and traditions of the villagers that are not easily changeable. Because Villagers strongly believe the fate. Tourism makes to the rural environment to stimulate entrepreneurial and dynamic economic environment. The rural environment becomes a motivating and stimulating environment for entrepreneurship. Tourism draws attention to the local authorities and various organizations to create and develop the infrastructure of the village. The new facilities and technologies such as hotels, parking, emergency facilities, IT and ICT in rural areas are crated. Financial institutions, banks and private investors due to a rapid return on investment and the possibility of high profits, are simply willing to invest in such villages. Or grants and loans to rural residents in these villages. Public awareness of villagers, especially young peoples will be promoted to cultural interaction with tourism. According to the results, unique texture, great position and magnificent tourism attractions have provided a great potential for Kandovan village to exploit tourism and entrepreneurial opportunities as much as possible. On the other hand, the results revealed that there is a significant entrepreneurial difference between Kandovan youths, as a tourism destination, and other similar rural regions like Eskandan. In fact, entrepreneurial characteristics observed in Kandovan's young peoples are more noticeable, compared to other villages.

The general objective of development is the all-around growth of human societies, so in the process of planning for development, especially sustainable development, attention to hazards (natural, human, environmental, social, economic, etc.) is absolutely necessary. The high vulnerability of rural areas to natural disasters on the one hand, the low level of rural people's awareness, the high level of risk and uncertainty in rural activities on the other, are among other factors that make attention to risk management in rural development planning necessary, because inattention to risks and lack of their proper management leads to the failure of rural development programs. This study was conducted due to the importance of this issue (risk management) in rural environments and the necessity to pay attention to it in rural planning, and the results of the research indicate that "risk management" is a new topic in Iran (even at academic level). That is the reason why there is no other major source among Farsi texts (in the form of a book, research, or dissertation) specifically written on this subject except for a few translations of foreign papers. Furthermore, despite the importance of the issue of risk management in rural communities, it has not been paid due attention to in rural development planning, and we can even say that it has not been paid attention to at all, while in many countries risk management is considered a major part of planning.