سید رضا میرعسکری

This research combined previous research to analyze the barriers to employment in the Iranian sports labor market at three levels: micro, meso, and macro.

This qualitative study uses a meta-synthesis approach and the qualitative content analysis method. The statistical population included all domestic studies conducted between 1380 and 1402. In this way, 31 articles were purposefully selected. Using Sandlowski and Barroso's (2007) seven-step model, the findings of previous research related to the research objectives were reviewed, aggregated, synthesized, and interpreted. Using the ocoding method's identification and validation was confirmed through Cohen's kappa test (0.617).

Based on the findings, the barriers to employment in the sports labor market are classified into 66 sub-themes and 13 main themes at three levels: micro, meso, and macro.

The findings of this study show that employment in the Iranian sports labor market faces numerous obstacles. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive and long-term approach by policymakers, managers, economic actors, and job seekers in this field is essential. At the micro level, skills training and strengthening personal characteristics; at the meso level, reforming the educational system, creating a labor market system, developing a strategic plan, strengthening sports-related associations and institutions, and increasing support; at the macro level, economic reforms, improving political relations, social support, technological advancement, and legal changes can lead to the creation of new and sustainable job opportunities in Iranian sports.

Economic development requires investment in various sectors and economic activities. Without investing in various projects, one cannot expect the expansion of employment, production and economic prosperity. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the components of improving investment security in Guilan province based on meta-analysis and ranking of identified components from the perspective of economic actors in this province. Investment security refers to conditions in which macroeconomic variables are stable or predictable, the rule of law is established and enforced, laws and regulations, decisions of officials and the executive procedures of the country are stable. And be implemented effectively, and if changes are needed in any of them, the changes will be notified to the stakeholders in advance. Also, information affecting economic activities should be transparently and equally available to all citizens, and judicial and law enforcement agencies should be equipped, safe and efficient so that any violation of citizens' property rights, or unauthorized use of other people's physical or intellectual property, for any No one, whether a natural or legal person, including the officials of the country, can afford it, and the lost citizens can return to the competent institutions in the shortest possible time to receive their lost property along with the relevant damages.The importance of accurate and scientific knowledge and study of investment security in Guilan province for proper economic policy and the lack of a comprehensive study in this field, the need for this research and the number of indicators or factors affecting the improvement of investment security in the province more than obvious N. Therefore, the need for a comprehensive study on the security of investment in the province is the most important incentive for authors to conduct the present study. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to identify the most important factors affecting investment security in Guilan province and prioritize these factors with the help of meta-analysis, and while analyzing them, practical suggestions for improving this index will be provided. In other words, the authors in this article have sought to answer the question, what are the most important factors affecting the improvement of investment security in Guilan province? The results of this study enable provincial policymakers and decision makers to act more favorably by focusing on the most important indicators affecting investment security; By improving the security of investment in the province, the field of increasing investment, production and employment is provided and while controlling inflation caused by increased production, it will be possible to achieve maximum productivity and economic development of the province.

The main purpose of this study is to identify the components of improving investment security in Guilan province based on meta-analysis and ranking of identified components from the perspective of economic actors in this province using the method of structural equations. The method of this research is hybrid because in the qualitative phase, the researchers sought to identify the components of improving investment security in Guilan province through Meta-synthesis and with the participation of 10 experts. In this section, more than 20 scientific researches were reviewed in line with the research subject and based on critical evaluation analysis, among the mentioned researches, 6 main factors and 39 components were identified. In the quantitative part, with the help of structural equations and with the participation of 75 economic activists in different economic sectors of Guilan province, it was selected through simple random sampling.

According to economic activists, the factors affecting the improvement of investment security in Guilan province are, respectively: 1- Provincial components, 2- Desirable components from the perspective of conventional economy, 3- Economic inputs, 4- Jihadist approach and concern for national interests, 5- The role of governance in the economy and 6- Economic supervision. The results show that among the six main components affecting investment security, the provincial component factor is in the first priority. A review of the ranking of components affecting investment security shows that in order to achieve a reliable condition for investment, the performance of all elements of society and all public, private, public institutions, as well as all sectors of government and society must be desirable. And all these sections should act responsibly in line with their mission and complement each other in order to achieve the goal of the system.

Investment security is affected by national and provincial factors, but among the six main components affecting investment security, the provincial component is the first priority and shows that the contribution of provincial organizations and agencies in creating a safe investment environment is very decisive. Below are 10 provincial factors. "Prevalence of bribery in provincial offices" as an indicator of the following provincial components from the perspective of economic activists responding to the questionnaire has the first priority. Therefore, the efforts of provincial officials to reform administrative processes in order to reduce human factors and clarify the rules should be increased to see a more favorable environment for investment in Guilan province.

