فهرست مطالب سید حجت زمانی

The aim of this study was to model the structural equations of the relationship between Newell constraints (individual, task and environment constraints) and the amount of physical activity in adolescent girls as well as the mediating role of social physical anxiety in the relationship between them. In this cross-sectional-correlational study, 318 female subjects (15-17 years old) were selected from the secondary school students of Tabriz by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Demographic information questionnaire, researcher-made questionnaire of personal, environmental and homework factors, social support for exercise survey, physical activity questionnaire for adolescents and Hart's social physical anxiety scale were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation statistical method in SPSS23 software. In addition to descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling was used in LISREL10.20 software. The results showed a direct path of the three constraints (individual, environment and task) to social physical anxiety and the amount of physical activity; The direct path of social physical anxiety to the amount of physical activity, and the indirect path of the three constraints to the amount of physical activity are significant with the mediating role of social physical anxiety. The results of this study shed light on the role of social support for parents as well as friends for adolescents' participation in physical activity. It should be noted that various levels of different factors such as supportive and social environments can interact with each other to affect the amount of physical activity as an important health behavior in adolescent girls.

Positive effects of doing exercise on physiological factors is evident, and findings of cognitive and psychological effects of exercise are expanding. Nowadays, aerobics has become very popular among females. The present study aimed to investigate predictability of aerobics trainers and inactive females via cognitive, perceptual, and attentional variables. To this end, 160 females of Tabriz (19-50 years old) were selected through a random cluster sampling technique. The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), spatial cueing test, and short form of Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire were used to measure variables and discriminant analysis used for data analyzing. The results showed that all the memory, attention and some of the physical self-perceived features could predict aerobics trainers and inactive females with different percentages; the physical self-perceived variable was the best predictor of aerobics trainers and inactive females. It seems that the effects of exercise on physical self-perception factors is more than cognitive and attention factors.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived motivational climate and motivation in adolescent female students. This research was conducted through descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population of this study was all high school female students in East Azerbaijan province, 221 people were selected using cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, exercise behavior adjustment questionnaire and perceived motivational space were used in sport. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between motivational climate and lack of motivation. Also, there was a significant relationship between ego-oriented climate and external motivation and introjected regulation, as well as between the task-oriented climate and internal motivation and the identified regulation. In other words, in the Ego and task perceived motivational climate, both in the model used predict 6% of the changes in the external motivation, 2% of the changes in the introjected regulation, 14% of the identified regulation changes, 12% of internal motivation and 11% of the lack of motivation correctly. Therefore, it can be said that the perceived motivational climate is an important factor and predictor of the type of motivation to exercise in adolescent female students.

Positive effects of doing exercise on physiological factors is evident, and findings of cognitive and psychological effects of exercise are expanding. Nowadays, aerobics has become very popular among females. The present study aimed to investigate predictability of aerobics trainers and inactive females via cognitive, perceptual, and attentional variables. To this end, 160 females of Tabriz (19-50 years old) were selected through a random cluster sampling technique. The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), spatial cueing test, and short form of Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire were used to measure variables and discriminant analysis used for data analyzing. The results showed that all the memory, attention and some of the physical self-perceived features could predict aerobics trainers and inactive females with different percentages; the physical self-perceived variable was the best predictor of aerobics trainers and inactive females. It seems that the effects of exercise on physical self-perception factors is more than cognitive and attention factors.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of native-local games on the female students’ social and psychological development aspects. This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and the control group. Two classes consisting of thirty-five students, aged 12-14 years, were selected via the purposive sampling method and then divided into two experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 17) groups. The native games team did their activities for 12 weeks, one and a half hour per a week. During this period, the control group subjects performed the usual school activities. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test. The results showed that in social development and most of its subscales, the native-local games group had a significant improvement over the usual school activities group. However, at the mental health scale, only in terms of the subscale of physical symptoms, there was a significant difference between the two groups. It can be concluded that native-local games can be an easy and indigenous way of improving some aspects of social development and sub-scales of mental health in students

