فهرست مطالب سید حمید سید تقی زاده

Iran's public diplomacy towards modern Iraq has included several programs. However, Economic programs and initiatives are among the programs that have been addressed less independently. Therefore, the purpose of this article is explanation the economic programs in the iran's public diplomacy in modern Iraq. The main question was that "What is the place of economic programs in the I.R.Iran's public diplomacy in modern Iraq?" Research findings showed that “Although the economic programs have not had an independent position in the public diplomacy of the I.R.I in modern Iraq, but, Their full and independent application will serve the goals of public diplomacy, the vast capacities of resources, actors and economic activities.” At the same time that due to some cultural and political sensitivities in the Iraqi society and on the other hand the needs of this country's economy, more attention and use of economic programs that are less sensitive is a double importance and necessity for Iran's public diplomacy towards new Iraq will have. In this regard, some programs such as the use of the "tourism industry" and "developmental aid" are more well-known, which of course have a Shia approach to some extent, and also have been of interest as cultural and political programs. Dealing with these matters under the title of economic programs of public diplomacy plays an important role in the maximum use of these capacities; Because this creates the opportunity to implement more dimensions of these programs and activates more devices in this field.

Just as a common identity plays an important role in shaping and facilitating economic interactions between countries, so do social and identity challenges like differences economic lifestyles, ethnic, racial, ideological and linguistic differences and Feeling hostile in the target country people, It make economic cooperations between them vulnerable. Public diplomacy is one of the tools of foreign policy that has an important impact on the identity of the audience and turning them into worthy friends for host country.However, this type of diplomacy is mainly conceptualized for achieve political goals.So the main question was,"What role does public diplomacy play in economic cooperations with the target country?The hypothesis was that "considering the role of common identity in foreign economic interactions and also the role of public diplomacy in creating an identity, the using this type of diplomacy in order to reduce different ideas affecting economic cooperation with the target country can play a role have an important role in maintaining and expanding the aforementioned cooperation.”Accordingly, maintaining and developing economic cooperations by reducing different economic, cultural and political ideas Including Reduce differences in economic school, economic lifestyle in the target country, reducing the impact of ethnic and religious gaps and Linguistic differences, also reducing the impact of political identity gaps, Like the feeling of alienation of the people in target country than Executor country, on bilateral economic interactions, are among the results of this study.This research is qualitative and the research method is descriptive-analytical. also, constructivist theory is used as a theoretical framework.

Tehran-Baghdad economic relations in the post-ISIS period, by some social and identity challenges Like Arab and non-Arab issues, Shiite-Sunni challenges in the Sunni regions, the existence of Iranophobic ideas, differences in economic lifestyle, vulnerability Has been encountered. Therefore, given the importance of Iraq among the economic partners of Iran, reducing these challenges is very important for maintaining and developing economic relations between Iran and Iraq. Meanwhile, public diplomacy, which plays an important role in reducing identity gaps with foreign audiences, has been used mainly by Tehran to strengthen political and cultural relations with Iraq. Therefore, this study sought to answer the question, "What role does public diplomacy play in the iran's economic relations with Iraq?"Findings show that regulating the public diplomacy of Iran towards Iraq, In proportion to the existing social and identity challenges in the path of bilateral economic cooperations, Will have a positive impact on maintaining and developing bilateral interactions in this area. Accordingly, the preservation and development of Tehran-Baghdad economic relations by reducing different ideas and subsequently strengthening the common economic, cultural and political identity, by influencing the identity of the elites and the economic system of Iraq, Managing different business ethics and influencing the tastes of Iraqi consumers, reducing the effects of ethnic, religious and historical challenges on economic interactions, reducing the consequences of Iranophobia of rival countries on economic and trade activities, is including the results of public diplomacy to development of economic relations.This research is a qualitative research and the research method is descriptive-analytical.

The economic crisis in the United States is not a new phenomenon; But the country's economic crisis since 2008, while not as severe as the 1929 crisis, can be considered as the biggest financial crisis of all time. Given the place of the economy in soft power and public diplomacy in the United States, as well as software in Obama's era, the question arises as to what effect have the crisis had on public diplomacy and soft power in that period? The study hypothesis in response to the main question is: 'The US economic crisis since 2008 has not had any significant impact on the implementation of US public diplomacy programs. But while reducing its credibility and economic attractiveness which plays a significant role in the production of soft power, it has also damaged some of America's other sources of soft power, such as its culture and values.' This article has been done through a descriptive-analytical method, first the effect of the economic factor on the component of soft power and then the position of this factor in the US soft power will be discussed. In the next stage, while examining the nature and causes of the crisis in recent years in the United States, the impact of this crisis on the soft power of the United States will be examined

On May 18, 1397, the United States withdrew with official "Tramp" announcement of “The nuclear agreement of the P5 + 1 countries with Iran" called "The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action". Subsequently, us department of treasury announced that it will take action Relative to Restore Iran's nuclear sanctions. Now the question is here that how much does this unilateral action by the United States as a member of the United Nations is proportionate to the United Nations Charter and whether is it legitimate According to the Charter or no. On the other hand, in the framework of the hypothesis, it also seems that “Given that unilateral US sanctions violate several clauses of United Nations Charter, these sanctions are not legitimate in accordance with the Charter.” Therefore, in this article, we will attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method to study the dimensions of this subject and test the hypothesis.

The war imposed by Iraq against Iran can be considered to be a response on the part of the great powers in the structure of the bipolar system against Islamic Revolution of Iran, which was finally terminated after eight years following the adoption and implementation of Resolution 598. An overview of the procedure during which Resolution 598 was implemented, as well as the comparison made between the way in which a few paragraphs like the first section of the first paragraph and the second paragraph of the Resolution have been implemented, and the way the sixth and seventh paragraphs have been implemented indicate that this Resolution has been implemented in an uneven manner. So, with regard to the unique role of the international system structure in adopting Resolution 598, this question is raised: What role did the international system structure have in implementing Resolution 598? The findings of the research indicate that considering the great powers’ policy in terminating the war without a winner, only the first section of the first and second paragraphs of Resolution 598 that merely addressed the ending of hostilities, was implemented decisively. But, the next paragraphs that dealt with Iran’s interests, and a few paragraphs like the sixth and seventh paragraphs were implemented in an ineffective manner, and a few others like the eighth paragraph were not effectively taken into account. So, in addition to reviewing the theory of ‘Structural Neorealism’, this writing, which falls into analytical-descriptive studies, firstly examines the great powers’ policy towards Iran-Iraq war, as well as the factors that had an impact on the adoption of Resolution 598, and then, analyzes how the Resolution was implemented and how the international system structure contributed to this procedure.

The crisis in the relationship between India and Pakistani has been going on for years. It has intensified in some periods, including the nuclear tests in 1998. China is an international actor that has always tried to overlook this crisis due to reasons of national interests and security. Indeed, China has historically sought to maintain a moderate approach to the security crises between India and Pakistan. China has regularly supported eliminating the tensions during the crises, and has encouraged diplomatic negotiations. However, though impartial with regard to the crises, Beijing has neither negated nor concealed its interest in supporting Pakistan due to its long-standing geostrategic link with it, which is China's relying point with regard to its balancing strategy on India. Yet, in the recent years, Beijing has generally been trying to play its role, as a third party, with Shuttle diplomacy to build peace in Indian-Pakistani relationship. This descriptive-analytical research is intended to investigate the role of China, through a causative approach, in the crisis between India and Pakistan.