The present study aimed to present a model to choose the optimum multi-period investment portfolio with attitude toward lower partial moment as a measure of risk. The data used in this study contains historical returns of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over the period March 2014 to March 2019 which has been investigated as 5-shares, 15-shares, 25-shares investment portfolios. The ARIMA-GARCH hybrid model was used to generate the scenario in this study. To investigate the effect of different value of lower partial moment measure’s alpha on investment portfolio, some qualitative performance measurement criteria such as the rate of Skewness, Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio, Trainer ratio and Jensen measure is used. The results show that with the increase of the moment, positive Skewness and Sortino ratio increases as well. And by increasing the moment the Sharp ratio increases too, but the highest amount of that associated with variance risk measure. The highest trainer criterion is obtained when the alpha is three. Jensen's alpha criteria has inverse relation with value of moment, it means that by increasing the value of moment their values will decrease.

Corruption is a well-known and prevalent phenomenon in developing countries such as Iran. One of the effective factors in reducing corruption and increasing the level of transparency is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) tools. This study investigates the impacts of ICT on corruption in the selected OIC countries for the period 2002-2020. Before estimating the model by panel data approach, the existence of cross-sectional dependence has been tested and ratified in the studied countries. Therefore, to obtain reliable results, the Cup-FM Method was used to estimate the model. Based on the results of model estimation, the impact of ICT components on corruption has been negative and significant. Correspondingly, the impact of inflation, per capita income, and the rule of law on corruption are significantly positive, negative, and negative, respectively.  Furthermore, trade openness has a positive, but not statistically significant, impact on the corruption index.

Nowadays in the world of business, one of the issues that companies are facing is making decision about capital structure. After the Industrial Revolution, separation of owners and management in the companies was raised. This issue reflects the importance of managerial power as the source of important decisions in choosing the appropriate capital structure. This paper investigates the nonlinear power of CEO and capital structure of 100 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2011-2011 based on the agency theory. The power index of the CEO has been constructed through the principle component analysis. The three dimensions of CEO power (Expert Power, Ownership Power and Referent Power) are considered as constructing the variable of executive power. We used econometric approach and panel data models in testing the hypothesis. The result of this paper showed that there is a parabola- shape association between CEO power and leverage; meaning that there is a nonlinearity relationship between these two variables.

The financial stability of banks and the prevention of bank failures are very important as the core of monetary and financial activities. This study analyzes the impact of macroeconomic variables on insolvency risk of Iranian banks. In this regard, 18 state and private banks were studied for period 1386-1395. To test the hypothesis, the multivariate regression analysis and Generalized Method of Moments based panel data are used. The results of testing hypotheses show that inflation and GDP growth has a significant and positive impact on the insolvency risk and the fixed assets and securities owned index (average price of a square meter of housing units in 32 selected cities), liquidity, oil revenues and state tax revenues has a significant and negative impact on the insolvency risk. Also, control variables including credit risk and liquidity risk has a significant and positive impact on the insolvency risk and capital ratio and bank size has a significant and negative impact on the insolvency risk.

Political relationships can have both a positive and a negative impact on bank performance, which requires an empirical analysis to identify its impact. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between political communication and financial performance of banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and OTC. In this study, in order to test the research hypothesis, financial information of 14 banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and OTC was used during the period between 2013 and 2017. The research hypothesis test was performed using mixed data technique and multivariate regression. The results of the research hypothesis show that there is a significant negative relationship between political communication and financial performance of banks. In other words, political communication tends to focus less on maximizing shareholder values and will result in undermining the bank's financial performance.

The today's business environment is so dynamic and complex and this conditions became made even more complicated when economic depression has shaded the economy and the production and service sectors are in the grip of the depression. In the situation the firms are under the depression, to adopt marketing strategies that can help them improve their performance by focusing on optimization opportunities, sales growth and acheiving to sustain competitive advantage. At present, the textile and construction industries in Iran are in such a complicated situation so that they face lowered demand and need right marketing strategies. Thus, this research was aimed to explore the significance of marketing strategies for the marketing performance of textile and construction industries and to rank them under economic depression. To this end, the library study was accompanied with field studies. A questionnaire composed of 27 questions was designed and its content validity was confirmed. Then, it was administered among production, marketing, and R&D, and higher managers of nine textile manufacturing firms and 20 construction firms sampled by purposive judgmental technique. After the questionnaires were collected, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at greater than 0.7 by Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed by structural equations modeling. The results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the values of model fitting indices were appropriate. According to the results of path analysis, the segregate marketing strategy and centralized marketing strategy had significant positive impacts on the market performance of the firms. But, indifferent marketing strategy influenced market performance negatively. Also, Friedman test revealed that the segregate marketing strategy was ranked in the first in both industries.