This study to examine the various factors involved in leisure time physical activity participation in Iranian over age 60.To achieve this purpose Hubbard and Mannell’s four models of physical activity participation were analyzed. Initially 600 people participated in this study using cluster sampling. Finally, 552 subjects of elders completed four questionnaires were used including: constraint, negotiation, motivation and physical. For data collection, questionnaires distributed among 9 provinces. The path analysis was used for finding relation between variables and fit model among Iranian elderly. Data showed three questionnaires of constraint, negotiation, motivation have construct validity type of internal consistency and their Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.73, 0.93 and 0.93 respectively. Model’s path analyses in Iranian society showed the first (independence model) and third (constraint effects mitigation model) model were suitable to Iranian society. According to data it can be acknowledged that constraint directly lead to reduce of participation and next of it, factor of motivation can increase the participation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous play in nature on play behavior and happiness of the pre-school children. To this end, 45 children aged 4 to 6 were selected as a sample from Tabriz, in three groups of the outdoor, indoor space, and control. Play behavioral and children's happiness were measured respectively using the pre-school children's behavior in the play, oxford happiness questionnaire, pretest-posttest. Mix ANOVA showed that outdoor activity between pretest-posttest had a significant effect on play behavior and happiness of the children, so that 71% of changes in the play behavior and 98 %of changes in the happiness of the children were affected by their nature outdoor activities. It is while activity in indoors did not have a significant effect on children's play behavior and happiness. The results were discussed with respect to the external bronfenbrenner biomechanical and Piaget cognitive theory.

The aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of psychological training on mental profile and performance of teenager soccer players in pre-competition season. 16 students of soccer players were selected by purposive sampling and were assigned homogeneously in two groups of eight subjects control and experimental. In addition to the physical training, the experimental group accomplish relaxation, goal setting, imagery, and the self-talk, that was conducted over 12 sessions 45 min (in-person teaching and training) and 12 session 15 min (cyberspace). Data were collected by Ottawa mental skills assessment tool-3 and Slalom dribble test in pre and post-tests. Results showed that experimental group improved in eye and head coordination, stress reaction and fear control than control group. It seems that mental skills training in preparation period to competition could affect in some task oriented training conditions and also in coping with stress and reduce of fear among teenager soccer players.

The present study aimed at investigating preferences and barriers of physical activity among drug addicts from their own perspectives. 175 male participants, selected from addiction treatment centers, completed the preferences and barriers of physical activity and nicotine dependence questionnaires. Results depicted that lack of energy (M= 5.33), lack of time (M= 5.10) and lack of physical strength (M= 5.07) were the three top preferences of addicts’ perception of physical activity barriers. In addition, addicts preferred doing physical activities at morning (64%), in home (46.3%) or in public gym venues (45.7%), with moderate (47.4%) or high (40%) intensity and at own their own discretion (68.5%). Walking (60%), swimming (45%) and doing exercises through watching TV programs (37%) received the foremost interest on the part of participants. Moreover, results of Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences among physical activity barriers, so that lack of energy had significant differences with social effects, lack of skills, lack of resources and fear of injury, and its score was higher than all other variables. The score of lack of time was significantly higher than that of lack of resources and fear of injury. Also, lack of physical strength, social effects, lack of resources, and lack of skills obtained scores significantly higher than that of fear of injury. Using some medications for treatment may have resulted in decreasing participants’ energy for doing physical activities.

The aim of this study was to interactive impact of learning styles with attention focus on learning the skills of throwing darts learning skill. Statistical society of this research was girls students of Tabriz University, from those students, we chose forty peoples by who were unfamiliar with dart throwing skill. A total of 40 people in four groups of 10 patient’s divergent learning styles- internal attention, divergent learning styles- external attention, converging learning style- internal attention, converging learning style- external attention. Students attended in pretest within two weeks, each week three sessions and each session 10 attempts in five times. After learning phase, immediate retention test and transfer test one week later delayed remember test were taken. Data using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis. The results showed that there is not meaningful difference between learning styles and attention focus in acquisition, immediate retention, delayed remember and transfer (Radial and the average error) P <0/05. But in variable error in the transfer test there is a significant difference between groups P> 0/05. It seems learning styles converge with external focus of attention and divergent learning styles with a focus on internal to learn more.