The purpose of this research is to study studying the relationship between stock price synchronicity and tails of return distribution at Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample consists of 118 companies that have been chosen from among compaines listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2010-2014, and hypothesis testing has been done with multiple regression based on panel data. The results of hypothesis testing show that firms with high stock price synchronicity have higher probability of generating positive tails than firms with low synchronicity, and also there is positive relation between stock price synchronicity and skewness. Investors of stocks with hig price synchronicity have lower reaction to bad news in respect to stocks with low price synchronicity. High stock price synchronicity show that market information reflected on stock return is more, and investors suffer only systematic risk. Therefore, it is suggested that investors in Tehran Stock Exchange invest on stocks with higher stock price synchronicity and with higher information transparency.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between macroeconomic variables and credit risk of Iran's banks using multiple regression analysis was performed based on panel data. For this purpose, the seasonal data of thirteen banks which were listed in Tehran Stock Exchange market and OTC were examined during 1388-1393.
The sensitivity analysis used to ensure the reliability of the variables. In this way, the economic variables that are expected to have similar effects, replaced with the original model's variables. It also uses a dummy variable for exchange rate jump effect in the model.
The results show that credit risk is significantly influenced by macroeconomic environment, as the increase in GDP and growth of the stock exchange, the bank's credit risk is reduced, but the unemployment rate and the exchange rate (US Dollar) and inflation has inverse relationship with the credit risk of banks.

According to trade off theory, firms determine optimal capital structure for themselves, but usually deviate from this target capital structure, so they need to adjust this deviation. This research tries to analyze the impact of structure change of 2012 and exchange rate increase as an index of macroeconomic variable on speed of adjustment of capital structure among firms were accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. The data of 124 firms were collected in period of 2005-2014 and partial adjustment model was used. Results of researches hypothesis show that firms with bigger size, higher growth opportunities, higher earning volatility, less age and less deviation from target leverage adjust their capital structure with higher speed than firms with contrasting features. Moreover, structure change of 2012 and exchange rate increase as a macroeconomic index can decrease the speed of adjustment.

This paper tries to analyze the impacts of intermediate goods trade on production، consumption، investment، net exports، employment، labor wage and capital rent of Iran in its bilateral trade relations with China. This analysis has been done by modeling، solving and calibrating an international real business cycles (IRBC) model in period 1980-2009. The results show that when elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported intermediate goods is low، increasing the share of Iran’s imported intermediate goods from China increases volatility of Iran’s macroeconomic variables. The value of an increase in volatility of Iran’s macroeconomic variables depends on elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported intermediate goods، when the elasticity of substitution between domestic and imported intermediate goods is low، an increase in the share of Iran’s imported intermediate goods from China leads to a further increase in the volatility of macroeconomic variables. These results indicate that imports of intermediate goods are an important path through for transmission of shocks between main bilateral trade partners.

Iran-China relations are deeply rooted in history and have been enhanced recently with bilateral cooperation in the areas of energy, arms sales, trade, political cooperation and cultural ties. The objective of this paper is to analyze the role of international outsourcing in form of trading intermediate products on bilateral trade relations between Iran and China. As an empirical work, we have studied the trade structure of intermediate and final goods between the two countries during the period 1992-2011. Intermediate and final goods traded are classified into three groups: 1) electronic product, 2) automobiles and motorcycles, and 3) apparel and footwear. Observations on such products show that the share of Iran’s intermediate trade with China in these three industries to total trade is about 55% on average. We have concluded that trade in intermediate goods between Iran and China has been more volatile than that of final goods.

Investment, a critical issue in macroeconomics, depends upon rate of interest. Closely related to investment in macroeconomics are equilibrium and sustainability. This paper aims at using an analytical method to identify an interest-free macroeconomic model as opposed to capitalist macroeconomic models. The main premise of present Paper is that this model is sustainable in the same manner as models dependent upon interest rate. Furthermore, proposed model is even more sustainable than the macro-model of Sargent. In order to achieve viable models in an interest-free system, changes were made to a chosen model. Proposed model entails alterations in labor demand, production, consumption, and investment functions as well as equilibrium in the labor market. Since during rising inflation in an interest-free system, the true rate of return for monetary assets is preserved, the motivation for savings is not weakened. Thus, for developing countries faced with inflation and its resulting stagnation, it is preferable to substitute monetary systems based on interest with interest-free systems.